Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-416

Allowed

Use After Free

Abstraction: Variant · Status: Stable

The product reuses or references memory after it has been freed. At some point afterward, the memory may be allocated again and saved in another pointer, while the original pointer references a location somewhere within the new allocation. Any operations using the original pointer are no longer valid because the memory "belongs" to the code that operates on the new pointer.

9821 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-WH99-P8PV-5QJW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-30 00:00 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:30
VLAI
Details

vim is vulnerable to Use After Free

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-4187"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-12-29T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "vim is vulnerable to Use After Free",
  "id": "GHSA-wh99-p8pv-5qjw",
  "modified": "2025-11-03T21:30:36Z",
  "published": "2021-12-30T00:00:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-4187"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/vim/vim/commit/4bf1006cae7e87259ccd5219128c3dba75774441"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/a8bee03a-6e2e-43bf-bee3-4968c5386a2e"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00023.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/2EY2VFBU3YGGWI5BW4XKT3F37MYGEQUD"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/3FH2J57GDA2WMBS6J56F6QQRA6BXQQFZ"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/2EY2VFBU3YGGWI5BW4XKT3F37MYGEQUD"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/3FH2J57GDA2WMBS6J56F6QQRA6BXQQFZ"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202208-32"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT213183"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT213256"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT213343"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Jul/14"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Mar/29"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/May/35"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/01/15/1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WH9W-FM3V-7WFW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:32 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:32
VLAI
Details

Use after free in WebXR in Google Chrome on Android prior to 86.0.4240.75 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-15976"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-11-03T03:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Use after free in WebXR in Google Chrome on Android prior to 86.0.4240.75 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.",
  "id": "GHSA-wh9w-fm3v-7wfw",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:32:52Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:32:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-15976"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2020/10/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://crbug.com/1123522"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/24QFL4C3AZKMFVL7LVSYMU2DNE5VVUGS"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/4GWCWNHTTYOH6HSFUXPGPBB6J6JYZHZE"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/SC3U3H6AISVZB5PLZLLNF4HMQ4UFFL7M"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202101-30"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-4824"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-11/msg00016.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-WHC2-9R39-WQCM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-12 18:30 – Updated: 2026-05-12 18:30
VLAI
Details

Use after free in Microsoft Office Excel allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-40359"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T18:17:14Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Use after free in Microsoft Office Excel allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code locally.",
  "id": "GHSA-whc2-9r39-wqcm",
  "modified": "2026-05-12T18:30:44Z",
  "published": "2026-05-12T18:30:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-40359"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-40359"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WHC7-5P35-4WW2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-25 20:49 – Updated: 2025-05-23 18:31
VLAI
Summary
Use after free in actix-service
Details

An issue was discovered in the actix-service crate before 1.0.6 for Rust. The Cell implementation allows obtaining more than one mutable reference to the same data.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "actix-service"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.0.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-35899"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-19T20:54:21Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in the actix-service crate before 1.0.6 for Rust. The Cell implementation allows obtaining more than one mutable reference to the same data.",
  "id": "GHSA-whc7-5p35-4ww2",
  "modified": "2025-05-23T18:31:05Z",
  "published": "2021-08-25T20:49:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-35899"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/actix/actix-net/pull/158"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/actix/actix-net/commit/a67e38b4a07c92a3c81fa833f9eb1e91e74e39b7"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/actix/actix-net"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2020-0046.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Use after free in actix-service"
}

GHSA-WHC8-7PCG-P626

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-05 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-05 03:31
VLAI
Details

Use after free in FullScreen in Google Chrome on Windows prior to 149.0.7827.53 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to potentially perform a sandbox escape via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-10908"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-04T23:16:52Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Use after free in FullScreen in Google Chrome on Windows prior to 149.0.7827.53 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to potentially perform a sandbox escape via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
  "id": "GHSA-whc8-7pcg-p626",
  "modified": "2026-06-05T03:31:30Z",
  "published": "2026-06-05T00:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-10908"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/06/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/505045913"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WHCM-PX77-62X7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-27 18:31 – Updated: 2025-11-03 18:31
VLAI
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

mm/khugepaged: fix ->anon_vma race

If an ->anon_vma is attached to the VMA, collapse_and_free_pmd() requires it to be locked.

Page table traversal is allowed under any one of the mmap lock, the anon_vma lock (if the VMA is associated with an anon_vma), and the mapping lock (if the VMA is associated with a mapping); and so to be able to remove page tables, we must hold all three of them. retract_page_tables() bails out if an ->anon_vma is attached, but does this check before holding the mmap lock (as the comment above the check explains).

If we racily merged an existing ->anon_vma (shared with a child process) from a neighboring VMA, subsequent rmap traversals on pages belonging to the child will be able to see the page tables that we are concurrently removing while assuming that nothing else can access them.

Repeat the ->anon_vma check once we hold the mmap lock to ensure that there really is no concurrent page table access.

Hitting this bug causes a lockdep warning in collapse_and_free_pmd(), in the line "lockdep_assert_held_write(&vma->anon_vma->root->rwsem)". It can also lead to use-after-free access.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-52935"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-27T17:15:43Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmm/khugepaged: fix -\u003eanon_vma race\n\nIf an -\u003eanon_vma is attached to the VMA, collapse_and_free_pmd() requires\nit to be locked.\n\nPage table traversal is allowed under any one of the mmap lock, the\nanon_vma lock (if the VMA is associated with an anon_vma), and the\nmapping lock (if the VMA is associated with a mapping); and so to be\nable to remove page tables, we must hold all three of them. \nretract_page_tables() bails out if an -\u003eanon_vma is attached, but does\nthis check before holding the mmap lock (as the comment above the check\nexplains).\n\nIf we racily merged an existing -\u003eanon_vma (shared with a child\nprocess) from a neighboring VMA, subsequent rmap traversals on pages\nbelonging to the child will be able to see the page tables that we are\nconcurrently removing while assuming that nothing else can access them.\n\nRepeat the -\u003eanon_vma check once we hold the mmap lock to ensure that\nthere really is no concurrent page table access.\n\nHitting this bug causes a lockdep warning in collapse_and_free_pmd(),\nin the line \"lockdep_assert_held_write(\u0026vma-\u003eanon_vma-\u003eroot-\u003erwsem)\". \nIt can also lead to use-after-free access.",
  "id": "GHSA-whcm-px77-62x7",
  "modified": "2025-11-03T18:31:15Z",
  "published": "2025-03-27T18:31:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-52935"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/023f47a8250c6bdb4aebe744db4bf7f73414028b"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/352fbf61ce776fef18dca6a68680a6cd943dac95"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/abdf3c33918185c3e8ffeb09ed3e334b3d7df47c"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/acb08187b5a83cdb9ac4112fae9e18cf983b0128"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cee956ab1efbd858b4ca61c8b474af5aa24b29a6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/10/msg00007.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WHFP-RMWR-4Q53

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-01 12:30 – Updated: 2025-12-01 15:30
VLAI
Details

Use After Free vulnerability in Arm Ltd Valhall GPU Kernel Driver, Arm Ltd Arm 5th Gen GPU Architecture Kernel Driver allows a local non-privileged user process to perform improper GPU processing operations to gain access to already freed memory.This issue affects Valhall GPU Kernel Driver: from r53p0 through r54p1; Arm 5th Gen GPU Architecture Kernel Driver: from r53p0 through r54p1.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-8045"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-01T11:15:48Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Use After Free vulnerability in Arm Ltd Valhall GPU Kernel Driver, Arm Ltd Arm 5th Gen GPU Architecture Kernel Driver allows a local non-privileged user process to perform improper GPU processing operations to gain access to already freed memory.This issue affects Valhall GPU Kernel Driver: from r53p0 through r54p1; Arm 5th Gen GPU Architecture Kernel Driver: from r53p0 through r54p1.",
  "id": "GHSA-whfp-rmwr-4q53",
  "modified": "2025-12-01T15:30:17Z",
  "published": "2025-12-01T12:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-8045"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://developer.arm.com/documentation/110697/latest"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WHGF-V8G5-7CGX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:14 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:14
VLAI
Details

Use after free in devtools in Google Chrome prior to 81.0.4044.92 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-6434"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-04-13T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Use after free in devtools in Google Chrome prior to 81.0.4044.92 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.",
  "id": "GHSA-whgf-v8g5-7cgx",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:14:05Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:14:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-6434"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2020/04/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_7.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://crbug.com/1048555"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/6XWIVVYIQU67QR2LHNGGZBS4FZOW2RQO"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/HFVP775RPRDVY5FUCN7ABH5AE74TQFDD"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/XMXPDHEEACPD3BCMTC26SCCYB2ZMUOAO"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2020/dsa-4714"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-04/msg00024.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-04/msg00031.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WHGW-3C2R-GMWC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:59 – Updated: 2022-05-24 16:59
VLAI
Details

Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions , 2019.012.20040 and earlier, 2017.011.30148 and earlier, 2017.011.30148 and earlier, 2015.006.30503 and earlier, and 2015.006.30503 and earlier have an use after free vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution .

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-8221"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-10-17T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Adobe Acrobat and Reader versions , 2019.012.20040 and earlier, 2017.011.30148 and earlier, 2017.011.30148 and earlier, 2015.006.30503 and earlier, and 2015.006.30503 and earlier have an use after free vulnerability. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution .",
  "id": "GHSA-whgw-3c2r-gmwc",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T16:59:25Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:59:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-8221"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb19-49.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-WHGW-QCMX-GP47

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-28 15:30 – Updated: 2025-03-21 18:31
VLAI
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

bnxt: prevent skb UAF after handing over to PTP worker

When reading the timestamp is required bnxt_tx_int() hands over the ownership of the completed skb to the PTP worker. The skb should not be used afterwards, as the worker may run before the rest of our code and free the skb, leading to a use-after-free.

Since dev_kfree_skb_any() accepts NULL make the loss of ownership more obvious and set skb to NULL.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-48637"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-04-28T13:15:06Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbnxt: prevent skb UAF after handing over to PTP worker\n\nWhen reading the timestamp is required bnxt_tx_int() hands\nover the ownership of the completed skb to the PTP worker.\nThe skb should not be used afterwards, as the worker may\nrun before the rest of our code and free the skb, leading\nto a use-after-free.\n\nSince dev_kfree_skb_any() accepts NULL make the loss of\nownership more obvious and set skb to NULL.",
  "id": "GHSA-whgw-qcmx-gp47",
  "modified": "2025-03-21T18:31:25Z",
  "published": "2024-04-28T15:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-48637"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/08483e4c0c83b221b8891434a04cec405dee94a6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/32afa1f23e42cc635ccf4c39f24514d03d1e8338"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c31f26c8f69f776759cbbdfb38e40ea91aa0dd65"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Choose a language that provides automatic memory management.

Mitigation
Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

When freeing pointers, be sure to set them to NULL once they are freed. However, the utilization of multiple or complex data structures may lower the usefulness of this strategy.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.