CWE-532
AllowedInsertion of Sensitive Information into Log File
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product writes sensitive information to a log file.
1742 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-RM7C-X6GJ-2MR8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:34 – Updated: 2024-04-24 21:35An information-disclosure flaw was found in the way Heketi before 10.1.0 logs sensitive information. This flaw allows an attacker with local access to the Heketi server to read potentially sensitive information such as gluster-block passwords.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/heketi/heketi"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-10763"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-04-24T21:35:03Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-24T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An information-disclosure flaw was found in the way Heketi before 10.1.0 logs sensitive information. This flaw allows an attacker with local access to the Heketi server to read potentially sensitive information such as gluster-block passwords.",
"id": "GHSA-rm7c-x6gj-2mr8",
"modified": "2024-04-24T21:35:03Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:34:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-10763"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/heketi/heketi/commit/be1583833924e62d2581824a0addcba0aed33c99"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1845387"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/heketi/heketi/releases/tag/v10.1.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Heketi logs sensitive information"
}
GHSA-RMCP-9FHQ-58PV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-05 00:34 – Updated: 2024-12-06 22:11An issue was discovered in the AbuseFilter extension for MediaWiki before 1.39.9, 1.40.x and 1.41.x before 1.41.3, and 1.42.x before 1.42.2. An API caller can match a filter condition against AbuseFilter logs even if the caller is not authorized to view the log details for the filter.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "mediawiki/abuse-filter"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.39.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "mediawiki/abuse-filter"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.40.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.41.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "mediawiki/abuse-filter"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.42.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.42.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47913"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-12-06T22:11:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-04T22:15:02Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in the AbuseFilter extension for MediaWiki before 1.39.9, 1.40.x and 1.41.x before 1.41.3, and 1.42.x before 1.42.2. An API caller can match a filter condition against AbuseFilter logs even if the caller is not authorized to view the log details for the filter.",
"id": "GHSA-rmcp-9fhq-58pv",
"modified": "2024-12-06T22:11:48Z",
"published": "2024-10-05T00:34:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47913"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/AbuseFilter/+/1076855"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-AbuseFilter"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372998"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Improper permissions handling in MediaWiki AbuseFilter"
}
GHSA-RMQ4-54XJ-P4FG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-04 19:01 – Updated: 2022-11-14 19:00The Foundry Magritte plugin osisoft-pi-web-connector versions 0.15.0 - 0.43.0 was found to be logging in a manner that captured authentication requests. This vulnerability is resolved in osisoft-pi-web-connector version 0.44.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-27893"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-04T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Foundry Magritte plugin osisoft-pi-web-connector versions 0.15.0 - 0.43.0 was found to be logging in a manner that captured authentication requests. This vulnerability is resolved in osisoft-pi-web-connector version 0.44.0.",
"id": "GHSA-rmq4-54xj-p4fg",
"modified": "2022-11-14T19:00:20Z",
"published": "2022-11-04T19:01:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-27893"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/palantir/security-bulletins/blob/main/PLTRSEC-2022-03.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RPQ8-Q44M-2RPG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-09 18:58 – Updated: 2025-04-09 18:58Impact
What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?
Description: This vulnerability affects confidential client applications, including daemons, web apps, and web APIs. Under specific circumstances, sensitive information such as client secrets or certificate details may be exposed in the service logs of these applications. Service logs are intended to be handled securely.
Impact: The vulnerability impacts service logs that meet the following criteria:
- Logging Level: Logs are generated at the information level.
- Credential Descriptions: containing:
- Local file paths with passwords.
- Base64 encoded values.
- Client secret.
Additionally, logs of services using Base64 encoded certificates or certificate paths with password credential descriptions are also affected if the certificates are invalid or expired, regardless of the log level. Note that these credentials are not usable due to their invalid or expired status.
If your service logs are handled securely, you are not impacted.
Otherwise, the following table shows when you can be impacted | Log Level Information for Microsoft.Identity.Web | Invalid Certificate -- | -- | -- One of the ClientCredentials credential description has a CredentialSource = Base64Encoded or (CredentialSource = Path) | Impacted | Impacted One of the ClientCredentials credential description is a Client secret (CredentialSource = ClientSecret) | Impacted | Not impacted Other credential descriptions | Not Impacted | Not Impacted
Patches
Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to? To mitigate this vulnerability, update to Microsoft.Identity.Web 3.8.2 or Microsoft.Identity.Abstractions 9.0.0.
Workarounds
Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading? You can work around the issue in the following ways:
-
Ensure that service logs are handled securely and access to logs is restricted
-
Don’t use
LogLevel = Informationfor the Microsoft.Identity.Web namespace
Recommendation for production environment
Avoid using ClientCredentials with CredentialDescriptions which CredentialSource is ClientSecret, or Base64Encoded, or Path. Rather use certificate from KeyVault or a certificate store, or Federation identity credential with Managed identity.
References
Are there any links users can visit to find out more?
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.Identity.Web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.8.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.Identity.Abstractions"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-32016"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-04-09T18:58:35Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-09T16:15:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n_What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?_\n\n**Description:** This vulnerability affects confidential client applications, including daemons, web apps, and web APIs. Under specific circumstances, sensitive information such as client secrets or certificate details may be exposed in the service logs of these applications. Service logs are intended to be handled securely.\n\n**Impact:** The vulnerability impacts service logs that meet the following criteria:\n\n- **Logging Level:** Logs are generated at the information level.\n- **Credential Descriptions:** containing:\n - Local file paths with passwords.\n - Base64 encoded values.\n - Client secret.\n \nAdditionally, logs of services using Base64 encoded certificates or certificate paths with password credential descriptions are also affected if the certificates are invalid or expired, regardless of the log level. Note that these credentials are not usable due to their invalid or expired status.\n\nIf your service logs are handled securely, you are not impacted. \n\nOtherwise, the following table shows when you can be impacted \n\u00a0 | Log Level Information for Microsoft.Identity.Web | Invalid Certificate\n-- | -- | --\nOne of the ClientCredentials credential description has a CredentialSource = Base64Encoded or (CredentialSource = Path) | Impacted | Impacted\nOne of the ClientCredentials credential description is a Client secret (CredentialSource = ClientSecret) | Impacted | Not impacted\nOther credential descriptions | Not Impacted | Not Impacted\n\n### Patches\n_Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?_\nTo mitigate this vulnerability, update to Microsoft.Identity.Web 3.8.2 or Microsoft.Identity.Abstractions 9.0.0.\n\n### Workarounds\n_Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?_\nYou can work around the issue in the following ways: \n\n- Ensure that service logs are handled securely and access to logs is restricted\n\n- Don\u2019t use `LogLevel = Information` for the Microsoft.Identity.Web namespace \n\n### Recommendation for production environment\nAvoid using `ClientCredentials` with [`CredentialDescriptions`](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/microsoft.identity.abstractions.credentialdescription.base64encodedvalue?view=msal-model-dotnet-latest) which `CredentialSource` is `ClientSecret`, or `Base64Encoded`, or `Path`. Rather use certificate from KeyVault or a certificate store, or Federation identity credential with Managed identity.\n\n### References\n_Are there any links users can visit to find out more?_",
"id": "GHSA-rpq8-q44m-2rpg",
"modified": "2025-04-09T18:58:35Z",
"published": "2025-04-09T18:58:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-identity-web/security/advisories/GHSA-rpq8-q44m-2rpg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32016"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-identity-web"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Microsoft Identity Web Exposes Client Secrets and Certificate Information in Service Logs"
}
GHSA-RQ5C-HVW6-8PR7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-29 17:35 – Updated: 2023-08-29 17:35Impact
ONLY IMPACTS those use GitHub Status Notifications
Log output when updating GitHub status is improperly set to FULL always. It's recommended to apply the patch and rotate the GitHub token used for github status notifications. Given that this would output github tokens to a log system, the risk is slightly higher than a "low" since token exposure could grant elevated access to repositories outside of control. If using READ restricted tokens, the exposure is such that the token itself could be used to access resources otherwise restricted from reads.
Patches
Patch is in progress. https://github.com/spinnaker/echo/pull/1316
Workarounds
Disable GH Status Notifications. Filter your logs for Echo log data. Use read-only tokens that are limited in scope.
References
sig-security in slack: https://spinnakerteam.slack.com/archives/CFN8F5UR2
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 1.28.8"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/spinnaker/spinnaker"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 1.29.6"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/spinnaker/spinnaker"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.29.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 1.30.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/spinnaker/spinnaker"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.30.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 1.31.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/spinnaker/spinnaker"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.31.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-39348"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-08-29T17:35:55Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-28T20:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nONLY IMPACTS those use GitHub Status Notifications\n\nLog output when updating GitHub status is improperly set to FULL always. It\u0027s recommended to apply the patch and rotate the GitHub token used for github status notifications. Given that this would output github tokens to a log system, the risk is slightly higher than a \"low\" since token exposure could grant elevated access to repositories outside of control. If using READ restricted tokens, the exposure is such that the token itself could be used to access resources otherwise restricted from reads.\n\n### Patches\nPatch is in progress. https://github.com/spinnaker/echo/pull/1316\n\n### Workarounds\nDisable GH Status Notifications. Filter your logs for Echo log data. Use read-only tokens that are limited in scope.\n\n### References\nsig-security in slack: https://spinnakerteam.slack.com/archives/CFN8F5UR2\n",
"id": "GHSA-rq5c-hvw6-8pr7",
"modified": "2023-08-29T17:35:55Z",
"published": "2023-08-29T17:35:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spinnaker/spinnaker/security/advisories/GHSA-rq5c-hvw6-8pr7"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-39348"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spinnaker/echo/pull/1316"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/spinnaker/spinnaker"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Improper log output when using GitHub Status Notifications in spinnaker"
}
GHSA-RQ7M-QRQ2-MRG5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-18 18:30 – Updated: 2026-02-23 15:31In Splunk Enterprise versions below 10.2.0, 10.0.2, 9.4.7, 9.3.9, and 9.2.11, a user of a Splunk Search Head Cluster (SHC) deployment who holds a role with access to the Splunk _internal index could view the RSA accessKey value from the Authentication.conf file, in plain text.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-20142"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-18T18:24:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In Splunk Enterprise versions below 10.2.0, 10.0.2, 9.4.7, 9.3.9, and 9.2.11, a user of a Splunk Search Head Cluster (SHC) deployment who holds a role with access to the Splunk `_internal` index could view the RSA `accessKey` value from the [\u003cu\u003eAuthentication.conf\u003c/u\u003e ](https://help.splunk.com/en/splunk-enterprise/administer/admin-manual/10.2/configuration-file-reference/10.2.0-configuration-file-reference/authentication.conf)file, in plain text.",
"id": "GHSA-rq7m-qrq2-mrg5",
"modified": "2026-02-23T15:31:14Z",
"published": "2026-02-18T18:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20142"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://advisory.splunk.com/advisories/SVD-2026-0207"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RQJ8-P2P7-JM55
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-24 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-29 00:01In CMDBuild from version 3.0 to 3.3.2 payload requests are saved in a temporary log table, which allows attackers with database access to read the password of the users who login to the application by querying the database table.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-25518"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-22T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In CMDBuild from version 3.0 to 3.3.2 payload requests are saved in a temporary log table, which allows attackers with database access to read the password of the users who login to the application by querying the database table.",
"id": "GHSA-rqj8-p2p7-jm55",
"modified": "2022-03-29T00:01:21Z",
"published": "2022-03-24T00:00:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cmdbuild.org/en/reference/news/cmdbuild-3-3-3-intermediate-release-vulnerability-patch"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RQRG-PC6Q-82HQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-07 00:37 – Updated: 2024-07-09 18:30An issue was discovered in the CheckUser extension for MediaWiki through 1.42.1. The Special:Investigate feature can expose suppressed information for log events. (TimelineService does not support properly suppressing.)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-40596"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-07T00:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in the CheckUser extension for MediaWiki through 1.42.1. The Special:Investigate feature can expose suppressed information for log events. (TimelineService does not support properly suppressing.)",
"id": "GHSA-rqrg-pc6q-82hq",
"modified": "2024-07-09T18:30:43Z",
"published": "2024-07-07T00:37:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40596"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326866"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RR6G-PJV7-W942
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-14 18:30 – Updated: 2025-10-14 18:30Insertion of sensitive information into log file in Windows StateRepository API allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-59203"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-14T17:16:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Insertion of sensitive information into log file in Windows StateRepository API allows an authorized attacker to disclose information locally.",
"id": "GHSA-rr6g-pjv7-w942",
"modified": "2025-10-14T18:30:34Z",
"published": "2025-10-14T18:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-59203"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-59203"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-RR73-64X7-PP2W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:00 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:00Under certain circumstances SAP Dynamic Authorization Management (DAM) by NextLabs (Java Policy Controller versions 7.7 and 8.5) exposes sensitive information in the application logs.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-2440"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-10T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Under certain circumstances SAP Dynamic Authorization Management (DAM) by NextLabs (Java Policy Controller versions 7.7 and 8.5) exposes sensitive information in the application logs.",
"id": "GHSA-rr73-64x7-pp2w",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:00:58Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:00:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-2440"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/2664767"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=497256000"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Consider seriously the sensitivity of the information written into log files. Do not write secrets into the log files.
Mitigation
Remove debug log files before deploying the application into production.
Mitigation
Protect log files against unauthorized read/write.
Mitigation
Adjust configurations appropriately when software is transitioned from a debug state to production.
CAPEC-215: Fuzzing for application mapping
An attacker sends random, malformed, or otherwise unexpected messages to a target application and observes the application's log or error messages returned. The attacker does not initially know how a target will respond to individual messages but by attempting a large number of message variants they may find a variant that trigger's desired behavior. In this attack, the purpose of the fuzzing is to observe the application's log and error messages, although fuzzing a target can also sometimes cause the target to enter an unstable state, causing a crash.