CWE-532
AllowedInsertion of Sensitive Information into Log File
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product writes sensitive information to a log file.
1826 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-X8MF-JCMF-R79F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-26 18:30 – Updated: 2024-06-26 20:00Bitbucket Branch Source Plugin 886.v44cf5e4ecec5 and earlier prints the Bitbucket OAuth access token as part of the Bitbucket URL in the build log in some cases.
Bitbucket Branch Source Plugin 887.va_d359b_3d2d8d does not include the Bitbucket OAuth access token as part of the Bitbucket URL in the build log.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 886.v44cf5e4ecec5"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:cloudbees-bitbucket-branch-source"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "887.va"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-39460"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-06-26T20:00:03Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-26T17:15:27Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Bitbucket Branch Source Plugin 886.v44cf5e4ecec5 and earlier prints the Bitbucket OAuth access token as part of the Bitbucket URL in the build log in some cases.\n\nBitbucket Branch Source Plugin 887.va_d359b_3d2d8d does not include the Bitbucket OAuth access token as part of the Bitbucket URL in the build log.\n",
"id": "GHSA-x8mf-jcmf-r79f",
"modified": "2024-06-26T20:00:04Z",
"published": "2024-06-26T18:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39460"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/bitbucket-branch-source-plugin/commit/ad359b3d2d8d6c114025d81abc59b3c9acb636df"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/bitbucket-branch-source-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2024-06-26/#SECURITY-3363"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/06/26/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Bitbucket OAuth access token exposed in the build log by Bitbucket Branch Source Plugin "
}
GHSA-X9QM-P77W-2RHM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:29 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:29cPanel before 88.0.3 has weak permissions (world readable) for the proxy subdomains log file (SEC-558).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-26106"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-09-25T06:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "cPanel before 88.0.3 has weak permissions (world readable) for the proxy subdomains log file (SEC-558).",
"id": "GHSA-x9qm-p77w-2rhm",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:29:40Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:29:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-26106"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.cpanel.net/changelogs/88-change-log"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-X9R8-886R-R4QM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-17 00:31 – Updated: 2025-11-04 18:31A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data redaction for log entries. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7, macOS Sonoma 14.7, macOS Sequoia 15. An app may be able to access user-sensitive data.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-44166"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-17T00:15:51Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A privacy issue was addressed with improved private data redaction for log entries. This issue is fixed in macOS Ventura 13.7, macOS Sonoma 14.7, macOS Sequoia 15. An app may be able to access user-sensitive data.",
"id": "GHSA-x9r8-886r-r4qm",
"modified": "2025-11-04T18:31:23Z",
"published": "2024-09-17T00:31:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-44166"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/121234"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/121238"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/121247"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Sep/33"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Sep/40"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Sep/41"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XC6W-7C69-3CF8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:16 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:16A sensitive data disclosure flaw was found in the Elasticsearch repository-azure (formerly elasticsearch-cloud-azure) plugin. When the repository-azure plugin is set to log at TRACE level Azure credentials can be inadvertently logged.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-3827"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-09-19T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A sensitive data disclosure flaw was found in the Elasticsearch repository-azure (formerly elasticsearch-cloud-azure) plugin. When the repository-azure plugin is set to log at TRACE level Azure credentials can be inadvertently logged.",
"id": "GHSA-xc6w-7c69-3cf8",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:16:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:16:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-3827"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.elastic.co/t/elastic-stack-6-3-0-and-5-6-10-security-update/135777"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.elastic.co/community/security"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XC88-8XHR-V9X4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-17 18:30 – Updated: 2023-03-01 21:30IBM Db2 for Linux, UNIX and Windows 10.5, 11.1, and 11.5 is vulnerable to an Information Disclosure as sensitive information may be included in a log file. IBM X-Force ID: 241677.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-43930"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-17T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM Db2 for Linux, UNIX and Windows 10.5, 11.1, and 11.5 is vulnerable to an Information Disclosure as sensitive information may be included in a log file. IBM X-Force ID: 241677.",
"id": "GHSA-xc88-8xhr-v9x4",
"modified": "2023-03-01T21:30:19Z",
"published": "2023-02-17T18:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43930"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/241677"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6953755"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XCCP-97WP-3GJG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-11 09:30 – Updated: 2026-06-05 14:15The OpenSearch logging provider, when configured with a host URL that embeds credentials (for example https://user:password@server.example.com:9200), wrote the full host URL — including the embedded credentials — into task logs. Any user with task-log read permission could harvest the backend credentials. Users are advised to upgrade to apache-airflow-providers-opensearch 1.9.1 or later and, as a defense-in-depth measure, configure the backend credentials via a secret backend rather than embedding them in the [opensearch] host URL.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "apache-airflow-providers-opensearch"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.9.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-43826"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-15T17:30:13Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-11T09:16:26Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The OpenSearch logging provider, when configured with a `host` URL that embeds credentials (for example `https://user:password@server.example.com:9200`), wrote the full host URL \u2014 including the embedded credentials \u2014 into task logs. Any user with task-log read permission could harvest the backend credentials. Users are advised to upgrade to `apache-airflow-providers-opensearch` 1.9.1 or later and, as a defense-in-depth measure, configure the backend credentials via a secret backend rather than embedding them in the `[opensearch] host` URL.",
"id": "GHSA-xccp-97wp-3gjg",
"modified": "2026-06-05T14:15:13Z",
"published": "2026-05-11T09:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-43826"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/pull/65509"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow/commit/6a6b6ff409fb48c28bd63482828632a3c5a5bb93"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/airflow"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/apache-airflow-providers-opensearch/PYSEC-2026-23.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/bxsrqx1vwssovnwnrvgh9xcosptmf73y"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/05/10/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Apache Airflow Providers OpenSearch: OpenSearch task-log handler leaks credentials embedded in the host URL"
}
GHSA-XCFJ-CQRF-MWPJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-28 00:00 – Updated: 2022-06-10 00:00Multiple vulnerabilities in the API and web-based management interfaces of Cisco Expressway Series and Cisco TelePresence Video Communication Server (VCS) could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to write files or disclose sensitive information on an affected device. For more information about these vulnerabilities, see the Details section of this advisory.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20806"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-27T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple vulnerabilities in the API and web-based management interfaces of Cisco Expressway Series and Cisco TelePresence Video Communication Server (VCS) could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to write files or disclose sensitive information on an affected device.\n For more information about these vulnerabilities, see the Details section of this advisory.\n ",
"id": "GHSA-xcfj-cqrf-mwpj",
"modified": "2022-06-10T00:00:57Z",
"published": "2022-05-28T00:00:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20806"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-expressway-filewrite-bsFVwueV"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XCP4-62VJ-CQ3R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-13 16:04 – Updated: 2024-05-14 20:04Impact
When opening a form in Valtimo, the access token (JWT) of the user is exposed to api.form.io via the the x-jwt-token header. An attacker can retrieve personal information from this token, or use it to execute requests to the Valtimo REST API on behalf of the logged-in user.
This issue is caused by a misconfiguration of the Form.io component.
Attack requirements
The following conditions have to be met in order to perform this attack:
- An attacker needs to have access to the network traffic on the api.form.io domain.
- The content of the x-jwt-token header is logged or otherwise available to the attacker.
- An attacker needs to have network access to the Valtimo API.
- An attacker needs to act within the time-to-live of the access token. The default TTL in Keycloak is 5 minutes.
Patches
Versions 10.8.4, 11.1.6 and 11.2.2 have been patched
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@valtimo/components"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.8.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@valtimo/components"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "11.1.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@valtimo/components"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "11.2.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-34706"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-05-13T16:04:55Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-14T15:39:29Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Impact\nWhen opening a form in Valtimo, the access token (JWT) of the user is exposed to `api.form.io` via the the `x-jwt-token` header. An attacker can retrieve personal information from this token, or use it to execute requests to the Valtimo REST API on behalf of the logged-in user.\n\nThis issue is caused by a misconfiguration of the Form.io component.\n\n### Attack requirements ###\nThe following conditions have to be met in order to perform this attack:\n- An attacker needs to have access to the network traffic on the `api.form.io` domain.\n- The content of the `x-jwt-token` header is logged or otherwise available to the attacker.\n- An attacker needs to have network access to the Valtimo API.\n- An attacker needs to act within the time-to-live of the access token. The default TTL in Keycloak is 5 minutes.\n\n### Patches\nVersions 10.8.4, 11.1.6 and 11.2.2 have been patched",
"id": "GHSA-xcp4-62vj-cq3r",
"modified": "2024-05-14T20:04:06Z",
"published": "2024-05-13T16:04:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/valtimo-platform/valtimo-frontend-libraries/security/advisories/GHSA-xcp4-62vj-cq3r"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34706"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/valtimo-platform/valtimo-frontend-libraries/commit/1aaba5ef5750dafebbc7476fb08bf2375a25f19e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/valtimo-platform/valtimo-frontend-libraries/commit/8c2dbf2a41180d2b0358d878290e4d37168f0fb6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/valtimo-platform/valtimo-frontend-libraries/commit/d65e05fd2784bd4a628778b34a5b79ce2f0cef8c"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/valtimo-platform/valtimo-frontend-libraries"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "@valtimo/components exposes access token to form.io"
}
GHSA-XCP8-HH74-F6MC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-07-13 15:16 – Updated: 2024-10-07 21:21python-oslo-middleware before versions 3.8.1, 3.19.1, 3.23.1 is vulnerable to an information disclosure. Software using the CatchError class could include sensitive values in a traceback's error message. System users could exploit this flaw to obtain sensitive information from OpenStack component error logs (for example, keystone tokens).
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "oslo.middleware"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.9.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.19.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "oslo.middleware"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.8.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "oslo.middleware"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.20.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.23.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "oslo-middleware"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.9.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.19.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "oslo-middleware"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.8.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "oslo-middleware"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.20.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.23.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-2592"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T22:02:55Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2018-05-08T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "python-oslo-middleware before versions 3.8.1, 3.19.1, 3.23.1 is vulnerable to an information disclosure. Software using the CatchError class could include sensitive values in a traceback\u0027s error message. System users could exploit this flaw to obtain sensitive information from OpenStack component error logs (for example, keystone tokens).",
"id": "GHSA-xcp8-hh74-f6mc",
"modified": "2024-10-07T21:21:51Z",
"published": "2018-07-13T15:16:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-2592"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:0300"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:0435"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.launchpad.net/keystonemiddleware/+bug/1628031"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2017-2592"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-xcp8-hh74-f6mc"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openstack/oslo.middleware"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/oslo-middleware/PYSEC-2018-104.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://review.openstack.org/#/c/425730"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://review.openstack.org/#/c/425732"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://review.openstack.org/#/c/425734"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3666-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.openstack.org/pipermail/openstack-announce/2017-January/002002.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017-0300.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017-0435.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "oslo.middleware Information Disclosure vulnerability"
}
GHSA-XCWF-V48Q-2F24
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:54 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:54IBM Cognos Server 10.1.1 and 10.2 stores highly sensitive information in log files that could be read by a local user. IBM Reference #: 1999671.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-9985"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-532"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-03-08T19:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Cognos Server 10.1.1 and 10.2 stores highly sensitive information in log files that could be read by a local user. IBM Reference #: 1999671.",
"id": "GHSA-xcwf-v48q-2f24",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:54:32Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:54:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-9985"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21999671"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/96962"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Consider seriously the sensitivity of the information written into log files. Do not write secrets into the log files.
Mitigation
Remove debug log files before deploying the application into production.
Mitigation
Protect log files against unauthorized read/write.
Mitigation
Adjust configurations appropriately when software is transitioned from a debug state to production.
CAPEC-215: Fuzzing for application mapping
An attacker sends random, malformed, or otherwise unexpected messages to a target application and observes the application's log or error messages returned. The attacker does not initially know how a target will respond to individual messages but by attempting a large number of message variants they may find a variant that trigger's desired behavior. In this attack, the purpose of the fuzzing is to observe the application's log and error messages, although fuzzing a target can also sometimes cause the target to enter an unstable state, causing a crash.