Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-706

Allowed-with-Review

Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product uses a name or reference to access a resource, but the name/reference resolves to a resource that is outside of the intended control sphere.

149 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-GGJ6-66Q9-RCW5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-24 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:33
VLAI
Details

Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program ('PHP Remote File Inclusion') vulnerability in AddonMaster Post Grid Master allows PHP Local File Inclusion. This issue affects Post Grid Master: from n/a through 3.4.12.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-24733"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-706",
      "CWE-98"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-01-24T18:15:47Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Improper Control of Filename for Include/Require Statement in PHP Program (\u0027PHP Remote File Inclusion\u0027) vulnerability in AddonMaster Post Grid Master allows PHP Local File Inclusion. This issue affects Post Grid Master: from n/a through 3.4.12.",
  "id": "GHSA-ggj6-66q9-rcw5",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T18:33:28Z",
  "published": "2025-01-24T18:31:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-24733"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/ajax-filter-posts/vulnerability/wordpress-post-grid-master-plugin-3-4-12-local-file-inclusion-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-GJP8-2RJX-F9MG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:21 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:21
VLAI
Details

A security feature bypass exists in Azure SSH Keypairs, due to a change in the provisioning logic for some Linux images that use cloud-init, aka 'Azure SSH Keypairs Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability'.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-0816"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-706"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-04-09T03:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A security feature bypass exists in Azure SSH Keypairs, due to a change in the provisioning logic for some Linux images that use cloud-init, aka \u0027Azure SSH Keypairs Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability\u0027.",
  "id": "GHSA-gjp8-2rjx-f9mg",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:21:37Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:21:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-0816"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2019-0816"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-12/msg00018.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-GQXX-W4V2-WMM2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-11 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-18 21:31
VLAI
Details

An arbitrary file rename vulnerability in the /admin/manager.php component of EasyImages 2.0 v2.8.6 and below allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via renaming a PHP file to a SVG format.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-65474"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-434",
      "CWE-706"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-11T17:15:58Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An arbitrary file rename vulnerability in the /admin/manager.php component of EasyImages 2.0 v2.8.6 and below allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via renaming a PHP file to a SVG format.",
  "id": "GHSA-gqxx-w4v2-wmm2",
  "modified": "2025-12-18T21:31:34Z",
  "published": "2025-12-11T18:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65474"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://congsec.cn?id=20251103234511-9418dk9"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gist.github.com/CongSec/3cf968621f71a7da35dcc9b8f0b29bb2"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-GR6Q-M3P4-M22C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:09 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:09
VLAI
Details

CSZ CMS 1.2.9 is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Deletion. This occurs in PHP when the unlink() function is called and user input might affect portions of or the whole affected parameter, which represents the path of the file to remove, without sufficient sanitization.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-37144"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-706"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-07-30T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "CSZ CMS 1.2.9 is vulnerable to Arbitrary File Deletion. This occurs in PHP when the unlink() function is called and user input might affect portions of or the whole affected parameter, which represents the path of the file to remove, without sufficient sanitization.",
  "id": "GHSA-gr6q-m3p4-m22c",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:09:20Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:09:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37144"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cskaza/cszcms/issues/32"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-GWW8-RH9F-5MJQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:13 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32
VLAI
Details

Zoho ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus version 6113 and prior is vulnerable to REST API authentication bypass with resultant remote code execution.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-40539"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-706"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-09-07T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Zoho ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus version 6113 and prior is vulnerable to REST API authentication bypass with resultant remote code execution.",
  "id": "GHSA-gww8-rh9f-5mjq",
  "modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:19Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:13:08Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-40539"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2021-40539"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.manageengine.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.manageengine.com/products/self-service-password/kb/how-to-fix-authentication-bypass-vulnerability-in-REST-API.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/165085/ManageEngine-ADSelfService-Plus-Authentication-Bypass-Code-Execution.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-H5PW-H3J7-CJ7F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-08 21:30 – Updated: 2026-07-08 21:30
VLAI
Details

GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 16.5 before 18.11.7, 19.0 before 19.0.4, and 19.1 before 19.1.2 that under certain conditions could have allowed an authenticated user to create a repository where the content displayed in the web interface differed from the content available for download, due to improper handling of Git reference name resolution.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-12506"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-706"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-08T21:16:44Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 16.5 before 18.11.7, 19.0 before 19.0.4, and 19.1 before 19.1.2 that under certain conditions could have allowed an authenticated user to create a repository where the content displayed in the web interface differed from the content available for download, due to improper handling of Git reference name resolution.",
  "id": "GHSA-h5pw-h3j7-cj7f",
  "modified": "2026-07-08T21:30:30Z",
  "published": "2026-07-08T21:30:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12506"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/3351460"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.gitlab.com/releases/patches/patch-release-gitlab-19-1-2-released"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/work_items/578988"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-H62J-CRG6-GVWF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-10 00:31 – Updated: 2026-07-10 00:31
VLAI
Details

A Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference vulnerability in the URL filtering plugin of Juniper Networks Junos OS on MX Series allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to bypass web filtering and access downstream resources that should be unreachable.

If an MX Series device is configured with web filtering, and an attacker sends a request with a specifically formatted URL, this request will get forwarded despite the system being configured to block it. In turn, an attacker can access downstream resources that are expected to be unreachable.

This issue affects Junos OS on MX Series:

  • all versions before 23.2R2-S7,
  • 23.4 versions before 23.4R2-S8,
  • 24.2 versions before 24.2R2-S5,
  • 24.4 versions before 24.4R2-S4,
  • 25.2 versions before 25.2R2-S1,
  • 25.4 versions before 25.4R1-S2, 25.4R2.
Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-57054"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-706"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-09T22:17:09Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A Use of Incorrectly-Resolved Name or Reference vulnerability in the URL filtering plugin of Juniper Networks Junos OS on MX Series allows an unauthenticated, network-based attacker to bypass web filtering and access downstream resources that should be unreachable.\n\n\n\nIf an MX Series device is configured with web filtering, and an attacker sends a request with a specifically formatted URL, this request will get forwarded despite the system being configured to block it. In turn, an attacker can access downstream resources that are expected to be unreachable.\n\nThis issue affects\u00a0Junos OS on MX Series:\n\n\n  *  all versions before 23.2R2-S7,\n  *  23.4 versions before 23.4R2-S8,\n  *  24.2 versions before 24.2R2-S5,\n  *  24.4 versions before 24.4R2-S4,\n  *  25.2 versions before 25.2R2-S1,\n  *  25.4 versions before 25.4R1-S2, 25.4R2.",
  "id": "GHSA-h62j-crg6-gvwf",
  "modified": "2026-07-10T00:31:27Z",
  "published": "2026-07-10T00:31:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-57054"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://supportportal.juniper.net/JSA110093"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:Y/R:X/V:X/RE:M/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HF2F-4243-6465

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:42 – Updated: 2022-09-15 00:00
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in MB CONNECT LINE mymbCONNECT24 and mbCONNECT24 through 2.6.2. An attacker can read arbitrary JSON files via Local File Inclusion.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-35566"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-706"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-02-16T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in MB CONNECT LINE mymbCONNECT24 and mbCONNECT24 through 2.6.2. An attacker can read arbitrary JSON files via Local File Inclusion.",
  "id": "GHSA-hf2f-4243-6465",
  "modified": "2022-09-15T00:00:20Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:42:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-35566"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert.vde.com/de-de/advisories/vde-2021-003"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert.vde.com/en/advisories/VDE-2021-003"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert.vde.com/en/advisories/VDE-2022-039"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://mbconnectline.com/security-advice"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-HHQ4-97C2-P447

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-02 20:59 – Updated: 2026-05-06 02:40
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw: Zalo webhook replay cache cross-target messageId scope bypass
Details

Summary

Zalo webhook replay cache cross-target messageId scope bypass

Current Maintainer Triage

  • Status: narrow
  • Normalized severity: low
  • Assessment: v2026.3.28 replay dedupe is still keyed too broadly, but the issue should stay scoped to authenticated sibling-target delivery paths rather than arbitrary unauthenticated attackers.

Affected Packages / Versions

  • Package: openclaw (npm)
  • Latest published npm version: 2026.3.31
  • Vulnerable version range: <=2026.3.28
  • Patched versions: >= 2026.3.31
  • First stable tag containing the fix: v2026.3.31

Fix Commit(s)

  • 4d038bb242c11f39e45f6a4bde400e5fd42e4ebf — 2026-03-31T19:33:57+09:00

Release Process Note

  • The fix is already present in released version 2026.3.31.
  • This draft looks ready for final maintainer disposition or publication, not additional code-fix work.

Thanks @smaeljaish771 for reporting.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.3.28"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.3.31"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-41402"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-294",
      "CWE-706"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-02T20:59:11Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-28T19:37:43Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\nZalo webhook replay cache cross-target messageId scope bypass\n\n## Current Maintainer Triage\n- Status: narrow\n- Normalized severity: low\n- Assessment: v2026.3.28 replay dedupe is still keyed too broadly, but the issue should stay scoped to authenticated sibling-target delivery paths rather than arbitrary unauthenticated attackers.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Latest published npm version: `2026.3.31`\n- Vulnerable version range: `\u003c=2026.3.28`\n- Patched versions: `\u003e= 2026.3.31`\n- First stable tag containing the fix: `v2026.3.31`\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n- `4d038bb242c11f39e45f6a4bde400e5fd42e4ebf` \u2014 2026-03-31T19:33:57+09:00\n\n## Release Process Note\n- The fix is already present in released version `2026.3.31`.\n- This draft looks ready for final maintainer disposition or publication, not additional code-fix work.\n\nThanks @smaeljaish771 for reporting.",
  "id": "GHSA-hhq4-97c2-p447",
  "modified": "2026-05-06T02:40:21Z",
  "published": "2026-04-02T20:59:11Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-hhq4-97c2-p447"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41402"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/4d038bb242c11f39e45f6a4bde400e5fd42e4ebf"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag/v2026.3.31"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-webhook-replay-cache-cross-target-messageid-scope-bypass"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw: Zalo webhook replay cache cross-target messageId scope bypass"
}

GHSA-HQFM-F44V-GMX6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:10 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:10
VLAI
Details

The bulletin function of Flygo contains Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability. After being authenticated as a general user, remote attackers can manipulate the bulletin ID in specific Url parameters and access and modify bulletin particular content.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-37212"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-639",
      "CWE-706"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-08-09T10:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The bulletin function of Flygo contains Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability. After being authenticated as a general user, remote attackers can manipulate the bulletin ID in specific Url parameters and access and modify bulletin particular content.",
  "id": "GHSA-hqfm-f44v-gmx6",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:10:28Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:10:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-37212"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-4989-5d955-1.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-159: Redirect Access to Libraries

An adversary exploits a weakness in the way an application searches for external libraries to manipulate the execution flow to point to an adversary supplied library or code base. This pattern of attack allows the adversary to compromise the application or server via the execution of unauthorized code. An application typically makes calls to functions that are a part of libraries external to the application. These libraries may be part of the operating system or they may be third party libraries. If an adversary can redirect an application's attempts to access these libraries to other libraries that the adversary supplies, the adversary will be able to force the targeted application to execute arbitrary code. This is especially dangerous if the targeted application has enhanced privileges. Access can be redirected through a number of techniques, including the use of symbolic links, search path modification, and relative path manipulation.

CAPEC-177: Create files with the same name as files protected with a higher classification

An attacker exploits file location algorithms in an operating system or application by creating a file with the same name as a protected or privileged file. The attacker could manipulate the system if the attacker-created file is trusted by the operating system or an application component that attempts to load the original file. Applications often load or include external files, such as libraries or configuration files. These files should be protected against malicious manipulation. However, if the application only uses the name of the file when locating it, an attacker may be able to create a file with the same name and place it in a directory that the application will search before the directory with the legitimate file is searched. Because the attackers' file is discovered first, it would be used by the target application. This attack can be extremely destructive if the referenced file is executable and/or is granted special privileges based solely on having a particular name.

CAPEC-48: Passing Local Filenames to Functions That Expect a URL

This attack relies on client side code to access local files and resources instead of URLs. When the client browser is expecting a URL string, but instead receives a request for a local file, that execution is likely to occur in the browser process space with the browser's authority to local files. The attacker can send the results of this request to the local files out to a site that they control. This attack may be used to steal sensitive authentication data (either local or remote), or to gain system profile information to launch further attacks.

CAPEC-641: DLL Side-Loading

An adversary places a malicious version of a Dynamic-Link Library (DLL) in the Windows Side-by-Side (WinSxS) directory to trick the operating system into loading this malicious DLL instead of a legitimate DLL. Programs specify the location of the DLLs to load via the use of WinSxS manifests or DLL redirection and if they aren't used then Windows searches in a predefined set of directories to locate the file. If the applications improperly specify a required DLL or WinSxS manifests aren't explicit about the characteristics of the DLL to be loaded, they can be vulnerable to side-loading.