CWE-88
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs a string for a command to be executed by a separate component in another control sphere, but it does not properly delimit the intended arguments, options, or switches within that command string.
550 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-G4MF-96X5-5M2C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-10 06:30 – Updated: 2025-11-12 23:41Versions of the package cloudinary before 2.7.0 are vulnerable to Arbitrary Argument Injection due to improper parsing of parameter values containing an ampersand. An attacker can inject additional, unintended parameters. This could lead to a variety of malicious outcomes, such as bypassing security checks, altering data, or manipulating the application's behavior.
Note: Following our established security policy, we attempted to contact the maintainer regarding this vulnerability, but haven't received a response.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "cloudinary"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.7.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12613"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-11-12T23:41:30Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-10T05:15:42Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Versions of the package cloudinary before 2.7.0 are vulnerable to Arbitrary Argument Injection due to improper parsing of parameter values containing an ampersand. An attacker can inject additional, unintended parameters. This could lead to a variety of malicious outcomes, such as bypassing security checks, altering data, or manipulating the application\u0027s behavior.\n\n**Note:**\nFollowing our established security policy, we attempted to contact the maintainer regarding this vulnerability, but haven\u0027t received a response.",
"id": "GHSA-g4mf-96x5-5m2c",
"modified": "2025-11-12T23:41:30Z",
"published": "2025-11-10T06:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12613"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cloudinary/cloudinary_npm/pull/709"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cloudinary/cloudinary_npm/commit/ec4b65f2b3461365c569198ed6d2cfa61cca4050"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/cloudinary/cloudinary_npm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-CLOUDINARY-10495740"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Cloudinary Node SDK is vulnerable to Arbitrary Argument Injection through parameters that include an ampersand"
}
GHSA-G4Q6-2JP5-77J8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-10 18:31 – Updated: 2026-03-10 18:31An improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command ('argument injection') vulnerability in Fortinet FortiDeceptor 6.2.0, FortiDeceptor 6.0 all versions, FortiDeceptor 5.3 all versions, FortiDeceptor 5.2 all versions, FortiDeceptor 5.1 all versions, FortiDeceptor 5.0 all versions, FortiDeceptor 4.3 all versions, FortiDeceptor 4.2 all versions, FortiDeceptor 4.1 all versions, FortiDeceptor 4.0 all versions may allow a privileged attacker with super-admin profile and CLI access to delete sensitive files via crafted HTTP requests.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25689"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-10T18:18:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command (\u0027argument injection\u0027) vulnerability in Fortinet FortiDeceptor 6.2.0, FortiDeceptor 6.0 all versions, FortiDeceptor 5.3 all versions, FortiDeceptor 5.2 all versions, FortiDeceptor 5.1 all versions, FortiDeceptor 5.0 all versions, FortiDeceptor 4.3 all versions, FortiDeceptor 4.2 all versions, FortiDeceptor 4.1 all versions, FortiDeceptor 4.0 all versions may allow a privileged attacker with super-admin profile and CLI access to delete sensitive files via crafted HTTP requests.",
"id": "GHSA-g4q6-2jp5-77j8",
"modified": "2026-03-10T18:31:21Z",
"published": "2026-03-10T18:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25689"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fortiguard.fortinet.com/psirt/FG-IR-26-094"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G87J-GM7P-6VW2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-19 03:30 – Updated: 2026-03-19 16:26Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-h3rm-6x7g-882f. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
OpenClaw 2026.3.1 contains an approval integrity vulnerability in system.run node-host execution where argv rewriting changes command semantics. Attackers can place malicious local scripts in the working directory to execute unintended code despite operator approval of different command text.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"versions": [
"2026.3.1"
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-19T16:26:05Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-19T02:16:03Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Duplicate Advisory\n\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-h3rm-6x7g-882f. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n## Original Description\nOpenClaw 2026.3.1 contains an approval integrity vulnerability in system.run node-host execution where argv rewriting changes command semantics. Attackers can place malicious local scripts in the working directory to execute unintended code despite operator approval of different command text.",
"id": "GHSA-g87j-gm7p-6vw2",
"modified": "2026-03-19T16:26:05Z",
"published": "2026-03-19T03:30:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-h3rm-6x7g-882f"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-29608"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/dded569626b0d8e7bdab10b5e7528b6caf73a0f1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-approval-integrity-bypass-via-system-run-argv-rewriting"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: OpenClaw\u0027s Node system.run approval hardening wrapper semantic drift can execute unintended local scripts",
"withdrawn": "2026-03-19T16:26:05Z"
}
GHSA-G8F7-F2VP-FV6X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-08 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-08 15:31An Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection') vulnerability allows local users ton perform arbitrary unmounts via smb4k mount helper
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-66002"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-08T15:15:43Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command (\u0027Argument Injection\u0027) vulnerability allows local users ton perform arbitrary unmounts via smb4k mount helper",
"id": "GHSA-g8f7-f2vp-fv6x",
"modified": "2026-01-08T15:31:26Z",
"published": "2026-01-08T15:31:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66002"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.suse.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2025-66002"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.opensuse.org/2025/12/10/smb4k-major-issues-in-kauth-helper.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-G8JQ-RX5F-94Q7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-22 15:34 – Updated: 2025-06-05 15:31Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection') vulnerability in Tridium Niagara Framework on QNX, Tridium Niagara Enterprise Security on QNX allows Command Delimiters. This issue affects Niagara Framework: before 4.14.2, before 4.15.1, before 4.10.11; Niagara Enterprise Security: before 4.14.2, before 4.15.1, before 4.10.11. Tridium recommends upgrading to Niagara Framework and Enterprise Security versions 4.14.2u2, 4.15.u1, or 4.10u.11.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-3945"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-22T13:15:57Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command (\u0027Argument Injection\u0027) vulnerability in Tridium Niagara Framework on QNX, Tridium Niagara Enterprise Security on QNX allows Command Delimiters. This issue affects Niagara Framework: before 4.14.2, before 4.15.1, before 4.10.11; Niagara Enterprise Security: before 4.14.2, before 4.15.1, before 4.10.11.\u00a0Tridium recommends upgrading to Niagara Framework and Enterprise Security versions 4.14.2u2, 4.15.u1, or 4.10u.11.",
"id": "GHSA-g8jq-rx5f-94q7",
"modified": "2025-06-05T15:31:26Z",
"published": "2025-05-22T15:34:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-3945"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.niagara-community.com/category/tech_bull"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://honeywell.com/us/en/product-security#security-notices"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G96F-3WFX-54P9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:59 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:32The Sangoma Session Border Controller (SBC) 2.3.23-119 GA web interface is vulnerable to an authentication bypass via an argument injection vulnerability involving special characters in the username field. Upon successful exploitation, a remote unauthenticated user can login into the device's admin web portal without providing any credentials. This affects /var/webconfig/gui/Webconfig.inc.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-12148"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-10-22T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "The Sangoma Session Border Controller (SBC) 2.3.23-119 GA web interface is vulnerable to an authentication bypass via an argument injection vulnerability involving special characters in the username field. Upon successful exploitation, a remote unauthenticated user can login into the device\u0027s admin web portal without providing any credentials. This affects /var/webconfig/gui/Webconfig.inc.php.",
"id": "GHSA-g96f-3wfx-54p9",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:32:32Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:59:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-12148"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/154915/Sangoma-SBC-2.3.23-119-GA-Authentication-Bypass.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2019/Oct/41"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G986-JP62-5XQ6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:19 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:19Git before 2.14.5, 2.15.x before 2.15.3, 2.16.x before 2.16.5, 2.17.x before 2.17.2, 2.18.x before 2.18.1, and 2.19.x before 2.19.1 allows remote code execution during processing of a recursive "git clone" of a superproject if a .gitmodules file has a URL field beginning with a '-' character.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-17456"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-10-06T14:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Git before 2.14.5, 2.15.x before 2.15.3, 2.16.x before 2.16.5, 2.17.x before 2.17.2, 2.18.x before 2.18.1, and 2.19.x before 2.19.1 allows remote code execution during processing of a recursive \"git clone\" of a superproject if a .gitmodules file has a URL field beginning with a \u0027-\u0027 character.",
"id": "GHSA-g986-jp62-5xq6",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:19:25Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:19:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-17456"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/git/git/commit/1a7fd1fb2998002da6e9ff2ee46e1bdd25ee8404"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/git/git/commit/a124133e1e6ab5c7a9fef6d0e6bcb084e3455b46"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3408"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3505"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3541"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2020:0316"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://marc.info/?l=git\u0026m=153875888916397\u0026w=2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://seclists.org/bugtraq/2019/Mar/30"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3791-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4311"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/45548"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/45631"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2018/10/06/3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-05/msg00003.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/152173/Sourcetree-Git-Arbitrary-Code-Execution-URL-Handling.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105523"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107511"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041811"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GC5X-4WFJ-5F6H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:45 – Updated: 2023-04-20 15:30A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco FXOS Software and Cisco NX-OS Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker with administrator credentials to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system of an affected device with elevated privileges. The vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of arguments passed to certain CLI commands. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by including malicious input as the argument of an affected command. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system with elevated privileges. An attacker would need valid administrator credentials to exploit this vulnerability. NX-OS versions prior to 8.3(1) are affected. NX-OS versions prior to 8.3(1) are affected.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-1780"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-05-16T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco FXOS Software and Cisco NX-OS Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker with administrator credentials to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system of an affected device with elevated privileges. The vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of arguments passed to certain CLI commands. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by including malicious input as the argument of an affected command. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system with elevated privileges. An attacker would need valid administrator credentials to exploit this vulnerability. NX-OS versions prior to 8.3(1) are affected. NX-OS versions prior to 8.3(1) are affected.",
"id": "GHSA-gc5x-4wfj-5f6h",
"modified": "2023-04-20T15:30:20Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:45:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1780"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20190515-nxos-fxos-cmdinj-1780"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/108392"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GF8C-VH34-8JV5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:01 – Updated: 2022-07-13 00:00Exim 4 before 4.94.2 has Improper Neutralization of Line Delimiters, relevant in non-default configurations that enable Delivery Status Notification (DSN). Certain uses of ORCPT= can place a newline into a spool header file, and indirectly allow unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands as root.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-28026"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-05-06T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Exim 4 before 4.94.2 has Improper Neutralization of Line Delimiters, relevant in non-default configurations that enable Delivery Status Notification (DSN). Certain uses of ORCPT= can place a newline into a spool header file, and indirectly allow unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands as root.",
"id": "GHSA-gf8c-vh34-8jv5",
"modified": "2022-07-13T00:00:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:01:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-28026"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exim.org/static/doc/security/CVE-2020-qualys/CVE-2020-28026-FGETS.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GH85-7C93-RFH2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-24 03:30 – Updated: 2026-01-26 18:31Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection') vulnerability in Salesforce Marketing Cloud Engagement (CloudPagesUrl module) allows Web Services Protocol Manipulation. This issue affects Marketing Cloud Engagement: before January 21st, 2026.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-22583"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-88"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-24T01:15:50Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command (\u0027Argument Injection\u0027) vulnerability in Salesforce Marketing Cloud Engagement (CloudPagesUrl module) allows Web Services Protocol Manipulation. This issue affects Marketing Cloud Engagement: before January 21st, 2026.",
"id": "GHSA-gh85-7c93-rfh2",
"modified": "2026-01-26T18:31:29Z",
"published": "2026-01-24T03:30:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-22583"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://help.salesforce.com/s/articleView?id=005299346\u0026type=1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Parameterization
Where possible, avoid building a single string that contains the command and its arguments. Some languages or frameworks have functions that support specifying independent arguments, e.g. as an array, which is used to automatically perform the appropriate quoting or escaping while building the command. For example, in PHP, escapeshellarg() can be used to escape a single argument to system(), or exec() can be called with an array of arguments. In C, code can often be refactored from using system() - which accepts a single string - to using exec(), which requires separate function arguments for each parameter.
Mitigation
Strategy: Input Validation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your product: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, request headers as well as content, URL components, e-mail, files, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Perform input validation at well-defined interfaces.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Directly convert your input type into the expected data type, such as using a conversion function that translates a string into a number. After converting to the expected data type, ensure that the input's values fall within the expected range of allowable values and that multi-field consistencies are maintained.
Mitigation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
- Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Mitigation
When your application combines data from multiple sources, perform the validation after the sources have been combined. The individual data elements may pass the validation step but violate the intended restrictions after they have been combined.
Mitigation
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
CAPEC-137: Parameter Injection
An adversary manipulates the content of request parameters for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some parameter encodings use text characters as separators. For example, parameters in a HTTP GET message are encoded as name-value pairs separated by an ampersand (&). If an attacker can supply text strings that are used to fill in these parameters, then they can inject special characters used in the encoding scheme to add or modify parameters. For example, if user input is fed directly into an HTTP GET request and the user provides the value "myInput&new_param=myValue", then the input parameter is set to myInput, but a new parameter (new_param) is also added with a value of myValue. This can significantly change the meaning of the query that is processed by the server. Any encoding scheme where parameters are identified and separated by text characters is potentially vulnerable to this attack - the HTTP GET encoding used above is just one example.
CAPEC-174: Flash Parameter Injection
An adversary takes advantage of improper data validation to inject malicious global parameters into a Flash file embedded within an HTML document. Flash files can leverage user-submitted data to configure the Flash document and access the embedding HTML document.
CAPEC-41: Using Meta-characters in E-mail Headers to Inject Malicious Payloads
This type of attack involves an attacker leveraging meta-characters in email headers to inject improper behavior into email programs. Email software has become increasingly sophisticated and feature-rich. In addition, email applications are ubiquitous and connected directly to the Web making them ideal targets to launch and propagate attacks. As the user demand for new functionality in email applications grows, they become more like browsers with complex rendering and plug in routines. As more email functionality is included and abstracted from the user, this creates opportunities for attackers. Virtually all email applications do not list email header information by default, however the email header contains valuable attacker vectors for the attacker to exploit particularly if the behavior of the email client application is known. Meta-characters are hidden from the user, but can contain scripts, enumerations, probes, and other attacks against the user's system.
CAPEC-460: HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP)
An adversary adds duplicate HTTP GET/POST parameters by injecting query string delimiters. Via HPP it may be possible to override existing hardcoded HTTP parameters, modify the application behaviors, access and, potentially exploit, uncontrollable variables, and bypass input validation checkpoints and WAF rules.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.