{"@ID": "106", "@Name": "Struts: Plug-in Framework not in Use", "@Abstraction": "Variant", "@Structure": "Simple", "@Status": "Draft", "Description": "When an application does not use an input validation framework such as the Struts Validator, there is a greater risk of introducing weaknesses related to insufficient input validation.", "Extended_Description": {"xhtml:p": ["Unchecked input is the leading cause of vulnerabilities in J2EE applications. Unchecked input leads to cross-site scripting, process control, and SQL injection vulnerabilities, among others.", "Although J2EE applications are not generally susceptible to memory corruption attacks, if a J2EE application interfaces with native code that does not perform array bounds checking, an attacker may be able to use an input validation mistake in the J2EE application to launch a buffer overflow attack."], "#text_blocks": ["Unchecked input is the leading cause of vulnerabilities in J2EE applications. Unchecked input leads to cross-site scripting, process control, and SQL injection vulnerabilities, among others.", "Although J2EE applications are not generally susceptible to memory corruption attacks, if a J2EE application interfaces with native code that does not perform array bounds checking, an attacker may be able to use an input validation mistake in the J2EE application to launch a buffer overflow attack."]}, "Related_Weaknesses": {"Related_Weakness": [{"@Nature": "ChildOf", "@CWE_ID": "1173", "@View_ID": "1000", "@Ordinal": "Primary"}, {"@Nature": "ChildOf", "@CWE_ID": "20", "@View_ID": "700", "@Ordinal": "Primary"}]}, "Weakness_Ordinalities": {"Weakness_Ordinality": {"Ordinality": "Primary"}}, "Applicable_Platforms": {"Language": {"@Name": "Java", "@Prevalence": "Undetermined"}}, "Modes_Of_Introduction": {"Introduction": {"Phase": "Implementation"}}, "Common_Consequences": {"Consequence": {"Scope": "Integrity", "Impact": "Unexpected State"}}, "Detection_Methods": {"Detection_Method": {"@Detection_Method_ID": "DM-14", "Method": "Automated Static Analysis", "Description": "Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect \"sources\" (origins of input) with \"sinks\" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)"}}, "Potential_Mitigations": {"Mitigation": [{"Phase": "Architecture and Design", "Strategy": "Input Validation", "Description": "Use an input validation framework such as Struts."}, {"Phase": "Architecture and Design", "Strategy": "Libraries or Frameworks", "Description": "Use an input validation framework such as Struts."}, {"Phase": "Implementation", "Strategy": "Input Validation", "Description": {"xhtml:p": "Use the Struts Validator to validate all program input before it is processed by the application. Ensure that there are no holes in the configuration of the Struts Validator. Example uses of the validator include checking to ensure that:", "xhtml:ul": {"xhtml:li": ["Phone number fields contain only valid characters in phone numbers", "Boolean values are only \"T\" or \"F\"", "Free-form strings are of a reasonable length and composition"]}, "#text_blocks": ["Use the Struts Validator to validate all program input before it is processed by the application. Ensure that there are no holes in the configuration of the Struts Validator. Example uses of the validator include checking to ensure that:", "Phone number fields contain only valid characters in phone numbers", "Boolean values are only \"T\" or \"F\"", "Free-form strings are of a reasonable length and composition"]}}, {"Phase": "Implementation", "Strategy": "Libraries or Frameworks", "Description": {"xhtml:p": "Use the Struts Validator to validate all program input before it is processed by the application. Ensure that there are no holes in the configuration of the Struts Validator. Example uses of the validator include checking to ensure that:", "xhtml:ul": {"xhtml:li": ["Phone number fields contain only valid characters in phone numbers", "Boolean values are only \"T\" or \"F\"", "Free-form strings are of a reasonable length and composition"]}, "#text_blocks": ["Use the Struts Validator to validate all program input before it is processed by the application. Ensure that there are no holes in the configuration of the Struts Validator. Example uses of the validator include checking to ensure that:", "Phone number fields contain only valid characters in phone numbers", "Boolean values are only \"T\" or \"F\"", "Free-form strings are of a reasonable length and composition"]}}]}, "Demonstrative_Examples": {"Demonstrative_Example": {"Intro_Text": "In the following Java example the class RegistrationForm is a Struts framework ActionForm Bean that will maintain user input data from a registration webpage for an online business site. The user will enter registration data and, through the Struts framework, the RegistrationForm bean will maintain the user data.", "Example_Code": [{"@Nature": "Bad", "@Language": "Java", "xhtml:div": {"xhtml:div": {"@style": "margin-left:1em;", "xhtml:br": [null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null], "xhtml:i": ["// private variables for registration form", "// getter and setter methods for private variables"], "xhtml:div": {"@style": "margin-left:1em;", "#text": "super();"}, "#text": "private String name;private String email;...\n                        public RegistrationForm() {}\n                        \n                        \n                        ..."}, "#text": "public class RegistrationForm extends org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm {}"}, "#text_blocks": ["public class RegistrationForm extends org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm {", "// private variables for registration form", "private String name;", "private String email;", "...", "public RegistrationForm() {", "super();", "}", "// getter and setter methods for private variables", "...", "}"]}, {"@Nature": "Good", "@Language": "Java", "xhtml:div": {"xhtml:div": {"@style": "margin-left:1em;", "xhtml:br": [null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null, null], "xhtml:i": ["// private variables for registration form", "// getter and setter methods for private variables"], "xhtml:div": {"@style": "margin-left:1em;", "#text": "super();"}, "#text": "private String name;private String email;...\n                        public RegistrationForm() {}\n                        public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) {...}\n                        \n                        \n                        ..."}, "#text": "public class RegistrationForm extends org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorForm {}"}, "#text_blocks": ["public class RegistrationForm extends org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorForm {", "// private variables for registration form", "private String name;", "private String email;", "...", "public RegistrationForm() {", "super();", "}", "public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) {...}", "// getter and setter methods for private variables", "...", "}"]}, {"@Nature": "Good", "@Language": "XML", "xhtml:div": {"xhtml:div": {"@style": "margin-left:1em;", "xhtml:br": [null, null, null, null, null, null], "xhtml:div": [{"@style": "margin-left:1em;", "#text": "<form-bean name=\"RegistrationForm\" type=\"RegistrationForm\"/>"}, {"@style": "margin-left:1em;", "xhtml:div": {"@style": "margin-left:1em;", "xhtml:br": null, "#text": "property=\"pathnames\"value=\"/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml,/WEB-INF/validation.xml\"/>"}, "#text": "<set-property"}], "#text": "<form-beans></form-beans>\n                        ...\n                        <!-- ========================= Validator plugin ================================= --><plug-in className=\"org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn\"></plug-in>"}, "xhtml:br": null, "#text": "<struts-config>\n                     </struts-config>"}, "#text_blocks": ["<struts-config>", "<form-beans>", "<form-bean name=\"RegistrationForm\" type=\"RegistrationForm\"/>", "</form-beans>", "...", "<!-- ========================= Validator plugin ================================= -->", "<plug-in className=\"org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn\">", "<set-property", "property=\"pathnames\"", "value=\"/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml,/WEB-INF/validation.xml\"/>", "</plug-in>", "</struts-config>"]}], "Body_Text": ["However, the RegistrationForm class extends the Struts ActionForm class which does use the Struts validator plug-in to provide validator capabilities. In the following example, the RegistrationForm Java class extends the ValidatorForm and Struts configuration XML file, struts-config.xml, instructs the application to use the Struts validator plug-in.", "The plug-in tag of the Struts configuration XML file includes the name of the validator plug-in to be used and includes a set-property tag to instruct the application to use the file, validator-rules.xml, for default validation rules and the file, validation.XML, for custom validation."]}}, "Taxonomy_Mappings": {"Taxonomy_Mapping": {"@Taxonomy_Name": "7 Pernicious Kingdoms", "Entry_Name": "Struts: Plug-in Framework Not In Use"}}, "References": {"Reference": {"@External_Reference_ID": "REF-6"}}, "Mapping_Notes": {"Usage": "Allowed", "Rationale": "This CWE entry is at the Variant level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.", "Comments": "Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.", "Reasons": {"Reason": {"@Type": "Acceptable-Use"}}}, "Content_History": {"Submission": {"Submission_Name": "7 Pernicious Kingdoms", "Submission_Date": "2006-07-19", "Submission_Version": "Draft 3", "Submission_ReleaseDate": "2006-07-19"}, "Modification": [{"Modification_Name": "Eric Dalci", "Modification_Organization": "Cigital", "Modification_Date": "2008-07-01", "Modification_Version": "1.0", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2008-09-09", "Modification_Comment": "updated Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2008-09-08", "Modification_Version": "1.0", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2008-09-09", "Modification_Comment": "updated Relationships, Other_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings, Weakness_Ordinalities"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2009-03-10", "Modification_Version": "1.3", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2009-03-10", "Modification_Comment": "updated Relationships"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2010-06-21", "Modification_Version": "1.9", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2010-06-21", "Modification_Comment": "updated Demonstrative_Examples"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2011-03-29", "Modification_Version": "1.12", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2011-03-30", "Modification_Comment": "updated Other_Notes"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2011-06-01", "Modification_Version": "1.13", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2011-06-01", "Modification_Comment": "updated Common_Consequences"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2011-06-27", "Modification_Version": "2.0", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2011-06-27", "Modification_Comment": "updated Common_Consequences"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2012-05-11", "Modification_Version": "2.2", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2012-05-15", "Modification_Comment": "updated Relationships"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2013-02-21", "Modification_Version": "2.4", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2013-02-21", "Modification_Comment": "updated Potential_Mitigations"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2013-07-17", "Modification_Version": "2.5", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2013-07-17", "Modification_Comment": "updated Relationships"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2014-06-23", "Modification_Version": "2.7", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2014-06-23", "Modification_Comment": "updated Description, Other_Notes, Potential_Mitigations"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2014-07-30", "Modification_Version": "2.8", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2014-07-31", "Modification_Comment": "updated Relationships"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2017-11-08", "Modification_Version": "3.0", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2017-11-08", "Modification_Comment": "updated Causal_Nature, Relationships"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2019-01-03", "Modification_Version": "3.2", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2019-01-03", "Modification_Comment": "updated Relationships"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2020-02-24", "Modification_Version": "4.0", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2020-02-24", "Modification_Comment": "updated References, Relationships"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2021-07-20", "Modification_Version": "4.5", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2021-07-20", "Modification_Comment": "updated Potential_Mitigations"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2023-04-27", "Modification_Version": "4.11", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2023-04-27", "Modification_Comment": "updated Relationships"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2023-06-29", "Modification_Version": "4.12", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2023-06-29", "Modification_Comment": "updated Mapping_Notes"}, {"Modification_Name": "CWE Content Team", "Modification_Organization": "MITRE", "Modification_Date": "2026-10-28", "Modification_Version": "5.0", "Modification_ReleaseDate": "2026-10-28", "Modification_Comment": "updated Detection_Factors, References"}]}, "entry_type": "Weakness"}