Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-416

Allowed

Use After Free

Abstraction: Variant · Status: Stable

The product reuses or references memory after it has been freed. At some point afterward, the memory may be allocated again and saved in another pointer, while the original pointer references a location somewhere within the new allocation. Any operations using the original pointer are no longer valid because the memory "belongs" to the code that operates on the new pointer.

9820 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-WJR5-PG63-RF4X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-15 00:02 – Updated: 2022-02-20 00:00
VLAI
Details

Use after free in Omnibox in Google Chrome prior to 97.0.4692.99 allowed a remote attacker who convinced the user to engage is specific user interactions to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-0295"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-02-12T02:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Use after free in Omnibox in Google Chrome prior to 97.0.4692.99 allowed a remote attacker who convinced the user to engage is specific user interactions to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page.",
  "id": "GHSA-wjr5-pg63-rf4x",
  "modified": "2022-02-20T00:00:49Z",
  "published": "2022-02-15T00:02:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0295"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2022/01/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_19.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://crbug.com/1278180"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-WJRM-CVJ7-WVJG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:22 – Updated: 2025-11-25 18:32
VLAI
Details

A use-after-free vulnerability can occur after deleting a selection element due to a weak reference to the select element in the options collection. This results in a potentially exploitable crash. This vulnerability affects Thunderbird < 60.4, Firefox ESR < 60.4, and Firefox < 64.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-18492"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-02-28T18:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A use-after-free vulnerability can occur after deleting a selection element due to a weak reference to the select element in the options collection. This results in a potentially exploitable crash. This vulnerability affects Thunderbird \u003c 60.4, Firefox ESR \u003c 60.4, and Firefox \u003c 64.",
  "id": "GHSA-wjrm-cvj7-wvjg",
  "modified": "2025-11-25T18:32:15Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T01:22:54Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-18492"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3831"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3833"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:0159"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:0160"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1499861"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2018/12/msg00002.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201903-04"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3844-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3868-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4354"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2019/dsa-4362"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2018-29"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2018-30"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2018-31"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/106168"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WJV4-J3HC-GXVV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-21 06:30 – Updated: 2024-08-28 18:31
VLAI
Details

Use after free in Mojo in Google Chrome prior to 122.0.6261.57 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-1670"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-21T04:15:08Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Use after free in Mojo in Google Chrome prior to 122.0.6261.57 allowed a remote attacker to potentially exploit heap corruption via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
  "id": "GHSA-wjv4-j3hc-gxvv",
  "modified": "2024-08-28T18:31:52Z",
  "published": "2024-02-21T06:30:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1670"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2024/02/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_20.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/41481374"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/PWWBMVQTSERVBXSXCZVUKIMEDNQUQ7O3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/QDCMYQ3J45NHQ4EJREM3BJNNKB5BK4Y7"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WJV4-X9W8-WM3H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-19 16:36 – Updated: 2026-06-19 16:36
VLAI
Summary
Nokogiri: Possible Use-After-Free when setting `Document#root=` to an invalid node type
Details

Summary

Nokogiri::XML::Document#root= validated only that the new root was a Nokogiri::XML::Node, allowing a DTD node to be set as the document root. The result is a heap use-after-free during garbage collection or finalization, leading to an invalid memory read or potentially a segfault.

Nokogiri 1.19.4 restricts Document#root= to element nodes, raising TypeError for any other node type.

This memory-safety issue affects only the CRuby implementation (libxml2). The JRuby implementation was not affected; the same input validation was added there for behavioral parity.

Severity

The Nokogiri maintainers have evaluated this as low severity. This is only triggered by a programming error. It requires application code to assign a non-element node such as a DTD as the document root via Document#root=. Nokogiri 1.19.4 now raises TypeError instead of allowing a use-after-free. It cannot be triggered by untrusted input or through normal use of the public API.

Mitigation

Upgrade to Nokogiri 1.19.4 or later.

As a workaround, applications that cannot upgrade should avoid assigning a DTD (or any non-element node) via Document#root=.

Credit

This issue was responsibly reported by Zheng Yu from depthfirst.com.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "nokogiri"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.19.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-19T16:36:59Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\n`Nokogiri::XML::Document#root=` validated only that the new root was a `Nokogiri::XML::Node`, allowing a DTD node to be set as the document root. The result is a heap use-after-free during garbage collection or finalization, leading to an invalid memory read or potentially a segfault.\n\nNokogiri 1.19.4 restricts `Document#root=` to element nodes, raising `TypeError` for any other node type.\n\nThis memory-safety issue affects only the CRuby implementation (libxml2). The JRuby implementation was not affected; the same input validation was added there for behavioral parity.\n\n### Severity\n\nThe Nokogiri maintainers have evaluated this as low severity. This is only triggered by a programming error. It requires application code to assign a non-element node such as a DTD as the document root via `Document#root=`. Nokogiri 1.19.4 now raises `TypeError` instead of allowing a use-after-free. It cannot be triggered by untrusted input or through normal use of the public API.\n\n### Mitigation\n\nUpgrade to Nokogiri 1.19.4 or later.\n\nAs a workaround, applications that cannot upgrade should avoid assigning a DTD (or any non-element node) via `Document#root=`.\n\n### Credit\n\nThis issue was responsibly reported by Zheng Yu from depthfirst.com.",
  "id": "GHSA-wjv4-x9w8-wm3h",
  "modified": "2026-06-19T16:36:59Z",
  "published": "2026-06-19T16:36:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/security/advisories/GHSA-wjv4-x9w8-wm3h"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Nokogiri: Possible Use-After-Free when setting `Document#root=` to an invalid node type"
}

GHSA-WJWH-3F92-H6F4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-02 18:30 – Updated: 2023-03-14 18:30
VLAI
Details

A use-after-free vulnerability in WebCore::RenderLayer::repaintBlockSelectionGaps in WebKitGTK before 2.36.8 allows attackers to execute code remotely.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-25362"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-02T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A use-after-free vulnerability in WebCore::RenderLayer::repaintBlockSelectionGaps in WebKitGTK before 2.36.8 allows attackers to execute code remotely.",
  "id": "GHSA-wjwh-3f92-h6f4",
  "modified": "2023-03-14T18:30:22Z",
  "published": "2023-03-02T18:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-25362"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=244802"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202305-32"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/04/21/3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WJX5-V4H6-VG36

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:36 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:36
VLAI
Details

In xfrm6_tunnel_free_spi of net/ipv6/xfrm6_tunnel.c, there is a possible use after free due to improper locking. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android kernelAndroid ID: A-168043318

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-27066"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-12-15T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In xfrm6_tunnel_free_spi of net/ipv6/xfrm6_tunnel.c, there is a possible use after free due to improper locking. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android kernelAndroid ID: A-168043318",
  "id": "GHSA-wjx5-v4h6-vg36",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:36:32Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:36:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-27066"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2020-12-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-WJXM-QHQX-X3P4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-29 00:38 – Updated: 2026-05-29 18:31
VLAI
Details

Use after free in ANGLE in Google Chrome prior to 148.0.7778.216 allowed a remote attacker to potentially perform a sandbox escape via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-9904"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-05-28T23:16:48Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Use after free in ANGLE in Google Chrome prior to 148.0.7778.216 allowed a remote attacker to potentially perform a sandbox escape via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: High)",
  "id": "GHSA-wjxm-qhqx-x3p4",
  "modified": "2026-05-29T18:31:23Z",
  "published": "2026-05-29T00:38:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-9904"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/05/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0877304591.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/498804020"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WM2X-WP62-HMVX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:55 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:55
VLAI
Details

Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.375 and 19.x through 23.x before 23.0.0.162 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.635 on Linux allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2016-4272, CVE-2016-4279, CVE-2016-6921, CVE-2016-6923, CVE-2016-6925, CVE-2016-6926, CVE-2016-6927, CVE-2016-6929, CVE-2016-6930, and CVE-2016-6932.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-6931"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2016-09-14T18:59:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Use-after-free vulnerability in Adobe Flash Player before 18.0.0.375 and 19.x through 23.x before 23.0.0.162 on Windows and OS X and before 11.2.202.635 on Linux allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, a different vulnerability than CVE-2016-4272, CVE-2016-4279, CVE-2016-6921, CVE-2016-6923, CVE-2016-6925, CVE-2016-6926, CVE-2016-6927, CVE-2016-6929, CVE-2016-6930, and CVE-2016-6932.",
  "id": "GHSA-wm2x-wp62-hmvx",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:55:52Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:55:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6931"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/flash-player/apsb16-29.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201610-10"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2016-1865.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/92927"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1036791"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WM48-FXH8-5VF5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:32 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:32
VLAI
Details

Adobe Acrobat Reader versions 11.0.19 and earlier, 15.006.30280 and earlier, 15.023.20070 and earlier have an exploitable use after free vulnerability in the XFA module, related to the choiceList element. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-3027"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-04-12T14:59:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Adobe Acrobat Reader versions 11.0.19 and earlier, 15.006.30280 and earlier, 15.023.20070 and earlier have an exploitable use after free vulnerability in the XFA module, related to the choiceList element. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution.",
  "id": "GHSA-wm48-fxh8-5vf5",
  "modified": "2022-05-17T02:32:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T02:32:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-3027"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/acrobat/apsb17-11.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/97550"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038228"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-WM4C-JGH8-M62G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-17 15:31 – Updated: 2025-12-23 21:30
VLAI
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

KVM: SVM: Flush pages under kvm->lock to fix UAF in svm_register_enc_region()

Do the cache flush of converted pages in svm_register_enc_region() before dropping kvm->lock to fix use-after-free issues where region and/or its array of pages could be freed by a different task, e.g. if userspace has __unregister_enc_region_locked() already queued up for the region.

Note, the "obvious" alternative of using local variables doesn't fully resolve the bug, as region->pages is also dynamically allocated. I.e. the region structure itself would be fine, but region->pages could be freed.

Flushing multiple pages under kvm->lock is unfortunate, but the entire flow is a rare slow path, and the manual flush is only needed on CPUs that lack coherency for encrypted memory.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-35791"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-05-17T13:15:58Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nKVM: SVM: Flush pages under kvm-\u003elock to fix UAF in svm_register_enc_region()\n\nDo the cache flush of converted pages in svm_register_enc_region() before\ndropping kvm-\u003elock to fix use-after-free issues where region and/or its\narray of pages could be freed by a different task, e.g. if userspace has\n__unregister_enc_region_locked() already queued up for the region.\n\nNote, the \"obvious\" alternative of using local variables doesn\u0027t fully\nresolve the bug, as region-\u003epages is also dynamically allocated.  I.e. the\nregion structure itself would be fine, but region-\u003epages could be freed.\n\nFlushing multiple pages under kvm-\u003elock is unfortunate, but the entire\nflow is a rare slow path, and the manual flush is only needed on CPUs that\nlack coherency for encrypted memory.",
  "id": "GHSA-wm4c-jgh8-m62g",
  "modified": "2025-12-23T21:30:18Z",
  "published": "2024-05-17T15:31:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-35791"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/12f8e32a5a389a5d58afc67728c76e61beee1ad4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2d13b79640b147bd77c34a5998533b2021a4122d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4868c0ecdb6cfde7c70cf478c46e06bb9c7e5865"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5ef1d8c1ddbf696e47b226e11888eaf8d9e8e807"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e126b508ed2e616d679d85fca2fbe77bb48bbdd7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f6d53d8a2617dd58c89171a6b9610c470ebda38a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/06/msg00017.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Language Selection

Choose a language that provides automatic memory management.

Mitigation
Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

When freeing pointers, be sure to set them to NULL once they are freed. However, the utilization of multiple or complex data structures may lower the usefulness of this strategy.

No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.