CWE-345
DiscouragedInsufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.
948 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-248H-974Q-XRC2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-06 23:16 – Updated: 2026-05-06 23:16Summary
The AxonFlow SDK's WebhookSubscription (or equivalent) type did not expose the HMAC-SHA256 signing key returned by the platform's CreateWebhook endpoint. Without access to the secret through the typed SDK API, callers had no path to verify the X-AxonFlow-Signature header on incoming webhook deliveries. Affected callers had two unsatisfactory options:
- Skip signature verification entirely — accepting any payload from any source that knew the webhook URL.
- Hand-parse the raw HTTP JSON response to extract the secret, bypassing the type-safe SDK surface.
This advisory is filed across all four AxonFlow SDKs (Go, Python, TypeScript, Java) because the same defect and the same fix landed in each.
Affected versions
Versions prior to 6.0.0.
Impact
A webhook receiver using the SDK's typed API to handle inbound deliveries had no path to authenticate the source of incoming payloads. An attacker who learned the webhook URL — through misconfiguration, log leakage, observable network traffic during setup, or any other discovery channel — could forge webhook deliveries indistinguishable from legitimate ones, causing the receiving application to act on fabricated events (e.g. simulated approval-granted callbacks, simulated policy-decision callbacks, simulated step-completion callbacks).
Remediation
Upgrade to the patched version listed in Vulnerabilities below. The signing key is now exposed on the WebhookSubscription response type returned by CreateWebhook. Implementations should:
- Persist the secret returned by
CreateWebhooksecurely (it is only returned once, at create time). - On each incoming webhook delivery, compute
HMAC-SHA256(secret, raw_body)and compare it in constant time against theX-AxonFlow-Signatureheader. - Reject any delivery whose signature does not match.
Credit
Identified by AxonFlow internal security review during the April 2026 quality-freeze epic.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.getaxonflow:axonflow-sdk"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345",
"CWE-347"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-06T23:16:58Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nThe AxonFlow SDK\u0027s `WebhookSubscription` (or equivalent) type did not expose the HMAC-SHA256 signing key returned by the platform\u0027s `CreateWebhook` endpoint. Without access to the secret through the typed SDK API, callers had no path to verify the `X-AxonFlow-Signature` header on incoming webhook deliveries. Affected callers had two unsatisfactory options:\n\n1. Skip signature verification entirely \u2014 accepting any payload from any source that knew the webhook URL.\n2. Hand-parse the raw HTTP JSON response to extract the secret, bypassing the type-safe SDK surface.\n\nThis advisory is filed across all four AxonFlow SDKs (Go, Python, TypeScript, Java) because the same defect and the same fix landed in each.\n\n## Affected versions\n\nVersions prior to 6.0.0.\n\n## Impact\n\nA webhook receiver using the SDK\u0027s typed API to handle inbound deliveries had no path to authenticate the source of incoming payloads. An attacker who learned the webhook URL \u2014 through misconfiguration, log leakage, observable network traffic during setup, or any other discovery channel \u2014 could forge webhook deliveries indistinguishable from legitimate ones, causing the receiving application to act on fabricated events (e.g. simulated approval-granted callbacks, simulated policy-decision callbacks, simulated step-completion callbacks).\n\n## Remediation\n\nUpgrade to the patched version listed in Vulnerabilities below. The signing key is now exposed on the `WebhookSubscription` response type returned by `CreateWebhook`. Implementations should:\n\n1. Persist the secret returned by `CreateWebhook` securely (it is only returned once, at create time).\n2. On each incoming webhook delivery, compute `HMAC-SHA256(secret, raw_body)` and compare it in constant time against the `X-AxonFlow-Signature` header.\n3. Reject any delivery whose signature does not match.\n\n## Credit\n\nIdentified by AxonFlow internal security review during the April 2026 quality-freeze epic.",
"id": "GHSA-248h-974q-xrc2",
"modified": "2026-05-06T23:16:58Z",
"published": "2026-05-06T23:16:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/getaxonflow/axonflow-sdk-java/security/advisories/GHSA-248h-974q-xrc2"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/getaxonflow/axonflow-sdk-java"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "axonflow-sdk-java: Webhook signing-key (HMAC-SHA256) not exposed by SDK type, preventing signature verification"
}
GHSA-248V-346W-9CWC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-05 20:06 – Updated: 2025-02-13 00:44Certifi 2024.07.04 removes root certificates from "GLOBALTRUST" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla's trust store.
GLOBALTRUST's root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation which identified "long-running and unresolved compliance issues". Conclusions of Mozilla's investigation can be found here.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "certifi"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2021.5.30"
},
{
"fixed": "2024.7.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-39689"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-07-05T20:06:40Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-05T19:15:10Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Certifi 2024.07.04 removes root certificates from \"GLOBALTRUST\" from the root store. These are in the process of being removed from Mozilla\u0027s trust store.\n\nGLOBALTRUST\u0027s root certificates are being removed pursuant to an investigation which identified \"long-running and unresolved compliance issues\". Conclusions of Mozilla\u0027s investigation can be found [here]( https://groups.google.com/a/mozilla.org/g/dev-security-policy/c/XpknYMPO8dI).",
"id": "GHSA-248v-346w-9cwc",
"modified": "2025-02-13T00:44:19Z",
"published": "2024-07-05T20:06:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/security/advisories/GHSA-248v-346w-9cwc"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39689"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/commit/bd8153872e9c6fc98f4023df9c2deaffea2fa463"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/certifi/PYSEC-2024-230.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groups.google.com/a/mozilla.org/g/dev-security-policy/c/XpknYMPO8dI"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20241206-0001"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Certifi removes GLOBALTRUST root certificate"
}
GHSA-26R2-6Q54-995J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-20 00:00 – Updated: 2022-04-28 00:00Insufficient Verification of input Data leading to arbitrary file download and execute was discovered in Nexacro platform. This vulnerability is caused by an automatic update function that does not verify input data except version information. Remote attackers can use this incomplete validation logic to download and execute arbitrary malicious file.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-26625"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-04-19T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Insufficient Verification of input Data leading to arbitrary file download and execute was discovered in Nexacro platform. This vulnerability is caused by an automatic update function that does not verify input data except version information. Remote attackers can use this incomplete validation logic to download and execute arbitrary malicious file.",
"id": "GHSA-26r2-6q54-995j",
"modified": "2022-04-28T00:00:41Z",
"published": "2022-04-20T00:00:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-26625"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.krcert.or.kr/krcert/secNoticeView.do?bulletin_writing_sequence=66661"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-27QC-3C4C-HWFW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:17 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:17Mate 9 with software MHA-AL00AC00B125 has a denial of service (DoS) vulnerability. An attacker tricks a user into installing a malicious application. Since the system does not verify the broadcasting message from the application, it could be exploited to cause some functions of system unavailable.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-2701"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-11-22T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Mate 9 with software MHA-AL00AC00B125 has a denial of service (DoS) vulnerability. An attacker tricks a user into installing a malicious application. Since the system does not verify the broadcasting message from the application, it could be exploited to cause some functions of system unavailable.",
"id": "GHSA-27qc-3c4c-hwfw",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:17:10Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:17:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-2701"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20170802-01-broadcasting-en"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-27XW-P8V6-9JJR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-12-20 22:01 – Updated: 2024-03-14 21:02Spring Security versions 5.1.x prior to 5.1.2 contain an authorization bypass vulnerability during JWT issuer validation. In order to be impacted, the same private key for an honest issuer and a malicious user must be used when signing JWTs. In that case, a malicious user could fashion signed JWTs with the malicious issuer URL that may be granted for the honest issuer.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.1.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security:spring-security-oauth2-jose"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.1.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-15801"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T20:51:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2018-12-19T22:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Spring Security versions 5.1.x prior to 5.1.2 contain an authorization bypass vulnerability during JWT issuer validation. In order to be impacted, the same private key for an honest issuer and a malicious user must be used when signing JWTs. In that case, a malicious user could fashion signed JWTs with the malicious issuer URL that may be granted for the honest issuer.",
"id": "GHSA-27xw-p8v6-9jjr",
"modified": "2024-03-14T21:02:34Z",
"published": "2018-12-20T22:01:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-15801"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-security/commit/c70b65c5df0e170a2d34d812b83db0b7bc71ea25"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-27xw-p8v6-9jjr"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-security"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pivotal.io/security/cve-2018-15801"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Spring Security vulnerable to Authorization Bypass"
}
GHSA-2888-Q29X-2G3P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-11 00:30 – Updated: 2023-04-21 18:30A man in the middle can redirect traffic to a malicious server in a compromised configuration.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-26467"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-10T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A man in the middle can redirect traffic to a malicious server in a compromised configuration.",
"id": "GHSA-2888-q29x-2g3p",
"modified": "2023-04-21T18:30:23Z",
"published": "2023-04-11T00:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-26467"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.pega.com/support-doc/pega-security-advisory-b23-robotics-and-workforce-intelligence-local-privilege"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-28F4-F5WQ-36WR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-20 15:32 – Updated: 2024-03-20 15:32The WooCommerce POS plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to information disclosure in all versions up to, and including, 1.4.11. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying the authentication and authorization of the current user This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with customer-level access and above, to view potentially sensitive information about other users by leveraging their order id
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-2384"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-20T03:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WooCommerce POS plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to information disclosure in all versions up to, and including, 1.4.11. This is due to the plugin not properly verifying the authentication and authorization of the current user This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with customer-level access and above, to view potentially sensitive information about other users by leveraging their order id",
"id": "GHSA-28f4-f5wq-36wr",
"modified": "2024-03-20T15:32:28Z",
"published": "2024-03-20T15:32:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-2384"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3053833%40woocommerce-pos\u0026new=3053833%40woocommerce-pos\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/d6b8ba69-aa8b-436f-990c-39e283f5d2f2?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-29FC-P6C4-24CG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-27 21:03 – Updated: 2026-05-27 21:03Description
OidcTokenHandler is Symfony's built-in access-token handler for OpenID Connect: it validates a bearer JWT and returns the authenticated user identity. It delegates claim validation to the web-token/jwt-checker library's ClaimCheckerManager.
OidcTokenHandler::verifyClaims() registers audience (aud), issuer (iss), and expiry (exp) checkers, but never passes the $mandatoryClaims argument to ClaimCheckerManager::check(). That method only validates claims that are present in the token: a checker for an absent claim is silently skipped. A validly-signed JWT that simply omits aud, iss, and exp therefore passes verification.
Resolution
The OidcTokenHandler now calls the ClaimCheckerManager with the list of mandatory claims so that tokens missing aud, iss, or exp are rejected.
The patch for this issue is available here for branch 6.4.
Credits
Symfony would like to thank Claude Mythos Preview (via Project Glasswing) for reporting the issue and providing the fix.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "symfony/security-http"
},
"ranges": [
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"events": [
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"introduced": "6.3.0"
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{
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}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
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"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "symfony/security-http"
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},
{
"fixed": "7.4.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "symfony/security-http"
},
"ranges": [
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"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.0.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "symfony/symfony"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.40"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "symfony/symfony"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.4.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "symfony/symfony"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.0.12"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-45069"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1287",
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-27T21:03:36Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Description\n\n`OidcTokenHandler` is Symfony\u0027s built-in access-token handler for OpenID Connect: it validates a bearer JWT and returns the authenticated user identity. It delegates claim validation to the `web-token/jwt-checker` library\u0027s `ClaimCheckerManager`.\n\n`OidcTokenHandler::verifyClaims()` registers audience (`aud`), issuer (`iss`), and expiry (`exp`) checkers, but never passes the `$mandatoryClaims` argument to `ClaimCheckerManager::check()`. That method only validates claims that are *present* in the token: a checker for an absent claim is silently skipped. A validly-signed JWT that simply **omits** `aud`, `iss`, and `exp` therefore passes verification.\n\n### Resolution\n\nThe `OidcTokenHandler` now calls the `ClaimCheckerManager` with the list of mandatory claims so that tokens missing `aud`, `iss`, or `exp` are rejected.\n\nThe patch for this issue is available [here](https://github.com/symfony/symfony/commit/6b717aaac21b7e96798448d14c4355ea87690b3d) for branch 6.4.\n\n### Credits\n\nSymfony would like to thank Claude Mythos Preview (via Project Glasswing) for reporting the issue and providing the fix.",
"id": "GHSA-29fc-p6c4-24cg",
"modified": "2026-05-27T21:03:36Z",
"published": "2026-05-27T21:03:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/symfony/symfony/security/advisories/GHSA-29fc-p6c4-24cg"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/symfony/symfony/commit/6b717aaac21b7e96798448d14c4355ea87690b3d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/symfony/security-http/CVE-2026-45069.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/symfony/symfony/CVE-2026-45069.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/symfony/symfony"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://symfony.com/cve-2026-45069"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Symfony\u0027s OidcTokenHandler Accepts JWTs Missing aud/iss/exp Claims"
}
GHSA-29FR-85P4-X964
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-04 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:33In PHP Jabbers Class Scheduling System 1.0, lack of verification when changing an email address and/or password (on the Profile Page) allows remote attackers to take over accounts.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-36134"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-04T00:15:12Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "In PHP Jabbers Class Scheduling System 1.0, lack of verification when changing an email address and/or password (on the Profile Page) allows remote attackers to take over accounts.",
"id": "GHSA-29fr-85p4-x964",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:33:15Z",
"published": "2023-08-04T00:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36134"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/%40bcksec/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-php-jabbers-scripts-25af4afcadd4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://medium.com/@bcksec/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-php-jabbers-scripts-25af4afcadd4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.phpjabbers.com/class-scheduling-system"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-2CRP-QJ3P-4444
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-13 18:31 – Updated: 2024-08-13 18:31{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-37968"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-345"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-13T18:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Windows DNS Spoofing Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-2crp-qj3p-4444",
"modified": "2024-08-13T18:31:15Z",
"published": "2024-08-13T18:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-37968"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-37968"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)
An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.
CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning
An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.
CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning
A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.
CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing
An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.
CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages
An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.