CWE-405

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-23934"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-405"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-08-18T13:17:21Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An authenticated user is able to cause disproportionate CPU load on the Frontend webserver by sending specifically crafted requests to the Frontend validate.api.exists action, leading to potential denial of service.",
  "id": "GHSA-j6gv-xg9q-8h4p",
  "modified": "2026-08-18T15:31:37Z",
  "published": "2026-08-18T15:31:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-23934"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.zabbix.com/browse/ZBX-28072"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/pterodactyl/wings"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.4.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-32699"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-405",
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-06-22T15:43:57Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-06-22T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nAll versions of Pterodactyl Wings preior to `1.4.4` are vulnerable to system resource exhaustion due to improper container process limits being defined. A malicious user can consume more resources than intended and cause downstream impacts to other clients on the same hardware, eventually causing the physical server to stop responding.\n\n### Patches\nUsers should upgrade to `1.4.4`.\n\n### Workarounds\nThere is no non-code based workaround for impacted versions of the software. Users running customized versions of this software can manually set a PID limit for containers created.\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Contact us on [Discord](https://discord.gg/pterodactyl)\n* Email us at `dane \u00e4t pterodactyl dot io`",
  "id": "GHSA-jj6m-r8jc-2gp7",
  "modified": "2022-10-25T20:24:52Z",
  "published": "2021-06-23T18:03:18Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/security/advisories/GHSA-jj6m-r8jc-2gp7"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-32699"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/commit/e0078eee0a71d61573a94c75e6efcad069d78de3"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification) in Docker containers created by Wings "
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-0450"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-405"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-19T16:15:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was found in the CPython `zipfile` module affecting versions 3.12.2, 3.11.8, 3.10.13, 3.9.18, and 3.8.18 and prior.\n\nThe zipfile module is vulnerable to \u201cquoted-overlap\u201d zip-bombs which exploit the zip format to create a zip-bomb with a high compression ratio. The fixed versions of CPython makes the zipfile module reject zip archives which overlap entries in the archive.\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-jm46-725r-hh9v",
  "modified": "2024-03-25T00:30:30Z",
  "published": "2024-03-19T18:31:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0450"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/109858"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/30fe5d853b56138dbec62432d370a1f99409fc85"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/66363b9a7b9fe7c99eba3a185b74c5fdbf842eba"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/a2c59992e9e8d35baba9695eb186ad6c6ff85c51"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/a956e510f6336d5ae111ba429a61c3ade30a7549"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/d05bac0b74153beb541b88b4fca33bf053990183"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/fa181fcf2156f703347b03a3b1966ce47be8ab3b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/03/msg00024.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/03/msg00025.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://mail.python.org/archives/list/security-announce@python.org/thread/XELNUX2L3IOHBTFU7RQHCY6OUVEWZ2FG"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.bamsoftware.com/hacks/zipbomb"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-31987"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-405"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-08-14T23:15:33Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "HCL Connections Docs may mishandle validation of certain uploaded documents leading to denial of service due to resource exhaustion.",
  "id": "GHSA-jxh8-wpm5-qp9x",
  "modified": "2025-08-15T00:31:48Z",
  "published": "2025-08-15T00:31:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31987"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hcl-software.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0123272"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.0.0-rc.1"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v4"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.5.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/golang-jwt/jwt"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.2.0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-30204"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-405"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-21T22:04:00Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-21T22:15:26Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nFunction [`parse.ParseUnverified`](https://github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/blob/c035977d9e11c351f4c05dfeae193923cbab49ee/parser.go#L138-L139) currently splits (via a call to [strings.Split](https://pkg.go.dev/strings#Split)) its argument (which is untrusted data) on periods.\n\nAs a result, in the face of a malicious request whose _Authorization_ header consists of `Bearer ` followed by many period characters, a call to that function incurs allocations to the tune of O(n) bytes (where n stands for the length of the function\u0027s argument), with a constant factor of about 16. Relevant weakness: [CWE-405: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/405.html)\n\n### Details\n\nSee [`parse.ParseUnverified`](https://github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/blob/c035977d9e11c351f4c05dfeae193923cbab49ee/parser.go#L138-L139) \n\n### Impact\n\nExcessive memory allocation",
  "id": "GHSA-mh63-6h87-95cp",
  "modified": "2025-04-10T13:02:34Z",
  "published": "2025-03-21T22:04:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/security/advisories/GHSA-mh63-6h87-95cp"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30204"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/commit/0951d184286dece21f73c85673fd308786ffe9c3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/commit/bf316c48137a1212f8d0af9288cc9ce8e59f1afb"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/golang-jwt/jwt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250404-0002"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "jwt-go allows excessive memory allocation during header parsing"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "league/commonmark"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.9.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-405"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-06T20:42:54Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\n`XmlRenderer` pretty-prints XML by emitting depth-proportional indentation whitespace for **every** opening and closing tag. For a tree of depth n, the indentation alone sums to **O(n\u00b2)** bytes of output (and corresponding memory), reachable through `MarkdownToXmlConverter` \u2014 e.g. `str_repeat(\u0027\u003e \u0027, $depth) . \"x\\n\"`, a single line of nested blockquotes \u2014 or through a direct `XmlRenderer::renderDocument()` call on an attacker-influenced AST.\n\nThis affects applications that convert untrusted Markdown to XML, which is an **opt-in** output path. The parser\u0027s `max_nesting_level` bounds the depth of *parser-created* trees, but its default is high enough to reach damaging sizes, can be raised by the host application, and does not constrain custom or programmatically built ASTs handed straight to the renderer. The result is a memory / output-size amplification rather than a hard crash, which is why this issue is rated **Medium** rather than High. No confidentiality or integrity impact. XML rendering was introduced in 2.0.0 (first shipped in 2.0.0-beta1, June 2021) and has emitted depth-proportional indentation ever since, so all 2.x releases are affected (verified against 2.8.x, clean upstream `1902f60f`). 1.x has no XML renderer and is not affected.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nApplications converting untrusted Markdown to XML should:\n\n- **Lower `max_nesting_level`** to a conservative value appropriate to expected content, so the parser refuses to build extremely deep trees. This is the most direct lever for parser-produced ASTs, but does not protect trees built programmatically and passed straight to `XmlRenderer`.\n- **Cap input size before conversion**, since the amplification is driven by input-proportional depth.\n- **Constrain XML consumers** with memory / output-size limits (and streaming or size caps on any downstream XML parser or storage) so one request cannot allocate unbounded output.\n- **Prefer HTML rendering** for untrusted content where XML is not strictly required \u2014 the HTML renderer does not emit depth-proportional indentation and is not subject to this amplification.",
  "id": "GHSA-mj63-m3rc-8ppr",
  "modified": "2026-08-06T20:42:55Z",
  "published": "2026-08-06T20:42:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/security/advisories/GHSA-mj63-m3rc-8ppr"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/commit/b5ac8c3947ca81844e85a09c7e0a5b4148bde2e1"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/thephpleague/commonmark/releases/tag/2.9.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "league/commonmark: Denial of service via deeply nested XML output"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "NuGet",
        "name": "Nerdbank.MessagePack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.1.78"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-405"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-29T19:55:09Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Nerdbank.MessagePack deserializers for many collection-shaped types trusted the element count declared in MessagePack array and map headers when allocating destination storage. A crafted payload could therefore force large arrays, pooled buffers, dictionaries, or collection instances to be allocated before the deserializer had consumed the corresponding elements.\n\nThe same allocation pattern existed across strongly typed arrays, primitive arrays, mutable and immutable dictionaries, mutable enumerables, span-backed enumerable construction, `JsonNode`, `MessagePackValue`, and the object/dynamic primitive converters.\n\nBecause MessagePack array and map headers carry an attacker-controlled element count, any converter that immediately allocates `count` elements or constructs a collection with capacity `count` can turn a payload that is merely large into a much larger managed heap allocation. The reader\u0027s residency checks reduce the most extreme header-only attack shape, but they do not remove the memory amplification: minimal MessagePack elements can be one or two bytes on the wire while the managed representation may require object references, dictionary buckets, entries, array headers, or over-allocated collection internals.\n\n## Vulnerability Pattern\n\nAffected converters followed one or both of these patterns:\n\n```csharp\nint count = reader.ReadArrayHeader();\nTElement[] array = new TElement[count];\n\nint count = reader.ReadMapHeader();\nDictionary\u003cTKey, TValue\u003e map = new(count);\n```\n\nor, for streaming and span-backed construction:\n\n```csharp\nTElement[] elements = ArrayPool\u003cTElement\u003e.Shared.Rent(count);\nTCollection collection = getCollection(state, count);\n```\n\nIn all affected cases, the allocation size was derived from the untrusted header count before the converter had read the elements. This made deserialization vulnerable to memory amplification and process availability attacks.\n\n## Affected Scope\n\nThe vulnerable logic was present in multiple converter families:\n\n| Converter surface | Risk |\n|-------------------|------|\n| `ArrayConverter\u003cTElement\u003e` | Allocated `new TElement[count]` for typed arrays and rented large buffers in async paths. |\n| `ArraysOfPrimitivesConverters` | Allocated or rented `TElement[count]` for primitive array and span-constructor paths. |\n| `MutableEnumerableConverter\u003cTEnumerable, TElement\u003e` | Passed the untrusted count directly to collection construction. |\n| `SpanEnumerableConverter\u003cTEnumerable, TElement\u003e` | Rented buffers sized to the declared element count. |\n| `MutableDictionaryConverter\u003cTDictionary, TKey, TValue\u003e` | Passed the untrusted map count directly to dictionary construction. |\n| `ImmutableDictionaryConverter\u003cTDictionary, TKey, TValue\u003e` | Rented `KeyValuePair\u003cTKey, TValue\u003e[count]` before reading entries. |\n| `PrimitivesAsObjectConverter` and `PrimitivesAsDynamicConverter` | Allocated object arrays and dictionaries from attacker-controlled counts. |\n| `JsonNodeConverter` | Allocated `JsonNode?[]` from the declared array length. |\n| `MessagePackValueConverter` | Allocated arrays and dictionaries from declared array/map counts. |\n\nThis means the issue affects normal typed deserialization as well as object/dynamic APIs.\nAny endpoint or protocol surface that accepts untrusted MessagePack and deserializes collection-shaped contracts can be affected.\n\n## Attack Mechanics\n\nMessagePack encodes array and map lengths up front. For `array32` and `map32`, the declared count can be very large. The reader checks that enough bytes remain to plausibly contain the declared number of elements, so an attacker must provide real payload bytes. However, the managed allocation can still be much larger than the payload.\n\nExamples:\n\n| Attack shape | Input cost | Managed allocation pressure |\n|--------------|------------|-----------------------------|\n| `array32` of `nil` values into `object?[]` | 1 byte per element | 8 bytes per reference on 64-bit runtimes, plus array overhead. |\n| `map32` of small keys and `nil` values into `Dictionary\u003cobject, object?\u003e` | 2 bytes per entry | Buckets, entries, key/value references, and dictionary overhead. |\n| `array32` into typed reference arrays | 1 byte per `nil` element when element type allows null | 8 bytes per reference, plus array overhead. |\n| `array32` into immutable dictionary staging buffers | 2+ bytes per entry | `KeyValuePair\u003cTKey, TValue\u003e[]` staging allocation before construction. |\n| `map32` into typed dictionaries | 2+ bytes per entry for small keys/values | Dictionary capacity is allocated from the declared map count. |\n\nAt larger counts, the attack can trigger `OutOfMemoryException`, force full blocking garbage collections, or degrade service through repeated moderate allocations. The impact is availability loss rather than confidentiality or integrity compromise.\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker who can deliver crafted MessagePack data to an endpoint that deserializes collections can:\n\n- Crash the target process via `OutOfMemoryException` from a single large payload.\n- Exhaust available memory through repeated moderate payloads.\n- Induce severe GC pressure, increasing latency and reducing throughput.\n- Affect typed DTO and framework integration paths, not only dynamic or untyped deserialization paths.\n\nConcrete affected configurations include:\n\n- ASP.NET Core, SignalR, RPC, queue, or storage endpoints that deserialize MessagePack request bodies or messages into DTOs with arrays, lists, sets, dictionaries, immutable dictionaries, `JsonNode`, `MessagePackValue`, `object`, or `dynamic` members.\n- Code calling typed `Deserialize\u003cT\u003e()` where `T` contains collection-shaped members.\n- Code calling `DeserializePrimitives()` or `DeserializeDynamicPrimitives()` on untrusted input.\n- Applications registering `WithObjectConverter()` or `WithDynamicObjectConverter()` for framework integration or ad hoc object graphs.\n\n## Severity Rationale\n\n**Attack complexity is low.** Once an application accepts untrusted MessagePack for an affected collection type, exploitation only requires a crafted array or map payload with a large declared count and minimal encoded elements.\n\n**Privileges required depend on deployment.** Public endpoints are exploitable without authentication. Internal or authenticated message-processing systems reduce exposure but remain vulnerable to any caller who can submit MessagePack data.\n\n**User interaction is not required.** The attack is triggered during server-side or service-side deserialization.\n\n**Availability impact is low.** The practical outcome is memory pressure which can slow down a process or machine, or cause a network request to fail.\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\nThe following sample demonstrates the original object/dynamic shape and a typed array shape. Both rely on the same underlying bug: allocation is derived from the MessagePack header count before the elements are consumed.\n\n```csharp\nusing System.Buffers;\nusing System.Buffers.Binary;\nusing Nerdbank.MessagePack;\n\nConsole.WriteLine(\"=== Memory Amplification DoS - Nerdbank.MessagePack ===\");\nConsole.WriteLine();\n\nvar serializer = new MessagePackSerializer();\n\n// 5-byte array32 header + 1 byte per nil element.\n// Deserializing as object?[] allocates one managed reference per element.\nconst int ObjectArrayCount = 1_000_000;\nbyte[] objectArrayPayload = BuildArray32Payload(ObjectArrayCount, 0xC0);\n\nMeasure(\"object?[] array32 nil\", objectArrayPayload, () =\u003e\n{\n    var sequence = new ReadOnlySequence\u003cbyte\u003e(objectArrayPayload);\n    var reader = new MessagePackReader(sequence);\n    return serializer.DeserializePrimitives(ref reader);\n});\n\n// 5-byte array32 header + 1 byte per integer element.\n// A typed int[] target allocates four bytes per element plus array overhead.\nconst int IntArrayCount = 1_000_000;\nbyte[] intArrayPayload = BuildArray32Payload(IntArrayCount, 0x00);\n\nMeasure(\"int[] array32 fixint\", intArrayPayload, () =\u003e\n{\n    var sequence = new ReadOnlySequence\u003cbyte\u003e(intArrayPayload);\n    var reader = new MessagePackReader(sequence);\n    return serializer.Deserialize\u003cint[]\u003e(ref reader);\n});\n\n// 5-byte map32 header + 2 bytes per entry: small fixint key, nil value.\n// Duplicate keys are overwritten later, but the Dictionary capacity allocation fires first.\nconst int MapCount = 100_000;\nbyte[] mapPayload = BuildMap32Payload(MapCount);\n\nMeasure(\"object dictionary map32\", mapPayload, () =\u003e\n{\n    var sequence = new ReadOnlySequence\u003cbyte\u003e(mapPayload);\n    var reader = new MessagePackReader(sequence);\n    return serializer.DeserializePrimitives(ref reader);\n});\n\nstatic void Measure(string name, byte[] payload, Func\u003cobject?\u003e deserialize)\n{\n    GC.Collect();\n    long before = GC.GetTotalMemory(true);\n\n    try\n    {\n        object? result = deserialize();\n        long after = GC.GetTotalMemory(false);\n        long delta = after - before;\n        Console.WriteLine($\"[{name}] payload: {payload.Length / 1024.0:F1} KB\");\n        Console.WriteLine($\"[{name}] memory delta: +{delta / 1024.0 / 1024.0:F1} MB\");\n        Console.WriteLine($\"[{name}] amplification: {(double)delta / payload.Length:F1}x\");\n        GC.KeepAlive(result);\n    }\n    catch (OutOfMemoryException)\n    {\n        Console.WriteLine($\"[{name}] OutOfMemoryException\");\n    }\n    catch (MessagePackSerializationException ex)\n    {\n        Console.WriteLine($\"[{name}] guarded: {ex.Message}\");\n    }\n\n    Console.WriteLine();\n}\n\nstatic byte[] BuildArray32Payload(int count, byte element)\n{\n    byte[] payload = new byte[5 + count];\n    payload[0] = 0xDD;\n    BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32BigEndian(payload.AsSpan(1), count);\n    payload.AsSpan(5).Fill(element);\n    return payload;\n}\n\nstatic byte[] BuildMap32Payload(int count)\n{\n    byte[] payload = new byte[5 + count * 2];\n    payload[0] = 0xDF;\n    BinaryPrimitives.WriteInt32BigEndian(payload.AsSpan(1), count);\n\n    for (int i = 0; i \u003c count; i++)\n    {\n        payload[5 + i * 2] = (byte)(i % 128);\n        payload[5 + i * 2 + 1] = 0xC0;\n    }\n\n    return payload;\n}\n```\n\nConfirmed output against the vulnerable implementation included object-array amplification around 8x and dictionary amplification above 20x for moderate payload sizes. Typed collection amplification varies by element type and target collection implementation, but the same attacker-controlled preallocation primitive is present.\n\n## Remediation\n\nThe deserializer honors input data\u0027s prefixed collection sizes up to a reasonable limit, after which the collections grow when the data is actually encountered, such that memory amplification is limited to only small amounts over the size of the data being deserialized.\n\n## Prior Art\n\n**CVE-2026-21452 / [GHSA-cw39-r4h6-8j3x](https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-cw39-r4h6-8j3x)**: MessagePack for Java. An EXT32 object with an attacker-controlled payload length caused `ExtensionValue.getData()` to allocate a byte array of that size with no upper bound. This is the same vulnerability class: header-declared size leading to attacker-controlled heap allocation. It was fixed in `msgpack-java` 0.9.11 by avoiding unbounded allocation.\n\n**CVE-2024-48924 / [GHSA-4qm4-8hg2-g2xm](https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4qm4-8hg2-g2xm)**: MessagePack-CSharp. Untrusted data could trigger denial of service during deserialization through a different mechanism. It demonstrates the same ecosystem-level risk: MessagePack deserializers are frequently reachable on network and message-processing boundaries, where availability defects are exploitable.",
  "id": "GHSA-qjvr-435c-5fjh",
  "modified": "2026-05-29T19:55:09Z",
  "published": "2026-05-29T19:55:09Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/AArnott/Nerdbank.MessagePack/security/advisories/GHSA-qjvr-435c-5fjh"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/AArnott/Nerdbank.MessagePack/commit/6f19387a3d1322aea880ce3f8db2cfd0de195e12"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/AArnott/Nerdbank.MessagePack"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Nerdbank.MessagePack has a memory amplification DoS in collection deserialization"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-28214"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-405"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-07T05:15:54Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "nGrinder before 3.5.9 allows to set delay without limitation, which could be the cause of Denial of Service by remote attacker.",
  "id": "GHSA-qq6m-6p3w-4j5w",
  "modified": "2024-11-08T18:30:42Z",
  "published": "2024-03-07T06:30:31Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-28214"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cve.naver.com/detail/cve-2024-28214.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "body-parser"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.20.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-45590"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-405"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-09-10T15:52:39Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-10T16:15:21Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nbody-parser \u003c1.20.3 is vulnerable to denial of service when url encoding is enabled. A malicious actor using a specially crafted payload could flood the server with a large number of requests, resulting in denial of service.\n\n### Patches\n\nthis issue is patched in 1.20.3\n\n### References\n",
  "id": "GHSA-qwcr-r2fm-qrc7",
  "modified": "2024-09-10T19:01:08Z",
  "published": "2024-09-10T15:52:39Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/expressjs/body-parser/security/advisories/GHSA-qwcr-r2fm-qrc7"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-45590"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/expressjs/body-parser/commit/b2695c4450f06ba3b0ccf48d872a229bb41c9bce"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/expressjs/body-parser"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "body-parser vulnerable to denial of service when url encoding is enabled"
}

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-54224"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-405"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-18T14:17:31Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "UBB.threads is vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS). By sending multiple concurrent requests to view any user profile on instances with many registered users, an authenticated attacker can easily exhaust database resources and completely deny access to the application for other users.\nBecause vendor contact attempts were unsuccessful, the vulnerability has only been confirmed in version 7.7.5 but may also affect other versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-r4cc-xcx2-vp28",
  "modified": "2026-06-18T15:32:02Z",
  "published": "2026-06-18T15:32:02Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-54224"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert.pl/en/posts/2026/06/CVE-2026-54219"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ubbcentral.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}