Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-506

Allowed-with-Review

Embedded Malicious Code

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product contains code that appears to be malicious in nature.

525 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-JXR6-QRXX-2PH2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-31 19:33 – Updated: 2025-07-31 19:33
VLAI
Summary
num2words subjected to phishing attack, two versions published containing malware
Details

The num2words project was compromised via a phishing attack and two new versions were uploaded to PyPI containing malicious code. The affected versions have been removed from PyPI, and users are advised to remove the affected versions from their environments.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "num2words"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.5.15"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "0.5.16"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-07-31T19:33:29Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The `num2words` project was compromised via a phishing attack and two new versions were uploaded to PyPI containing malicious code. The affected versions have been removed from PyPI, and users are advised to remove the affected versions from their environments.",
  "id": "GHSA-jxr6-qrxx-2ph2",
  "modified": "2025-07-31T19:33:29Z",
  "published": "2025-07-31T19:33:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/num2words/PYSEC-2025-72.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/savoirfairelinux/num2words"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://nitter.tiekoetter.com/SFLinux/status/1949906299308953827"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.stepsecurity.io/blog/supply-chain-security-alert-num2words-pypi-package-shows-signs-of-compromise"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "num2words subjected to phishing attack, two versions published containing malware"
}

GHSA-M25Q-FWG4-9V2P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-01 19:47 – Updated: 2021-09-24 16:36
VLAI
Summary
Malicious Package in awesome_react_utility
Details

Version 1.0.2 of awesome_react_utility contained malicious code. The code when executed in the browser would enumerate password, cvc, cardnumber fields from forms and send the extracted values to https://js-metrics.com/minjs.php?pl=

Recommendation

If version 1.0.2 of this module is found installed you will want to replace it with a version before or after 1.0.2. In addition to replacing the installed module, you will also want to evaluate your application to determine whether or not user data was compromised.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "awesome_react_utility"
      },
      "versions": [
        "1.0.2"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:30:05Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Version 1.0.2 of `awesome_react_utility` contained malicious code. The code when executed in the browser would enumerate password, cvc, cardnumber fields from forms and send the extracted values to `https://js-metrics.com/minjs.php?pl=`\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nIf version 1.0.2 of this module is found installed you will want to replace it with a version before or after 1.0.2. In addition to replacing the installed module, you will also want to evaluate your application to determine whether or not user data was compromised.",
  "id": "GHSA-m25q-fwg4-9v2p",
  "modified": "2021-09-24T16:36:57Z",
  "published": "2020-09-01T19:47:07Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/kooinam/awesome_react_utility"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/618"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Malicious Package in awesome_react_utility"
}

GHSA-M2FP-C79H-RR79

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-02 21:42 – Updated: 2021-09-30 21:56
VLAI
Summary
Malicious Package in tensorplow
Details

All versions of tensorplow contain malicious code as a preinstall script. When installed, the package calls home to a Command and Control server to execute arbitrary commands.

Recommendation

Any computer that has this package installed or running should be considered fully compromised. All secrets and keys stored on that computer should be rotated immediately from a different computer.

The package should be removed, but as full control of the computer may have been given to an outside entity, there is no guarantee that removing the package will remove all malicious software resulting from installing it.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "tensorplow"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:40:13Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "All versions of `tensorplow` contain malicious code as a preinstall script. When installed, the package calls home to a Command and Control server to execute arbitrary commands.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nAny computer that has this package installed or running should be considered fully compromised. All secrets and keys stored on that computer should be rotated immediately from a different computer.\n\nThe package should be removed, but as full control of the computer may have been given to an outside entity, there is no guarantee that removing the package will remove all malicious software resulting from installing it.",
  "id": "GHSA-m2fp-c79h-rr79",
  "modified": "2021-09-30T21:56:28Z",
  "published": "2020-09-02T21:42:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/910"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Malicious Package in tensorplow"
}

GHSA-M4FQ-XH7W-JHFM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-03 19:39 – Updated: 2021-10-01 21:00
VLAI
Summary
Malicious Package in crytpo-js
Details

All versions of this package contained malware. The package was designed to find and exfiltrate cryptocurrency wallets.

Recommendation

Any computer that has this package installed or running should be considered fully compromised. All secrets and keys stored on that computer should be rotated immediately from a different computer.

The package should be removed, but as full control of the computer may have been given to an outside entity, there is no guarantee that removing the package will remove all malicious software resulting from installing it.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "crytpo-js"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:57:34Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "All versions of this package contained malware. The package was designed to find and exfiltrate cryptocurrency wallets.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nAny computer that has this package installed or running should be considered fully compromised. All secrets and keys stored on that computer should be rotated immediately from a different computer.\n\nThe package should be removed, but as full control of the computer may have been given to an outside entity, there is no guarantee that removing the package will remove all malicious software resulting from installing it.",
  "id": "GHSA-m4fq-xh7w-jhfm",
  "modified": "2021-10-01T21:00:29Z",
  "published": "2020-09-03T19:39:46Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1391"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Malicious Package in crytpo-js"
}

GHSA-M5P4-7WF9-6W99

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-01 21:10 – Updated: 2021-10-01 13:29
VLAI
Summary
Malicious Package in regenrator
Details

All versions of regenrator are considered malicious. The package is malware designed to take advantage of users making a mistake when typing the name of a module to install. When executed, the package calls home to a Command and Control server to execute arbitrary commands.

Recommendation

This package was published to the npm Registry for a very short period of time. If you happen to find it in your environment you should revoke and rotate all credentials found on the compromised machine, as well as completely erase the affected machine and reinstall your Operating System.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "regenrator"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:32:43Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "All versions of `regenrator` are considered malicious. The package is malware designed to take advantage of users making a mistake when typing the name of a module to install. When executed, the package calls home to a Command and Control server to execute arbitrary commands.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nThis package was published to the npm Registry for a very short period of time. If you happen to find it in your environment you should revoke and rotate all credentials  found on the compromised machine, as well as completely erase the affected machine and reinstall your Operating System.",
  "id": "GHSA-m5p4-7wf9-6w99",
  "modified": "2021-10-01T13:29:07Z",
  "published": "2020-09-01T21:10:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/685"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Malicious Package in regenrator"
}

GHSA-M662-56RJ-8FMM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-11 14:24 – Updated: 2025-09-11 14:24
VLAI
Summary
Prebid-universal-creative latest on npm briefly compromised
Details

Impact

Npm users of PUC 1.17.3 or PUC latest were briefly affected by crypto-related malware detailed in the blog post below. This includes the extremely popular jsdelivr hosting of this file.

Patches

We unpublished the version on npm.

Workarounds

This has already been unpublished. See Prebid.js 9 release notes for suggestions on moving off the deprecated workflow of using the PUC or pointing to a dynamic version of it. PUC users pointing to latest should transition to 1.17.2 ASAP to avoid similar attacks in the future.

References

https://www.sonatype.com/blog/npm-chalk-and-debug-packages-hit-in-software-supply-chain-attack

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "prebid-universal-creative"
      },
      "versions": [
        "1.17.3"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-59039"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-11T14:24:37Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-09T23:15:37Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nNpm users of PUC 1.17.3 or PUC latest were briefly affected by crypto-related malware detailed in the blog post below. This includes the extremely popular jsdelivr hosting of this file. \n\n### Patches\nWe unpublished the version on npm.\n\n### Workarounds\nThis has already been unpublished. See Prebid.js 9 release notes for suggestions on moving off the deprecated workflow of using the PUC or pointing to a dynamic version of it. PUC users pointing to latest should transition to 1.17.2 ASAP to avoid similar attacks in the future.\n\n### References\nhttps://www.sonatype.com/blog/npm-chalk-and-debug-packages-hit-in-software-supply-chain-attack",
  "id": "GHSA-m662-56rj-8fmm",
  "modified": "2025-09-11T14:24:37Z",
  "published": "2025-09-11T14:24:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/prebid/prebid-universal-creative/security/advisories/GHSA-m662-56rj-8fmm"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59039"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/prebid/prebid-universal-creative"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.sonatype.com/blog/npm-chalk-and-debug-packages-hit-in-software-supply-chain-attack"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Prebid-universal-creative latest on npm briefly compromised"
}

GHSA-M6Q2-9PFM-2WVR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-03 17:02 – Updated: 2021-10-04 15:56
VLAI
Summary
Malicious Package in wallet-address-vaildator
Details

All versions of this package contained malware. The package was designed to find and exfiltrate cryptocurrency wallets.

Recommendation

Any computer that has this package installed or running should be considered fully compromised. All secrets and keys stored on that computer should be rotated immediately from a different computer.

The package should be removed, but as full control of the computer may have been given to an outside entity, there is no guarantee that removing the package will remove all malicious software resulting from installing it.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "wallet-address-vaildator"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:58:23Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "All versions of this package contained malware. The package was designed to find and exfiltrate cryptocurrency wallets.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nAny computer that has this package installed or running should be considered fully compromised. All secrets and keys stored on that computer should be rotated immediately from a different computer.\n\nThe package should be removed, but as full control of the computer may have been given to an outside entity, there is no guarantee that removing the package will remove all malicious software resulting from installing it.",
  "id": "GHSA-m6q2-9pfm-2wvr",
  "modified": "2021-10-04T15:56:06Z",
  "published": "2020-09-03T17:02:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1412"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Malicious Package in wallet-address-vaildator"
}

GHSA-M6WH-M8M8-6XX5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-08-06 20:05 – Updated: 2023-09-06 20:07
VLAI
Summary
cofeescript is malware
Details

The cofeescript package is a piece of malware that steals sensitive data such as a user's private SSH key and bash history, sending them to attacker controlled locations.

All versions have been unpublished from the npm registry.

Recommendation

If you have found cofeescript installed in your environment, you should: 1. Delete the package 2. Clear your npm cache 3. Ensure it is not present in any other package.json files on your system 4. Regenerate your SSH keys, registry credentials, tokens, and any other sensitive credentials that may have been present in your bash history.

Additionally, any service which may have been exposed via credentials in your bash history or accessible via your ssh keys, such as a database, should be reviewed for indicators of compromise as well.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "cofeescript"
      },
      "versions": [
        "1.0.1"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-16202"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:45:11Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The `cofeescript` package is a piece of malware that steals sensitive data such as a user\u0027s private SSH key and bash history, sending them to attacker controlled locations. \n\nAll versions have been unpublished from the npm registry.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nIf you have found `cofeescript` installed in your environment, you should:\n1. Delete the package\n2. Clear your npm cache\n3. Ensure it is not present in any other package.json files on your system\n4. Regenerate your SSH keys, registry credentials, tokens, and any other sensitive credentials that may have been present in your bash history.\n\nAdditionally, any service which may have been exposed via credentials in your bash history or accessible via your ssh keys, such as a database, should be reviewed for indicators of compromise as well.",
  "id": "GHSA-m6wh-m8m8-6xx5",
  "modified": "2023-09-06T20:07:33Z",
  "published": "2018-08-06T20:05:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-16202"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-m6wh-m8m8-6xx5"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/541"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [],
  "summary": "cofeescript is malware"
}

GHSA-M794-QV59-GJ7C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-03 17:03 – Updated: 2021-10-04 15:43
VLAI
Summary
Malicious Package in signqle
Details

All versions of this package contained malware. The package was designed to find and exfiltrate cryptocurrency wallets.

Recommendation

Any computer that has this package installed or running should be considered fully compromised. All secrets and keys stored on that computer should be rotated immediately from a different computer.

The package should be removed, but as full control of the computer may have been given to an outside entity, there is no guarantee that removing the package will remove all malicious software resulting from installing it.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "signqle"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:58:19Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "All versions of this package contained malware. The package was designed to find and exfiltrate cryptocurrency wallets.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nAny computer that has this package installed or running should be considered fully compromised. All secrets and keys stored on that computer should be rotated immediately from a different computer.\n\nThe package should be removed, but as full control of the computer may have been given to an outside entity, there is no guarantee that removing the package will remove all malicious software resulting from installing it.",
  "id": "GHSA-m794-qv59-gj7c",
  "modified": "2021-10-04T15:43:26Z",
  "published": "2020-09-03T17:03:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1410"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Malicious Package in signqle"
}

GHSA-M852-866J-69J8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-01 20:47 – Updated: 2021-10-01 13:27
VLAI
Summary
Malicious Package in eslint-config-airbnb-standard
Details

Version 2.0.0 of eslint-config-airbnb-standard was published with a bundled version of eslint-scope that was found to contain malicious code. This code would read the users .npmrc file and send it's contents to a remote server.

Recommendation

The best course of action if you found this package installed in your environment is to revoke all your npm tokens and use a different version of the module. You can find instructions on how to do that here. https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/working_with_tokens#how-to-revoke-tokens

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "eslint-config-airbnb-standard"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.1.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2.0.0"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-506"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:32:19Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Version 2.0.0 of `eslint-config-airbnb-standard` was published with a bundled version of `eslint-scope` that  was found to contain malicious code. This code would read the users `.npmrc` file and send it\u0027s contents to a remote server.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nThe best course of action if you found this package installed in your environment is to revoke all your npm tokens and use a different version of the module. You can find instructions on how to do that here. https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/working_with_tokens#how-to-revoke-tokens\n",
  "id": "GHSA-m852-866j-69j8",
  "modified": "2021-10-01T13:27:58Z",
  "published": "2020-09-01T20:47:01Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/675"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Malicious Package in eslint-config-airbnb-standard"
}

Mitigation
Implementation Operation

Remove the malicious code and start an effort to ensure that no more malicious code exists. This may require a detailed review of all code, as it is possible to hide a serious attack in only one or two lines of code. These lines may be located almost anywhere in an application and may have been intentionally obfuscated by the attacker.

CAPEC-442: Infected Software

An adversary adds malicious logic, often in the form of a computer virus, to otherwise benign software. This logic is often hidden from the user of the software and works behind the scenes to achieve negative impacts. Many times, the malicious logic is inserted into empty space between legitimate code, and is then called when the software is executed. This pattern of attack focuses on software already fielded and used in operation as opposed to software that is still under development and part of the supply chain.

CAPEC-448: Embed Virus into DLL

An adversary tampers with a DLL and embeds a computer virus into gaps between legitimate machine instructions. These gaps may be the result of compiler optimizations that pad memory blocks for performance gains. The embedded virus then attempts to infect any machine which interfaces with the product, and possibly steal private data or eavesdrop.

CAPEC-636: Hiding Malicious Data or Code within Files

Files on various operating systems can have a complex format which allows for the storage of other data, in addition to its contents. Often this is metadata about the file, such as a cached thumbnail for an image file. Unless utilities are invoked in a particular way, this data is not visible during the normal use of the file. It is possible for an attacker to store malicious data or code using these facilities, which would be difficult to discover.