CWE-59
AllowedImproper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product attempts to access a file based on the filename, but it does not properly prevent that filename from identifying a link or shortcut that resolves to an unintended resource.
2285 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HC4R-GJ92-39G7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:47 – Updated: 2022-05-17 03:47svnwcsub.py in Subversion 1.8.0 before 1.8.3, when using the --pidfile option and running in foreground mode, allows local users to gain privileges via a symlink attack on the pid file. NOTE: this issue was SPLIT due to different affected versions (ADT3). The irkerbridge.py issue is covered by CVE-2013-7393.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-4262"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-07-28T19:55:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "svnwcsub.py in Subversion 1.8.0 before 1.8.3, when using the --pidfile option and running in foreground mode, allows local users to gain privileges via a symlink attack on the pid file. NOTE: this issue was SPLIT due to different affected versions (ADT3). The irkerbridge.py issue is covered by CVE-2013-7393.",
"id": "GHSA-hc4r-gj92-39g7",
"modified": "2022-05-17T03:47:56Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:47:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-4262"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://subversion.apache.org/security/CVE-2013-4262-advisory.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/bulletinoct2015-2511968.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-HC7X-M44M-XHXQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-08 18:31 – Updated: 2025-09-15 18:31Improper link resolution before file access ('link following') in Windows Update Service allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-48799"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-08T17:15:42Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper link resolution before file access (\u0027link following\u0027) in Windows Update Service allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.",
"id": "GHSA-hc7x-m44m-xhxq",
"modified": "2025-09-15T18:31:05Z",
"published": "2025-07-08T18:31:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48799"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-48799"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-48799-detection-script-elevation-of-privilege-vulnerability-in-windows-update-service"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vicarius.io/vsociety/posts/cve-2025-48799-mitigation-script-elevation-of-privilege-vulnerability-in-windows-update-service"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HC8V-WWC9-VGXM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-07 16:38 – Updated: 2026-08-07 16:38Impact
A symlink traversal issue in go-git could allow worktree operations to modify files outside the intended worktree path.
The worktreeFilesystem wrapper rejected dangerous path strings, including paths containing .git, parent-directory components, or control characters. However, it did not prevent filesystem operations from following symbolic links that were already present in the worktree.
As a result, a path that is safe when evaluated as a string could still resolve into the repository's Git metadata directory. For example, if s is a symbolic link to .git, writing to s/config would modify .git/config.
A symbolic link at the final path component could also be followed. For example, if s points directly to .git/config, opening s for writing with truncation could overwrite the repository configuration.
Exploitation requires an attacker to be able to introduce or control a symbolic link in the worktree and cause the application to perform a write through that path.
Applications using storage/memory for their Storer, or go-billy/memfs for their Worktree, are not affected by this vulnerability.
Patches
The issue has been addressed by making the worktree filesystem wrapper a symlink-safe boundary.
Worktree operations now reject paths where an existing symbolic link in any path component could cause the operation to escape the intended worktree location, including symbolic links at the final component.
Users of filesystem-backed worktrees should upgrade to a patched version.
Credits
Thanks to @kodareef5 for reporting this issue and working with the go-git security team toward its resolution. :1st_place_medal: We would also like to thank @HughLewis20, who independently reported the same issue while a fix was already in progress.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.19.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/go-git/go-git/v5"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.19.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 6.0.0-alpha.4"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/go-git/go-git/v6"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.0-alpha.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-71556"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-07T16:38:15Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Impact\n\nA symlink traversal issue in `go-git` could allow worktree operations to modify files outside the intended worktree path.\n\nThe `worktreeFilesystem` wrapper rejected dangerous path strings, including paths containing `.git`, parent-directory components, or control characters. However, it did not prevent filesystem operations from following symbolic links that were already present in the worktree.\n\nAs a result, a path that is safe when evaluated as a string could still resolve into the repository\u0027s Git metadata directory. For example, if `s` is a symbolic link to `.git`, writing to `s/config` would modify `.git/config`.\n\nA symbolic link at the final path component could also be followed. For example, if `s` points directly to `.git/config`, opening `s` for writing with truncation could overwrite the repository configuration.\n\nExploitation requires an attacker to be able to introduce or control a symbolic link in the worktree and cause the application to perform a write through that path.\n\nApplications using `storage/memory` for their Storer, or `go-billy/memfs` for their `Worktree`, are not affected by this vulnerability.\n\n## Patches\n\nThe issue has been addressed by making the worktree filesystem wrapper a symlink-safe boundary.\n\nWorktree operations now reject paths where an existing symbolic link in any path component could cause the operation to escape the intended worktree location, including symbolic links at the final component.\n\nUsers of filesystem-backed worktrees should upgrade to a patched version.\n\n### Credits\n\nThanks to @kodareef5 for reporting this issue and working with the go-git security team toward its resolution. :1st_place_medal: \nWe would also like to thank @HughLewis20, who independently reported the same issue while a fix was already in progress.",
"id": "GHSA-hc8v-wwc9-vgxm",
"modified": "2026-08-07T16:38:15Z",
"published": "2026-08-07T16:38:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-git/go-git/security/advisories/GHSA-hc8v-wwc9-vgxm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-git/go-git/commit/008a78f2dd86f52544ddff8b8e8ddeecdf3f7aab"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-git/go-git/commit/661d1c7f101d34e002a3cfcf8dbea5b7421d07ac"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/go-git/go-git"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-git/go-git/releases/tag/v5.19.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-git/go-git/releases/tag/v6.0.0-alpha.5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "go-git: Worktree operations may follow symlinks"
}
GHSA-HC8W-F35H-8RRJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-09-20 00:00 – Updated: 2022-09-23 00:00Trend Micro Security 2022 (consumer) has a link following vulnerability where an attacker with lower privileges could manipulate a mountpoint which could lead to escalation of privilege on an affected machine.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-34893"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-19T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Trend Micro Security 2022 (consumer) has a link following vulnerability where an attacker with lower privileges could manipulate a mountpoint which could lead to escalation of privilege on an affected machine.",
"id": "GHSA-hc8w-f35h-8rrj",
"modified": "2022-09-23T00:00:41Z",
"published": "2022-09-20T00:00:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-34893"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpcenter.trendmicro.com/en-us/article/tmka-11053"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-22-1175"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HCM4-3MHF-GMFH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:18 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:18rkhunter in rkhunter 1.3.2 allows local users to overwrite arbitrary files via a symlink attack on the /tmp/rkhunter-debug temporary file. NOTE: this is probably a different vulnerability than CVE-2005-1270.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-4982"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-11-06T15:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "rkhunter in rkhunter 1.3.2 allows local users to overwrite arbitrary files via a symlink attack on the /tmp/rkhunter-debug temporary file. NOTE: this is probably a different vulnerability than CVE-2005-1270.",
"id": "GHSA-hcm4-3mhf-gmfh",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:18:28Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:18:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-4982"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=235770"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=235798"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/46511"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://bugs.debian.org/496375"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://dev.gentoo.org/~rbu/security/debiantemp/rkhunter"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2008/10/30/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-HF8C-7P7W-MCH5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 03:27 – Updated: 2026-08-26 18:30The abrt-hook-ccpp help program in Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (ABRT) before 2.7.1 allows local users with certain permissions to gain privileges via a symlink attack on a file with a predictable name, as demonstrated by /var/tmp/abrt/abrt-hax-coredump or /var/spool/abrt/abrt-hax-coredump.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-5287"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2015-12-07T18:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The abrt-hook-ccpp help program in Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (ABRT) before 2.7.1 allows local users with certain permissions to gain privileges via a symlink attack on a file with a predictable name, as demonstrated by /var/tmp/abrt/abrt-hax-coredump or /var/spool/abrt/abrt-hax-coredump.",
"id": "GHSA-hf8c-7p7w-mch5",
"modified": "2026-08-26T18:30:26Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T03:27:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-5287"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/abrt/abrt/commit/3c1b60cfa62d39e5fff5a53a5bc53dae189e740e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/uat-10147-chinese-speaking-adversary-integrates-agentic-ai-into-post-compromise-operations"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1266837"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2015-5287"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/38832"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/154592/ABRT-sosreport-Privilege-Escalation.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2015-2505.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2015/12/01/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/linuxbulletinoct2015-2719645.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/78137"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HFG8-HC9C-6C3H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-18 21:17 – Updated: 2026-08-18 21:17Summary
The tar extraction routines in moby/go-archive (Unpack, UnpackLayer, Untar/UntarUncompressed, and the ApplyLayer helpers) do not confine filesystem operations to the destination directory. A crafted archive can create or overwrite files outside the intended destination.
Details
The extractor decides where each archive entry lands using lexical string checks and then performs the filesystem operation on a path that is resolved by the OS, so a links introduced by the archive can be followed out of the destination directory.
Impact
An attacker who controls the contents of archive can create or overwrite files at arbitrary paths writable by the extracting process.
Workarounds
Only extract trusted archives.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/moby/go-archive"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.3.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-17106"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22",
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-08-18T21:17:29Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\nThe tar extraction routines in `moby/go-archive` (`Unpack`, `UnpackLayer`, `Untar`/`UntarUncompressed`, and the `ApplyLayer` helpers) do not confine filesystem operations to the destination directory. A crafted archive can create or overwrite files **outside** the intended destination. \n\n### Details\nThe extractor decides where each archive entry lands using lexical string checks and then performs the filesystem operation on a path that is resolved by the OS, so a links introduced by the archive can be followed out of the destination directory.\n\n### Impact\nAn attacker who controls the contents of archive can create or overwrite files at arbitrary paths writable by the extracting process.\n\n### Workarounds\nOnly extract trusted archives.",
"id": "GHSA-hfg8-hc9c-6c3h",
"modified": "2026-08-18T21:17:29Z",
"published": "2026-08-18T21:17:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moby/go-archive/security/advisories/GHSA-hfg8-hc9c-6c3h"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/52948"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.docker.com/desktop/release-notes/#4860"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bikini/exploitarium/tree/main/docker-cp-copyout-destination-escape"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/docker/cli/releases/tag/v29.7.0"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/moby/go-archive"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moby/moby/releases/tag/docker-v29.7.0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.imperva.com/blog/copyescape-taking-over-docker-hosts-with-docker-cp"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "moby/go-archive: Crafted tar archive can write outside the extraction directory"
}
GHSA-HFP4-CQ95-QV3Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:01 – Updated: 2022-05-17 05:01asr in Oracle Auto Service Request in Oracle Support Tools before 4.3.2 allows local users to modify arbitrary files via a symlink attack on a predictable filename in /tmp.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-1495"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-03-18T21:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "asr in Oracle Auto Service Request in Oracle Support Tools before 4.3.2 allows local users to modify arbitrary files via a symlink attack on a predictable filename in /tmp.",
"id": "GHSA-hfp4-cq95-qv3q",
"modified": "2022-05-17T05:01:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:01:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-1495"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2013/Feb/159"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2013:150"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/cpuapr2013-1899555.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-HFQ3-3QV2-X5X2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-13 09:30 – Updated: 2023-02-23 06:30Dell Command | Integration Suite for System Center, versions before 6.4.0 contain an arbitrary folder delete vulnerability during uninstallation. A locally authenticated malicious user may potentially exploit this vulnerability leading to arbitrary folder deletion.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-24572"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-13T08:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Dell Command | Integration Suite for System Center, versions before 6.4.0 contain an arbitrary folder delete vulnerability during uninstallation. A locally authenticated malicious user may potentially exploit this vulnerability leading to arbitrary folder deletion.",
"id": "GHSA-hfq3-3qv2-x5x2",
"modified": "2023-02-23T06:30:19Z",
"published": "2023-02-13T09:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24572"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000207931/dsa-2023-032"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HFX9-J834-CMXW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-23 03:31 – Updated: 2024-11-23 03:31F-Secure Total Link Following Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows local attackers to escalate privileges on affected installations of F-Secure Total. User interaction on the part of an administrator is required to exploit this vulnerability.
The specific flaw exists within the WithSecure plugin hosting service. By creating a symbolic link, an attacker can abuse the service to create a file. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-23005.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-7240"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-22T22:15:16Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "F-Secure Total Link Following Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows local attackers to escalate privileges on affected installations of F-Secure Total. User interaction on the part of an administrator is required to exploit this vulnerability.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the WithSecure plugin hosting service. By creating a symbolic link, an attacker can abuse the service to create a file. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-23005.",
"id": "GHSA-hfx9-j834-cmxw",
"modified": "2024-11-23T03:31:58Z",
"published": "2024-11-23T03:31:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7240"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-24-1012"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-48.1
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Follow the principle of least privilege when assigning access rights to entities in a software system.
- Denying access to a file can prevent an attacker from replacing that file with a link to a sensitive file. Ensure good compartmentalization in the system to provide protected areas that can be trusted.
CAPEC-132: Symlink Attack
An adversary positions a symbolic link in such a manner that the targeted user or application accesses the link's endpoint, assuming that it is accessing a file with the link's name.
CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.