Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-502

Allowed

Deserialization of Untrusted Data

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product deserializes untrusted data without sufficiently ensuring that the resulting data will be valid.

4852 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-7GMR-MQ3H-M5H9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-12 16:32 – Updated: 2025-12-12 16:32
VLAI
Summary
Denial of Service Vulnerability in React Server Components
Details

Impact

It was found that the fix to address CVE-2025-55184 in React Server Components was incomplete and does not prevent a denial of service attack in a specific case.

We recommend updating immediately.

The vulnerability exists in versions 19.0.2, 19.1.3, and 19.2.2 of:

These issues are present in the patches published on December 11th, 2025.

Patches

Fixes were back ported to versions 19.0.3, 19.1.4, and 19.2.3.

If you are using any of the above packages please upgrade to any of the fixed versions immediately.

If your app’s React code does not use a server, your app is not affected by this vulnerability. If your app does not use a framework, bundler, or bundler plugin that supports React Server Components, your app is not affected by this vulnerability.

References

See the blog post for more information and upgrade instructions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "react-server-dom-parcel"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "19.0.2"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.0.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "react-server-dom-parcel"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "19.1.3"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.1.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "react-server-dom-parcel"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "19.2.2"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.2.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "react-server-dom-turbopack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "19.0.2"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.0.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "react-server-dom-turbopack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "19.1.3"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.1.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "react-server-dom-turbopack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "19.2.2"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.2.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "react-server-dom-webpack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "19.0.2"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.0.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "react-server-dom-webpack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "19.1.3"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.1.4"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "react-server-dom-webpack"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "19.2.2"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "19.2.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-67779"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-12T16:32:43Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Impact\n\nIt was found that the fix to address [CVE-2025-55184](https://github.com/facebook/react/security/advisories/GHSA-2m3v-v2m8-q956) in React Server Components was incomplete and does not prevent a denial of service attack in a specific case.\n\nWe recommend updating immediately.\n\nThe vulnerability exists in versions 19.0.2, 19.1.3, and 19.2.2 of:\n\n- [react-server-dom-webpack](https://www.npmjs.com/package/react-server-dom-webpack)\n- [react-server-dom-parcel](https://www.npmjs.com/package/react-server-dom-parcel)\n- [react-server-dom-turbopack](https://www.npmjs.com/package/react-server-dom-turbopack?activeTab=readme)\n\nThese issues are present in the patches published on December 11th, 2025.\n\n## Patches\n\nFixes were back ported to versions 19.0.3, 19.1.4, and 19.2.3. \n\nIf you are using any of the above packages please upgrade to any of the fixed versions immediately.\n\nIf your app\u2019s React code does not use a server, your app is not affected by this vulnerability. If your app does not use a framework, bundler, or bundler plugin that supports React Server Components, your app is not affected by this vulnerability.\n\n## References\n\nSee the [blog post](https://react.dev/blog/2025/12/11/denial-of-service-and-source-code-exposure-in-react-server-components) for more information and upgrade instructions.",
  "id": "GHSA-7gmr-mq3h-m5h9",
  "modified": "2025-12-12T16:32:43Z",
  "published": "2025-12-12T16:32:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/facebook/react/security/advisories/GHSA-2m3v-v2m8-q956"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/facebook/react/security/advisories/GHSA-7gmr-mq3h-m5h9"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67779"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/facebook/react"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://react.dev/blog/2025/12/11/denial-of-service-and-source-code-exposure-in-react-server-components"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Denial of Service Vulnerability in React Server Components"
}

GHSA-7GV9-65Q7-V834

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-16 15:34 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34
VLAI
Details

Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in Melapress MelaPress Login Security allows Object Injection. This issue affects MelaPress Login Security: from n/a through 2.1.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-39565"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-16T13:15:49Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Deserialization of Untrusted Data vulnerability in Melapress MelaPress Login Security allows Object Injection. This issue affects MelaPress Login Security: from n/a through 2.1.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-7gv9-65q7-v834",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:44Z",
  "published": "2025-04-16T15:34:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-39565"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/melapress-login-security/vulnerability/wordpress-melapress-login-security-2-1-0-php-object-injection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7GVQ-J6PG-875G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:46 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:31
VLAI
Details

Deserialization of Untrusted Data in the anti CSRF module in Sitecore through 9.1 allows an authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code by sending a serialized .NET object in an HTTP POST parameter.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-9875"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-05-31T21:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Deserialization of Untrusted Data in the anti CSRF module in Sitecore through 9.1 allows an authenticated attacker to execute arbitrary code by sending a serialized .NET object in an HTTP POST parameter.",
  "id": "GHSA-7gvq-j6pg-875g",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T00:31:41Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:46:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-9875"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://dev.sitecore.net/Downloads.aspx"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2019-9875"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.synacktiv.com/blog.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.synacktiv.com/ressources/advisories/Sitecore_CSRF_deserialize_RCE.pdf"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7H28-VXHX-XHW6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:41 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:41
VLAI
Details

VMware Realize Automation (7.3 and 7.2) and vSphere Integrated Containers (1.x before 1.3) contain a deserialization vulnerability via Xenon. Successful exploitation of this issue may allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on the appliance.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-4947"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-01-29T16:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "VMware Realize Automation (7.3 and 7.2) and vSphere Integrated Containers (1.x before 1.3) contain a deserialization vulnerability via Xenon. Successful exploitation of this issue may allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on the appliance.",
  "id": "GHSA-7h28-vxhx-xhw6",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:41:34Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:41:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-4947"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2018-0006.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102852"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1040289"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1040290"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7H2H-QRHM-554P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-31 19:00 – Updated: 2022-11-01 19:00
VLAI
Details

The LearnPress WordPress plugin before 4.1.7.2 unserialises user input in a REST API endpoint available to unauthenticated users, which could lead to PHP Object Injection when a suitable gadget is present, leadint to remote code execution (RCE). To successfully exploit this vulnerability attackers must have knowledge of the site secrets, allowing them to generate a valid hash via the wp_hash() function.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-3360"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-10-31T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The LearnPress WordPress plugin before 4.1.7.2 unserialises user input in a REST API endpoint available to unauthenticated users, which could lead to PHP Object Injection when a suitable gadget is present, leadint to remote code execution (RCE). To successfully exploit this vulnerability attackers must have knowledge of the site secrets, allowing them to generate a valid hash via the wp_hash() function.",
  "id": "GHSA-7h2h-qrhm-554p",
  "modified": "2022-11-01T19:00:31Z",
  "published": "2022-10-31T19:00:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-3360"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/acea7a54-a964-4127-a93f-f38f883074e3"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7H2V-5MQ4-F627

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-21 00:31 – Updated: 2026-02-21 00:31
VLAI
Details

GFI Archiver MArc.Core Deserialization of Untrusted Data Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of GFI Archiver. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed.

The specific flaw exists within the configuration of the MArc.Core.Remoting.exe process, which listens on port 8017. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in deserialization of untrusted data. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-27935.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-2037"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T23:16:03Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "GFI Archiver MArc.Core Deserialization of Untrusted Data Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of GFI Archiver. Although authentication is required to exploit this vulnerability, the existing authentication mechanism can be bypassed.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the configuration of the MArc.Core.Remoting.exe process, which listens on port 8017. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in deserialization of untrusted data. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-27935.",
  "id": "GHSA-7h2v-5mq4-f627",
  "modified": "2026-02-21T00:31:43Z",
  "published": "2026-02-21T00:31:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2037"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-26-074"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7H33-9RG2-H2QQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2026-06-15 21:30
VLAI
Details

Contributor PHP Object Injection in Events Calendar for GeoDirectory <= 2.3.25 versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39532"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T21:16:47Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Contributor PHP Object Injection in Events Calendar for GeoDirectory \u003c= 2.3.25 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-7h33-9rg2-h2qq",
  "modified": "2026-06-15T21:30:45Z",
  "published": "2026-06-15T21:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39532"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/events-for-geodirectory/vulnerability/wordpress-events-calendar-for-geodirectory-plugin-2-3-25-php-object-injection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7HFG-G6XF-6F7Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2026-06-15 21:30
VLAI
Details

Shop manager PHP Object Injection in CTX Feed <= 6.6.26 versions.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-39434"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-15T21:16:42Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Shop manager PHP Object Injection in CTX Feed \u003c= 6.6.26 versions.",
  "id": "GHSA-7hfg-g6xf-6f7q",
  "modified": "2026-06-15T21:30:43Z",
  "published": "2026-06-15T21:30:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-39434"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/webappick-product-feed-for-woocommerce/vulnerability/wordpress-ctx-feed-plugin-6-6-26-php-object-injection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7HG7-439V-XQFX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:48 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:02
VLAI
Details

Akamai CloudTest before 58.30 allows remote code execution.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-11011"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-06-21T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Akamai CloudTest before 58.30 allows remote code execution.",
  "id": "GHSA-7hg7-439v-xqfx",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T01:02:34Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T16:48:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11011"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blogs.akamai.com/sitr/2019/06/cloudtest-vulnerability-cve-2019-11011.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7HH7-8VVM-32G4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:38 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:38
VLAI
Details

The Proofpoint Insider Threat Management Server (formerly ObserveIT Server) before 7.9.1 contains a vulnerability in the ITM web console's ImportAlertRules feature. The vulnerability allows a remote attacker (with admin or config-admin privileges in the console) to execute arbitrary code with local administrator privileges. The vulnerability is caused by improper deserialization.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-10657"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-01-06T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The Proofpoint Insider Threat Management Server (formerly ObserveIT Server) before 7.9.1 contains a vulnerability in the ITM web console\u0027s ImportAlertRules feature. The vulnerability allows a remote attacker (with admin or config-admin privileges in the console) to execute arbitrary code with local administrator privileges. The vulnerability is caused by improper deserialization.",
  "id": "GHSA-7hh7-8vvm-32g4",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:38:04Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:38:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10657"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/security/security-advisories/pfpt-sa-2020-0003"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

If available, use the signing/sealing features of the programming language to assure that deserialized data has not been tainted. For example, a hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) could be used to ensure that data has not been modified.

Mitigation
Implementation

When deserializing data, populate a new object rather than just deserializing. The result is that the data flows through safe input validation and that the functions are safe.

Mitigation
Implementation

Explicitly define a final object() to prevent deserialization.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation
  • Make fields transient to protect them from deserialization.
  • An attempt to serialize and then deserialize a class containing transient fields will result in NULLs where the transient data should be. This is an excellent way to prevent time, environment-based, or sensitive variables from being carried over and used improperly.
Mitigation
Implementation

Avoid having unnecessary types or gadgets (a sequence of instances and method invocations that can self-execute during the deserialization process, often found in libraries) available that can be leveraged for malicious ends. This limits the potential for unintended or unauthorized types and gadgets to be leveraged by the attacker. Add only acceptable classes to an allowlist. Note: new gadgets are constantly being discovered, so this alone is not a sufficient mitigation.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Employ cryptography of the data or code for protection. However, it's important to note that it would still be client-side security. This is risky because if the client is compromised then the security implemented on the client (the cryptography) can be bypassed.

Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

CAPEC-586: Object Injection

An adversary attempts to exploit an application by injecting additional, malicious content during its processing of serialized objects. Developers leverage serialization in order to convert data or state into a static, binary format for saving to disk or transferring over a network. These objects are then deserialized when needed to recover the data/state. By injecting a malformed object into a vulnerable application, an adversary can potentially compromise the application by manipulating the deserialization process. This can result in a number of unwanted outcomes, including remote code execution.