CWE-532
AllowedInsertion of Sensitive Information into Log File
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product writes sensitive information to a log file.
1748 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-8VG2-WF3Q-MWV7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-23 19:47 – Updated: 2023-03-31 16:08Summary
CWE-532: Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File discovered in v9.23.1. The directus_refresh_token is not redacted properly from the log outputs and can be used to impersonate users without their permission.
Details
Using v9.23.1, I am seeing that the directus_refresh_token is not properly redacted as indicated by https://github.com/directus/directus/blob/7c479c5161639aac466c763b6b958a9524201d74/api/src/logger.ts#L13
I'm classifying this as a security vulnerability because if someone has access to the log outputs, for example with a shared Cloud account or Splunk implementation, they could exchange the refresh token using /auth/refresh for an access token and use the token to perform actions on behalf of an unsuspecting user. This situation creates issues with accountability and non-repudiation because we can no longer have confidence that actions taken in the application were authorized or even performed by the logged-in user.
A couple of examples of this are: - A disgruntled employee deletes all of the data to get even with a target team member before logging off on their last day - Under the guise of their unsuspecting boss, a mischievous engineer uploads questionable images that get displayed on internal or external facing content sites
The list could go on but I think these communicate the risk of an internal threat that has access to this information 😆
PoC
- Set
LOG_STYLE="raw"and run Directus v9.23.1 - Log in to the application
-
Look at the shell output and see that
directus_refresh_tokenis logged > Note: This is different from the standardrawoutput format. I intentionally ran this withnpx directus start | pino-prettyso logs would be easier to read. It can also be reproduced by runningnpx directus startalone.
-
Exchange the
directus_refresh_tokenfor anaccess_tokenshell curl -X POST \ 'http://0.0.0.0:8055/auth/refresh' \ --header 'Accept: */*' \ --header 'Cookie: directus_refresh_token=$shh'
Impact
Because this can be used to exploit other threats related to CWE-284: Improper Access Control I rank it with a Moderate severity. An insider with knowledge of this could do many mischievous things and get away with them for a long time without victims knowing about it.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "directus"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.23.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-28443"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-03-23T19:47:12Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-24T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nCWE-532: Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File discovered in v9.23.1. The `directus_refresh_token` is not redacted properly from the log outputs and can be used to impersonate users without their permission. \n\n### Details\n\nUsing `v9.23.1`, I am seeing that the `directus_refresh_token` is not properly redacted as indicated by https://github.com/directus/directus/blob/7c479c5161639aac466c763b6b958a9524201d74/api/src/logger.ts#L13\n\nI\u0027m classifying this as a security vulnerability because if someone has access to the log outputs, for example with a shared Cloud account or Splunk implementation, they could exchange the refresh token using `/auth/refresh` for an access token and use the token to perform actions on behalf of an unsuspecting user. This situation creates issues with accountability and non-repudiation because we can no longer have confidence that actions taken in the application were authorized or even performed by the logged-in user. \n\nA couple of examples of this are:\n- A disgruntled employee deletes all of the data to get even with a target team member before logging off on their last day\n- Under the guise of their unsuspecting boss, a mischievous engineer uploads _questionable_ images that get displayed on internal or external facing content sites\n\nThe list could go on but I think these communicate the risk of an internal threat that has access to this information \ud83d\ude06 \n\n### PoC\n1. Set `LOG_STYLE=\"raw\"` and run Directus v9.23.1\n1. Log in to the application\n1. Look at the shell output and see that `directus_refresh_token` is logged\n \u003e Note: This is different from the standard `raw` output format. I intentionally ran this with `npx directus start | pino-pretty` so logs would be easier to read. It can also be reproduced by running `npx directus start` alone. \n\n \n\n1. Exchange the `directus_refresh_token` for an `access_token`\n\n ``` shell\n curl -X POST \\\n \u0027http://0.0.0.0:8055/auth/refresh\u0027 \\\n --header \u0027Accept: */*\u0027 \\\n --header \u0027Cookie: directus_refresh_token=$shh\u0027\n ```\n\n### Impact\nBecause this can be used to exploit other threats related to [CWE-284: Improper Access Control](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/284.html) I rank it with a Moderate severity. An insider with knowledge of this could do many mischievous things and get away with them for a long time without victims knowing about it. \n",
"id": "GHSA-8vg2-wf3q-mwv7",
"modified": "2023-03-31T16:08:10Z",
"published": "2023-03-23T19:47:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/directus/directus/security/advisories/GHSA-8vg2-wf3q-mwv7"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28443"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/directus/directus/commit/349536303983ccba68ecb3e4fb35315424011afc"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/directus/directus"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/directus/directus/blob/7c479c5161639aac466c763b6b958a9524201d74/api/src/logger.ts#L13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "directus vulnerable to Insertion of Sensitive Information into Log File"
}
GHSA-8VH8-VC28-M2HF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-11-20 01:33 – Updated: 2022-02-11 21:12A flaw was found in, all under 2.0.20, in the Undertow DEBUG log for io.undertow.request.security. If enabled, an attacker could abuse this flaw to obtain the user's credentials from the log files.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "io.undertow:undertow-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.20"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-10212"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2019-11-19T02:49:57Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-10-02T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in, all under 2.0.20, in the Undertow DEBUG log for io.undertow.request.security. If enabled, an attacker could abuse this flaw to obtain the user\u0027s credentials from the log files.",
"id": "GHSA-8vh8-vc28-m2hf",
"modified": "2022-02-11T21:12:59Z",
"published": "2019-11-20T01:33:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10212"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:2998"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2020:0727"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2019-10212"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20220210-0017"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Potential to access user credentials from the log files when debug logging enabled"
}
GHSA-8WF6-Q8C8-VQJ7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-05 18:31 – Updated: 2025-12-05 18:31ReQuest Serious Play F3 Media Server versions 7.0.3.4968 (Pro), 7.0.2.4954, 6.5.2.4954, 6.4.2.4681, 6.3.2.4203, and 2.0.1.823 allows unauthenticated attackers to disclose the webserver's Python debug log file containing system information, credentials, paths, processes and command arguments running on the device. Attackers can access sensitive information by visiting the message_log page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36876"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-05T18:15:53Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "ReQuest Serious Play F3 Media Server versions 7.0.3.4968 (Pro), 7.0.2.4954, 6.5.2.4954, 6.4.2.4681, 6.3.2.4203, and 2.0.1.823 allows unauthenticated attackers to disclose the webserver\u0027s Python debug log file containing system information, credentials, paths, processes and command arguments running on the device. Attackers can access sensitive information by visiting the message_log page.",
"id": "GHSA-8wf6-q8c8-vqj7",
"modified": "2025-12-05T18:31:12Z",
"published": "2025-12-05T18:31:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36876"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/48950"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/request-serious-play-f-media-server-debug-log-disclosure"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-2020-5600.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://request.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-8WPJ-W799-92RG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:19 – Updated: 2025-05-30 18:30** DISPUTED ** An issue was discovered in SecurEnvoy SecurAccess 9.3.502. When put in Debug mode and used for RDP connections, the application stores the emergency credentials in cleartext in the logs (present in the DEBUG folder) that can be accessed by anyone. NOTE: The vendor disputes this as a vulnerability since the disclosure of a local account password (actually an alpha numeric passcode) is achievable only when a custom registry key is added to the windows registry. This action requires administrator access and the registry key is only provided by support staff at securenvoy to troubleshoot customer issues.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-18466"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-21T16:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "** DISPUTED ** An issue was discovered in SecurEnvoy SecurAccess 9.3.502. When put in Debug mode and used for RDP connections, the application stores the emergency credentials in cleartext in the logs (present in the DEBUG folder) that can be accessed by anyone. NOTE: The vendor disputes this as a vulnerability since the disclosure of a local account password (actually an alpha numeric passcode) is achievable only when a custom registry key is added to the windows registry. This action requires administrator access and the registry key is only provided by support staff at securenvoy to troubleshoot customer issues.",
"id": "GHSA-8wpj-w799-92rg",
"modified": "2025-05-30T18:30:34Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:19:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-18466"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cds.thalesgroup.com/en/tcs-cert/CVE-2018-18466"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.excellium-services.com/cert-xlm-advisory"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.excellium-services.com/cert-xlm-advisory/cve-2018-18466"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8X72-PG98-VRF2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-31 12:30 – Updated: 2025-10-31 21:31A potential exposure of sensitive information in log files in SonicWall SMA100 Series appliances may allow a remote, authenticated administrator, under certain conditions to view partial users credential data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-40603"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-31T11:15:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A potential exposure of sensitive information in log files in SonicWall SMA100 Series appliances may allow a remote, authenticated administrator, under certain conditions to view partial users credential data.",
"id": "GHSA-8x72-pg98-vrf2",
"modified": "2025-10-31T21:31:00Z",
"published": "2025-10-31T12:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-40603"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://psirt.global.sonicwall.com/vuln-detail/SNWLID-2025-0017"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-93F2-XP2G-GQXP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-03 00:01 – Updated: 2022-05-03 00:01An access-control flaw was found in the OpenStack Orchestration (heat) service before 8.0.0, 6.1.0 and 7.0.2 where a service log directory was improperly made world readable. A malicious system user could exploit this flaw to access sensitive information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-2621"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532",
"CWE-552"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-27T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An access-control flaw was found in the OpenStack Orchestration (heat) service before 8.0.0, 6.1.0 and 7.0.2 where a service log directory was improperly made world readable. A malicious system user could exploit this flaw to access sensitive information.",
"id": "GHSA-93f2-xp2g-gqxp",
"modified": "2022-05-03T00:01:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-03T00:01:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-2621"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:1243"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:1464"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2017-2621"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1420990"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2017-2621"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/96280"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-93F3-23RQ-PJFP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-07-07 18:56 – Updated: 2022-08-10 23:59Versions of the npm CLI prior to 6.14.6 are vulnerable to an information exposure vulnerability through log files. The CLI supports URLs like <protocol>://[<user>[:<password>]@]<hostname>[:<port>][:][/]<path>. The password value is not redacted and is printed to stdout and also to any generated log files.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "npm"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.14.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-15095"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-07-07T18:30:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-07-07T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Versions of the npm CLI prior to 6.14.6 are vulnerable to an information exposure vulnerability through log files. The CLI supports URLs like `\u003cprotocol\u003e://[\u003cuser\u003e[:\u003cpassword\u003e]@]\u003chostname\u003e[:\u003cport\u003e][:][/]\u003cpath\u003e`. The password value is not redacted and is printed to stdout and also to any generated log files.",
"id": "GHSA-93f3-23rq-pjfp",
"modified": "2022-08-10T23:59:40Z",
"published": "2020-07-07T18:56:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/npm/cli/security/advisories/GHSA-93f3-23rq-pjfp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-15095"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/npm/cli/commit/a9857b8f6869451ff058789c4631fadfde5bbcbc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/npm/cli/blob/66aab417f836a901f8afb265251f761bb0422463/CHANGELOG.md#6146-2020-07-07"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/4OOYAMJVLLCLXDTHW3V5UXNULZBBK4O6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202101-07"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-10/msg00011.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-10/msg00015.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-10/msg00023.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "npm CLI exposing sensitive information through logs"
}
GHSA-93F7-XVXJ-XH3R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:51 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:21Pivotal Container Services (PKS) versions 1.3.x prior to 1.3.7, and versions 1.4.x prior to 1.4.1, contains a vulnerable component which logs the username and password to the billing database. A remote authenticated user with access to those logs may be able to retrieve non-sensitive information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-11273"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-07-23T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Pivotal Container Services (PKS) versions 1.3.x prior to 1.3.7, and versions 1.4.x prior to 1.4.1, contains a vulnerable component which logs the username and password to the billing database. A remote authenticated user with access to those logs may be able to retrieve non-sensitive information.",
"id": "GHSA-93f7-xvxj-xh3r",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:21:52Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:51:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11273"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pivotal.io/security/CVE-2019-11273"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-93FQ-2C5R-CJ4M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-02 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:46Transmission of credentials within query parameters in Checkmk <= 2.1.0p26, <= 2.0.0p35, and <= 2.2.0b6 (beta) may cause the automation user's secret to be written to the site Apache access log.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-31207"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-02T09:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Transmission of credentials within query parameters in Checkmk \u003c= 2.1.0p26, \u003c= 2.0.0p35, and \u003c= 2.2.0b6 (beta) may cause the automation user\u0027s secret to be written to the site Apache access log.",
"id": "GHSA-93fq-2c5r-cj4m",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:46:29Z",
"published": "2023-05-02T09:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-31207"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://checkmk.com/werk/15189"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-93H4-P6C6-58PW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-10 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-10 00:31MongoDB server may log authentication parameters, including credentials, to the server log during SASL authentication. When connection health metric logging is enabled, the full authentication parameters are written to the log without redaction.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-9735"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-09T23:17:03Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "MongoDB server may log authentication parameters, including credentials, to the server log during SASL authentication. When connection health metric logging is enabled, the full authentication parameters are written to the log without redaction.",
"id": "GHSA-93h4-p6c6-58pw",
"modified": "2026-06-10T00:31:50Z",
"published": "2026-06-10T00:31:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-9735"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.mongodb.org/browse/SERVER-126506"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Consider seriously the sensitivity of the information written into log files. Do not write secrets into the log files.
Mitigation
Remove debug log files before deploying the application into production.
Mitigation
Protect log files against unauthorized read/write.
Mitigation
Adjust configurations appropriately when software is transitioned from a debug state to production.
CAPEC-215: Fuzzing for application mapping
An attacker sends random, malformed, or otherwise unexpected messages to a target application and observes the application's log or error messages returned. The attacker does not initially know how a target will respond to individual messages but by attempting a large number of message variants they may find a variant that trigger's desired behavior. In this attack, the purpose of the fuzzing is to observe the application's log and error messages, although fuzzing a target can also sometimes cause the target to enter an unstable state, causing a crash.