Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-352

Allowed

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

Abstraction: Compound · Status: Stable

API response cwe.mitre.org

The web application does not, or cannot, sufficiently verify whether a request was intentionally provided by the user who sent the request, which could have originated from an unauthorized actor.

14259 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-3FQR-4CG8-H96Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-18 00:53 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:46
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw affected by cross-site request forgery (CSRF) through loopback browser mutation endpoints
Details

Summary

Browser-facing localhost mutation routes accepted cross-origin browser requests without explicit Origin/Referer validation. Loopback binding reduces remote exposure but does not prevent browser-initiated requests from malicious origins.

Impact

A malicious website can trigger unauthorized state changes against a victim's local OpenClaw browser control plane (for example opening tabs, starting/stopping the browser, mutating storage/cookies) if the browser control service is reachable on loopback in the victim's browser context.

Affected Packages / Versions

  • openclaw (npm): <= 2026.2.13
  • clawdbot (npm): <= 2026.1.24-3

Details

The browser control servers bind to loopback but exposed mutating HTTP endpoints without a CSRF-style guard. Browsers may send cross-origin requests to loopback addresses; without explicit validation, state-changing operations could be triggered from a non-loopback Origin/Referer.

Fix

Mutating HTTP methods (POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE) are rejected when the request indicates a non-loopback Origin/Referer (or Sec-Fetch-Site: cross-site).

Fix Commit(s)

  • openclaw/openclaw: b566b09f81e2b704bf9398d8d97d5f7a90aa94c3

Workarounds / Mitigations

  • Enable browser control auth (token/password) and avoid running with auth disabled.
  • Upgrade to a release that includes the fix.

Credits

  • Reporter: @vincentkoc

Release Process Note

patched_versions is set to the planned next release version. Once that npm release is published, the advisory should be ready to publish with no further edits.

Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.2.14"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "clawdbot"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "2026.1.24-3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-26317"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-18T00:53:59Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-19T22:16:47Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\nBrowser-facing localhost mutation routes accepted cross-origin browser requests without explicit Origin/Referer validation. Loopback binding reduces remote exposure but does not prevent browser-initiated requests from malicious origins.\n\n## Impact\nA malicious website can trigger unauthorized state changes against a victim\u0027s local OpenClaw browser control plane (for example opening tabs, starting/stopping the browser, mutating storage/cookies) if the browser control service is reachable on loopback in the victim\u0027s browser context.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n- openclaw (npm): \u003c= 2026.2.13\n- clawdbot (npm): \u003c= 2026.1.24-3\n\n## Details\nThe browser control servers bind to loopback but exposed mutating HTTP endpoints without a CSRF-style guard. Browsers may send cross-origin requests to loopback addresses; without explicit validation, state-changing operations could be triggered from a non-loopback Origin/Referer.\n\n## Fix\nMutating HTTP methods (POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE) are rejected when the request indicates a non-loopback Origin/Referer (or `Sec-Fetch-Site: cross-site`).\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n- openclaw/openclaw: b566b09f81e2b704bf9398d8d97d5f7a90aa94c3\n\n## Workarounds / Mitigations\n- Enable browser control auth (token/password) and avoid running with auth disabled.\n- Upgrade to a release that includes the fix.\n\n## Credits\n- Reporter: @vincentkoc\n\n## Release Process Note\n`patched_versions` is set to the planned next release version. Once that npm release is published, the advisory should be ready to publish with no further edits.",
  "id": "GHSA-3fqr-4cg8-h96q",
  "modified": "2026-02-20T16:46:03Z",
  "published": "2026-02-18T00:53:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-3fqr-4cg8-h96q"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-26317"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/b566b09f81e2b704bf9398d8d97d5f7a90aa94c3"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag/v2026.2.14"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw affected by cross-site request forgery (CSRF) through loopback browser mutation endpoints"
}

GHSA-3FRC-6C5W-8J5W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:48 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:48
VLAI
Details

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in index/manager/fileUpload in Public Knowledge Project Open Journal Systems 2.3.6 and earlier allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that upload PHP files.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2011-5196"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2012-09-23T17:55:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in index/manager/fileUpload in Public Knowledge Project Open Journal Systems 2.3.6 and earlier allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that upload PHP files.",
  "id": "GHSA-3frc-6c5w-8j5w",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T03:48:50Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T03:48:50Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-5196"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://osvdb.org/77995"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/47330"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18266"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-3FRH-5XX6-QRGX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-05 09:30 – Updated: 2025-03-05 09:30
VLAI
Details

The bbPress plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in all versions up to, and including, 2.6.11. This is due to missing or incorrect nonce validation on the bbp_user_add_role_on_register() function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to elevate their privileges to that of a bbPress Keymaster via a forged request granted they can trick a site administrator into performing an action such as clicking on a link. Rather than implementing a nonce check to provide protection against this vulnerability, which would break functionality, the plugin no longer makes it possible to select a role during registration.

Severity
6.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-1435"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-05T09:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The bbPress plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in all versions up to, and including, 2.6.11. This is due to missing or incorrect nonce validation on the bbp_user_add_role_on_register() function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to elevate their privileges to that of a bbPress Keymaster via a forged request granted they can trick a site administrator into performing an action such as clicking on a link. Rather than implementing a nonce check to provide protection against this vulnerability, which would break functionality, the plugin no longer makes it possible to select a role during registration.",
  "id": "GHSA-3frh-5xx6-qrgx",
  "modified": "2025-03-05T09:30:52Z",
  "published": "2025-03-05T09:30:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1435"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/bbpress/trunk/includes/users/signups.php#L151"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3247345/bbpress/branches/2.6/includes/users/capabilities.php"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3247345%40bbpress\u0026new=3247345%40bbpress\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/2d776d94-8c81-4e88-bae3-946824a75c09?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3FX8-H7HV-RJF7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-08 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:51
VLAI
Details

The AI ChatBot WordPress plugin before 4.4.9 does not have authorisation and CSRF in the AJAX action responsible to update the OpenAI settings, allowing any authenticated users, such as subscriber to update them. Furthermore, due to the lack of escaping of the settings, this could also lead to Stored XSS

Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-1651"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-05-08T14:15:12Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The AI ChatBot WordPress plugin before 4.4.9 does not have authorisation and CSRF in the AJAX action responsible to update the OpenAI settings, allowing any authenticated users, such as subscriber to update them. Furthermore, due to the lack of escaping of the settings, this could also lead to Stored XSS",
  "id": "GHSA-3fx8-h7hv-rjf7",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T03:51:02Z",
  "published": "2023-05-08T15:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-1651"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/c88b22ba-4fc2-49ad-a457-224157521bad"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3G23-VJ39-72PV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-12 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-12 15:30
VLAI
Details

Heatmiser Wifi Thermostat 1.7 contains a cross-site request forgery vulnerability that allows attackers to change administrator credentials by tricking authenticated users into submitting malicious requests. Attackers can craft HTML forms targeting the networkSetup.htm endpoint with parameters usnm, usps, and cfps to modify the admin username and password without user consent.

Severity
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-25708"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-12T13:16:33Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Heatmiser Wifi Thermostat 1.7 contains a cross-site request forgery vulnerability that allows attackers to change administrator credentials by tricking authenticated users into submitting malicious requests. Attackers can craft HTML forms targeting the networkSetup.htm endpoint with parameters usnm, usps, and cfps to modify the admin username and password without user consent.",
  "id": "GHSA-3g23-vj39-72pv",
  "modified": "2026-04-12T15:30:27Z",
  "published": "2026-04-12T15:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-25708"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/46100"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/heatmiser-wifi-thermostat-cross-site-request-forgery"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3G33-QJMM-8MWX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-11 09:30 – Updated: 2024-01-11 09:30
VLAI
Details

The GiveWP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in versions up to, and including, 2.33.3. This is due to missing or incorrect nonce validation on the give_sendwp_disconnect function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to deactivate the SendWP plugin via a forged request granted they can trick a site administrator into performing an action such as clicking on a link.

Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-4247"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-01-11T09:15:46Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The GiveWP plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in versions up to, and including, 2.33.3. This is due to missing or incorrect nonce validation on the give_sendwp_disconnect function. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to deactivate the SendWP plugin via a forged request granted they can trick a site administrator into performing an action such as clicking on a link.",
  "id": "GHSA-3g33-qjmm-8mwx",
  "modified": "2024-01-11T09:30:34Z",
  "published": "2024-01-11T09:30:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-4247"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/give/trunk/includes/admin/misc-functions.php?rev=2772225#L333"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026new=2974851%40give%2Ftrunk\u0026old=2973080%40give%2Ftrunk\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/e32d9104-5a39-4455-b76a-e24ae787bdfd?source=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3G3H-99Q7-V8X2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-14 18:30 – Updated: 2025-03-24 18:30
VLAI
Details

The reCAPTCHA Jetpack WordPress plugin through 0.2.2 does not have CSRF check in place when updating its settings, which could allow attackers to make a logged in admin change them via a CSRF attack

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-3940"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-14T15:42:36Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The reCAPTCHA Jetpack WordPress plugin through 0.2.2 does not have CSRF check in place when updating its settings, which could allow attackers to make a logged in admin change them via a CSRF attack",
  "id": "GHSA-3g3h-99q7-v8x2",
  "modified": "2025-03-24T18:30:39Z",
  "published": "2024-05-14T18:30:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3940"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/bb0245e5-8e94-4f11-9003-d6208945056c"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3G3M-8HG3-56FH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:10 – Updated: 2025-04-11 04:09
VLAI
Details

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the FourSquare Checkins plugin before 1.3 for WordPress allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users for requests that insert XSS sequences.

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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2013-2709"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2013-04-26T11:41:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the FourSquare Checkins plugin before 1.3 for WordPress allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users for requests that insert XSS sequences.",
  "id": "GHSA-3g3m-8hg3-56fh",
  "modified": "2025-04-11T04:09:53Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T05:10:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-2709"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/53151"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/foursquare-checkins/changelog"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-3G43-X7QR-96PH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-13 20:51 – Updated: 2023-03-13 20:51
VLAI
Summary
Possible CSRF token fixation
Details

Impact

When authenticating users PrestaShop preserves session attributes. Because this does not clear CSRF tokens upon login, this might enables same-site attackers to bypass the CSRF protection mechanism by performing an attack similar to a session-fixation.

Patches

The problem is fixed in version 8.0.1

Severity
5.0 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "prestashop/prestashop"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.0.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-25170"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-03-13T20:51:32Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-13T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nWhen authenticating users PrestaShop preserves session attributes. Because this does not clear CSRF tokens upon login, this might enables `same-site attackers` to bypass the CSRF protection mechanism by performing an attack similar to a session-fixation.\n\n### Patches\nThe problem is fixed in version 8.0.1\n",
  "id": "GHSA-3g43-x7qr-96ph",
  "modified": "2023-03-13T20:51:32Z",
  "published": "2023-03-13T20:51:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/PrestaShop/PrestaShop/security/advisories/GHSA-3g43-x7qr-96ph"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25170"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/PrestaShop/PrestaShop"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Possible CSRF token fixation"
}

GHSA-3G5R-3C4P-WRGJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:59 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:59
VLAI
Details

A CSRF issue was discovered in admin/Index/tiquan in catfish blog 2.0.33.

Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-18735"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-352"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-10-29T12:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A CSRF issue was discovered in admin/Index/tiquan in catfish blog 2.0.33.",
  "id": "GHSA-3g5r-3c4p-wrgj",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T01:59:35Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T01:59:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-18735"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/AvaterXXX/catfish/blob/master/catfishblog.md#csrf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
  • For example, use anti-CSRF packages such as the OWASP CSRFGuard. [REF-330]
  • Another example is the ESAPI Session Management control, which includes a component for CSRF. [REF-45]
Mitigation
Implementation

Ensure that the application is free of cross-site scripting issues (CWE-79), because most CSRF defenses can be bypassed using attacker-controlled script.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Generate a unique nonce for each form, place the nonce into the form, and verify the nonce upon receipt of the form. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330). [REF-332]

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Identify especially dangerous operations. When the user performs a dangerous operation, send a separate confirmation request to ensure that the user intended to perform that operation.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Use the "double-submitted cookie" method as described by Felten and Zeller:
  • When a user visits a site, the site should generate a pseudorandom value and set it as a cookie on the user's machine. The site should require every form submission to include this value as a form value and also as a cookie value. When a POST request is sent to the site, the request should only be considered valid if the form value and the cookie value are the same.
  • Because of the same-origin policy, an attacker cannot read or modify the value stored in the cookie. To successfully submit a form on behalf of the user, the attacker would have to correctly guess the pseudorandom value. If the pseudorandom value is cryptographically strong, this will be prohibitively difficult.
  • This technique requires Javascript, so it may not work for browsers that have Javascript disabled. [REF-331]
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Do not use the GET method for any request that triggers a state change.

Mitigation
Implementation

Check the HTTP Referer header to see if the request originated from an expected page. This could break legitimate functionality, because users or proxies may have disabled sending the Referer for privacy reasons.

CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)

An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.

CAPEC-462: Cross-Domain Search Timing

An attacker initiates cross domain HTTP / GET requests and times the server responses. The timing of these responses may leak important information on what is happening on the server. Browser's same origin policy prevents the attacker from directly reading the server responses (in the absence of any other weaknesses), but does not prevent the attacker from timing the responses to requests that the attacker issued cross domain.

CAPEC-467: Cross Site Identification

An attacker harvests identifying information about a victim via an active session that the victim's browser has with a social networking site. A victim may have the social networking site open in one tab or perhaps is simply using the "remember me" feature to keep their session with the social networking site active. An attacker induces a payload to execute in the victim's browser that transparently to the victim initiates a request to the social networking site (e.g., via available social network site APIs) to retrieve identifying information about a victim. While some of this information may be public, the attacker is able to harvest this information in context and may use it for further attacks on the user (e.g., spear phishing).

CAPEC-62: Cross Site Request Forgery

An attacker crafts malicious web links and distributes them (via web pages, email, etc.), typically in a targeted manner, hoping to induce users to click on the link and execute the malicious action against some third-party application. If successful, the action embedded in the malicious link will be processed and accepted by the targeted application with the users' privilege level. This type of attack leverages the persistence and implicit trust placed in user session cookies by many web applications today. In such an architecture, once the user authenticates to an application and a session cookie is created on the user's system, all following transactions for that session are authenticated using that cookie including potential actions initiated by an attacker and simply "riding" the existing session cookie.

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