CWE-80
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS)
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete
The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special characters such as "<", ">", and "&" that could be interpreted as web-scripting elements when they are sent to a downstream component that processes web pages.
935 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-RV8P-RR2H-FGPG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-30 20:57 – Updated: 2024-01-30 20:57Impact
The @apollo/experimental-apollo-client-nextjs NPM package is vulnerable to a cross-site scripting vulnerability. This vulnerability arises from improper handling of untrusted input when @apollo/experimental-apollo-client-nextjs performs server-side rendering of HTML pages. To fix this vulnerability, we implemented appropriate escaping to prevent javascript injection into rendered pages.
Patches
To fix this issue, please update to version 0.7.0 or later.
Workarounds
There are no known workarounds for this issue. Please update to version 0.7.0
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.6.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@apollo/experimental-nextjs-app-support"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.7.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-23841"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-30T20:57:45Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-30T18:15:48Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThe @apollo/experimental-apollo-client-nextjs NPM package is vulnerable to a cross-site scripting vulnerability. This vulnerability arises from improper handling of untrusted input when @apollo/experimental-apollo-client-nextjs performs server-side rendering of HTML pages. To fix this vulnerability, we implemented appropriate escaping to prevent javascript injection into rendered pages.\n\n### Patches\n\nTo fix this issue, please update to version 0.7.0 or later.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere are no known workarounds for this issue. Please update to version 0.7.0\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-rv8p-rr2h-fgpg",
"modified": "2024-01-30T20:57:45Z",
"published": "2024-01-30T20:57:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-client-nextjs/security/advisories/GHSA-rv8p-rr2h-fgpg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-23841"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-client-nextjs/commit/b92bc42abd5f8e17d4db361c36bd08e4f541a46b"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apollographql/apollo-client-nextjs"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "@apollo/experimental-nextjs-app-support Cross-site Scripting vulnerability"
}
GHSA-RWFQ-V4HQ-H7FG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-01 16:39 – Updated: 2024-05-01 16:39Summary
If directory listings are enabled for a directory that an untrusted user has upload privileges for, a malicious file name like <img src=x onerror=alert(1)>.txt will allow JavaScript code execution in the context of the web server’s domain.
Details
SWS generally does not perform escaping of HTML entities on any values inserted in the directory listing. At the very least file_name and current_path could contain malicious data however. file_uri could also be malicious but the relevant scenarios seem to be all caught by hyper.
Impact
For any web server that allow users to upload files or create directories under a name of their choosing this becomes a stored XSS vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "static-web-server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.30.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-32966"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-79",
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-05-01T16:39:24Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-01T06:15:21Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\nIf directory listings are enabled for a directory that an untrusted user has upload privileges for, a malicious file name like `\u003cimg src=x onerror=alert(1)\u003e.txt` will allow JavaScript code execution in the context of the web server\u2019s domain.\n\n### Details\nSWS generally does not perform escaping of HTML entities on any values inserted in the directory listing. At the very least `file_name` and `current_path` could contain malicious data however. `file_uri` could also be malicious but the relevant scenarios seem to be all caught by hyper.\n\n### Impact\nFor any web server that allow users to upload files or create directories under a name of their choosing this becomes a stored XSS vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-rwfq-v4hq-h7fg",
"modified": "2024-05-01T16:39:24Z",
"published": "2024-05-01T16:39:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/static-web-server/static-web-server/security/advisories/GHSA-rwfq-v4hq-h7fg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-32966"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/static-web-server/static-web-server"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/static-web-server/static-web-server/releases/tag/v2.30.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "static-web-server vulnerable to stored Cross-site Scripting in directory listings via file names"
}
GHSA-V2GC-J689-433P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-31 15:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:34Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS) vulnerability in Vasilis Triantafyllou Flag Icons allows Stored XSS. This issue affects Flag Icons: from n/a through 2.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31575"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-31T13:15:50Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS) vulnerability in Vasilis Triantafyllou Flag Icons allows Stored XSS. This issue affects Flag Icons: from n/a through 2.2.",
"id": "GHSA-v2gc-j689-433p",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:34:16Z",
"published": "2025-03-31T15:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31575"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/language-icons-flags-switcher/vulnerability/wordpress-flag-icons-plugin-2-2-cross-site-scripting-xss-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V2PG-M39G-CXHR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-16 21:31 – Updated: 2024-01-25 18:30A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Integrated Management Controller (IMC) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to conduct a cross-site scripting (XSS) attack against a user of the interface.
This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of user input. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user of an affected interface to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary script code in the browser of the targeted user or access sensitive, browser-based information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20228"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-79",
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-16T21:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Integrated Management Controller (IMC) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to conduct a cross-site scripting (XSS) attack against a user of the interface.\n\n This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of user input. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user of an affected interface to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary script code in the browser of the targeted user or access sensitive, browser-based information.",
"id": "GHSA-v2pg-m39g-cxhr",
"modified": "2024-01-25T18:30:38Z",
"published": "2023-08-16T21:31:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-cimc-xss-UMYtYEtr"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V2WC-PFQ2-5CM6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-04-14 23:09 – Updated: 2024-11-19 19:19Impact
A cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists on the page revision comparison view within the Wagtail admin interface. A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin could potentially craft a page revision history that, when viewed by a user with higher privileges, could perform actions with that user's credentials. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin.
Patches
Patched versions have been released as Wagtail 2.7.2 (for the LTS 2.7 branch) and Wagtail 2.8.1 (for the current 2.8 branch).
Workarounds
Site owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions can disable the revision comparison view by adding the following URL route to the top of their project's urls.py configuration:
from django.views.generic.base import RedirectView
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/pages/(\d+)/revisions/compare/', RedirectView.as_view(url='/admin/')),
# ...
]
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Vlad Gerasimenko for reporting this issue.
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:
* Visit Wagtail's support channels
* Email us at security@wagtail.io (if you wish to send encrypted email, the public key ID is 0x6ba1e1a86e0f8ce8)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "wagtail"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.9.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.7.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "wagtail"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.8.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.8.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
],
"versions": [
"2.8.0"
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-11001"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-79",
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-04-14T23:02:21Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-04-14T23:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nA cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists on the page revision comparison view within the Wagtail admin interface. A user with a limited-permission editor account for the Wagtail admin could potentially craft a page revision history that, when viewed by a user with higher privileges, could perform actions with that user\u0027s credentials. The vulnerability is not exploitable by an ordinary site visitor without access to the Wagtail admin.\n\n### Patches\nPatched versions have been released as Wagtail 2.7.2 (for the LTS 2.7 branch) and Wagtail 2.8.1 (for the current 2.8 branch).\n\n### Workarounds\nSite owners who are unable to upgrade to the new versions can disable the revision comparison view by adding the following URL route to the top of their project\u0027s `urls.py` configuration:\n\n from django.views.generic.base import RedirectView\n\n urlpatterns = [\n url(r\u0027^admin/pages/(\\d+)/revisions/compare/\u0027, RedirectView.as_view(url=\u0027/admin/\u0027)),\n # ...\n ]\n\n### Acknowledgements\nMany thanks to Vlad Gerasimenko for reporting this issue.\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Visit Wagtail\u0027s [support channels](https://docs.wagtail.io/en/stable/support.html)\n* Email us at [security@wagtail.io](mailto:security@wagtail.io) (if you wish to send encrypted email, the public key ID is `0x6ba1e1a86e0f8ce8`)",
"id": "GHSA-v2wc-pfq2-5cm6",
"modified": "2024-11-19T19:19:49Z",
"published": "2020-04-14T23:09:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/security/advisories/GHSA-v2wc-pfq2-5cm6"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11001"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/commit/61045ceefea114c40ac4b680af58990dbe732389"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/wagtail/PYSEC-2020-152.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wagtail/wagtail/releases/tag/v2.8.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Possible XSS attack in Wagtail"
}
GHSA-V3P7-7CCR-QM48
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-07 12:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 21:33The Responsive Pricing Table plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the 'table_currency' parameter in all versions up to, and including, 5.1.12 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-15058"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-07T12:16:59Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Responsive Pricing Table plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the \u0027table_currency\u0027 parameter in all versions up to, and including, 5.1.12 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page.",
"id": "GHSA-v3p7-7ccr-qm48",
"modified": "2026-04-08T21:33:09Z",
"published": "2026-01-07T12:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-15058"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3435445%40dk-pricr-responsive-pricing-table\u0026new=3435445%40dk-pricr-responsive-pricing-table\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/dk-pricr-responsive-pricing-table"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/e20a34e5-6c1c-4f12-b1d8-aa4b40a5dd00?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V57P-Q7G2-4G2R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-22 15:30 – Updated: 2024-08-26 21:30Enhavo v0.13.1 was discovered to contain an HTML injection vulnerability in the Author text field under the Blockquote module. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted payload.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25873"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-22T14:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Enhavo v0.13.1 was discovered to contain an HTML injection vulnerability in the Author text field under the Blockquote module. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted payload.",
"id": "GHSA-v57p-q7g2-4g2r",
"modified": "2024-08-26T21:30:31Z",
"published": "2024-02-22T15:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25873"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dd3x3r/enhavo/blob/main/html-injection-page-content-blockquote-author-v0.13.1.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.enhavo.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V6X2-4Q87-RF82
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-27 12:30 – Updated: 2026-04-14 21:57There is an Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS) vulnerability in Apache SkyWalking.
This issue affects Apache SkyWalking versions <= 10.2.0.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 10.3.0, which fixes the issue. Version 10.3.0 has not been uploaded to the Maven registry at time of publish, please see release notes for download instructions.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.skywalking:apm-webapp"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "10.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-54057"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-05T21:46:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-27T12:15:47Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "There is an Improper Neutralization of Script-Related HTML Tags in a Web Page (Basic XSS) vulnerability in Apache SkyWalking.\n\nThis issue affects Apache SkyWalking versions \u003c= 10.2.0.\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 10.3.0, which fixes the issue. Version 10.3.0 has not been uploaded to the Maven registry at time of publish, please see [release notes](https://github.com/apache/skywalking/releases/tag/v10.3.0) for download instructions.",
"id": "GHSA-v6x2-4q87-rf82",
"modified": "2026-04-14T21:57:18Z",
"published": "2025-11-27T12:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54057"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/skywalking"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/sl2x2tx8y007x0mo746yddx2lvnv9tcr"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/11/27/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/04/13/3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Apache SkyWalking has a stored XSS vulnerability"
}
GHSA-V73P-F52R-FMMR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-22 09:30 – Updated: 2026-06-22 18:34An authenticated user can perform XSS.
This issue affects Apache Atlas versions 2.4.0 and earlier.
Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.5.0, which fixes the issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-62198"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-22T08:16:35Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An authenticated user can perform XSS.\n\nThis issue affects Apache Atlas versions 2.4.0 and earlier.\n\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 2.5.0, which fixes the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-v73p-f52r-fmmr",
"modified": "2026-06-22T18:34:11Z",
"published": "2026-06-22T09:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62198"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/nv893lhz3ok08f25j3v4z1to5nrpdp7k"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/06/20/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V7CH-CX27-643J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-11 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:24An improper neutralization of script-related HTML tags in a web page vulnerability [CWE-80] in FortiAuthenticator versions 6.4.0 through 6.4.4, 6.3.0 through 6.3.3, all versions of 6.2 and 6.1 may allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to trigger a reflected cross site scripting (XSS) attack via the "reset-password" page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-35850"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-79",
"CWE-80"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-11T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An improper neutralization of script-related HTML tags in a web page vulnerability [CWE-80] in FortiAuthenticator versions 6.4.0 through 6.4.4, 6.3.0 through 6.3.3, all versions of 6.2 and 6.1 may allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to trigger a reflected cross site scripting (XSS) attack via the \"reset-password\" page.",
"id": "GHSA-v7ch-cx27-643j",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:24:22Z",
"published": "2023-04-11T18:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-35850"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-22-275"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Carefully check each input parameter against a rigorous positive specification (allowlist) defining the specific characters and format allowed. All input should be neutralized, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. We often encounter data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
Mitigation MIT-30.1
Strategy: Output Encoding
- Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
- The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation MIT-43
With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.
Mitigation MIT-31
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
CAPEC-18: XSS Targeting Non-Script Elements
This attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where malicious scripts are embedded in elements that are not expected to host scripts such as image tags (<img>), comments in XML documents (< !-CDATA->), etc. These tags may not be subject to the same input validation, output validation, and other content filtering and checking routines, so this can create an opportunity for an adversary to tunnel through the application's elements and launch a XSS attack through other elements. As with all remote attacks, it is important to differentiate the ability to launch an attack (such as probing an internal network for unpatched servers) and the ability of the remote adversary to collect and interpret the output of said attack.
CAPEC-193: PHP Remote File Inclusion
In this pattern the adversary is able to load and execute arbitrary code remotely available from the application. This is usually accomplished through an insecurely configured PHP runtime environment and an improperly sanitized "include" or "require" call, which the user can then control to point to any web-accessible file. This allows adversaries to hijack the targeted application and force it to execute their own instructions.
CAPEC-32: XSS Through HTTP Query Strings
An adversary embeds malicious script code in the parameters of an HTTP query string and convinces a victim to submit the HTTP request that contains the query string to a vulnerable web application. The web application then procedes to use the values parameters without properly validation them first and generates the HTML code that will be executed by the victim's browser.
CAPEC-86: XSS Through HTTP Headers
An adversary exploits web applications that generate web content, such as links in a HTML page, based on unvalidated or improperly validated data submitted by other actors. XSS in HTTP Headers attacks target the HTTP headers which are hidden from most users and may not be validated by web applications.