Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-116
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
721 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-6MGF-V5J7-45CR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-09 19:54 – Updated: 2026-03-30 13:31
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw: fetch-guard forwards custom authorization headers across cross-origin redirects
Details
OpenClaw's fetchWithSsrFGuard(...) followed cross-origin redirects while preserving arbitrary caller-supplied headers except for a narrow denylist (Authorization, Proxy-Authorization, Cookie, Cookie2). This allowed custom authorization headers such as X-Api-Key, Private-Token, and similar sensitive headers to be forwarded to a different origin after a redirect.
The fix switches cross-origin redirect handling from a narrow sensitive-header denylist to a safe-header allowlist, so only benign headers such as content negotiation and cache validators survive an origin change.
Affected Packages / Versions
- Package:
openclaw(npm) - Affected versions:
<= 2026.3.2 - Patched version:
2026.3.7 - Latest published npm version at patch time:
2026.3.2
Impact
A remote service that could trigger a redirect across origins could receive custom authorization credentials attached by OpenClaw callers. This can expose API keys, bearer-style custom headers, or private token headers intended only for the original destination.
Fix Commit(s)
46715371b0612a6f9114dffd1466941ac476cef5
Verification
pnpm checkpassedpnpm test:fastpassed- Focused redirect regression tests passed
pnpm exec vitest run --config vitest.gateway.config.tsstill has unrelated current-mainfailures insrc/gateway/server-channels.test.tsandsrc/gateway/server-methods/agents-mutate.test.ts
Release Process Note
npm 2026.3.7 was published on March 8, 2026. This advisory is fixed in the released package.
Thanks @Rickidevs for reporting.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.3.2"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.3.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32913"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-184",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-09T19:54:20Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-23T22:16:30Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "OpenClaw\u0027s `fetchWithSsrFGuard(...)` followed cross-origin redirects while preserving arbitrary caller-supplied headers except for a narrow denylist (`Authorization`, `Proxy-Authorization`, `Cookie`, `Cookie2`). This allowed custom authorization headers such as `X-Api-Key`, `Private-Token`, and similar sensitive headers to be forwarded to a different origin after a redirect.\n\nThe fix switches cross-origin redirect handling from a narrow sensitive-header denylist to a safe-header allowlist, so only benign headers such as content negotiation and cache validators survive an origin change.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected versions: `\u003c= 2026.3.2`\n- Patched version: `2026.3.7`\n- Latest published npm version at patch time: `2026.3.2`\n\n## Impact\n\nA remote service that could trigger a redirect across origins could receive custom authorization credentials attached by OpenClaw callers. This can expose API keys, bearer-style custom headers, or private token headers intended only for the original destination.\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `46715371b0612a6f9114dffd1466941ac476cef5`\n\n## Verification\n\n- `pnpm check` passed\n- `pnpm test:fast` passed\n- Focused redirect regression tests passed\n- `pnpm exec vitest run --config vitest.gateway.config.ts` still has unrelated current-`main` failures in `src/gateway/server-channels.test.ts` and `src/gateway/server-methods/agents-mutate.test.ts`\n\n## Release Process Note\n\nnpm `2026.3.7` was published on March 8, 2026. This advisory is fixed in the released package.\n\nThanks @Rickidevs for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-6mgf-v5j7-45cr",
"modified": "2026-03-30T13:31:55Z",
"published": "2026-03-09T19:54:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-6mgf-v5j7-45cr"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32913"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/46715371b0612a6f9114dffd1466941ac476cef5"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/releases/tag/v2026.3.7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-mar-custom-authorization-header-leakage-via-cross-origin-redirects"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw: fetch-guard forwards custom authorization headers across cross-origin redirects"
}
GHSA-6R82-WMJX-MX6J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-02 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:30
VLAI
Details
An attacker could have caused memory corruption and a potentially exploitable use-after-free of a pointer in a global object's debugger vector. This vulnerability affects Firefox for Android < 112, Firefox < 112, and Focus for Android < 112.
Severity
8.8 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-29543"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-416"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-02T17:15:12Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An attacker could have caused memory corruption and a potentially exploitable use-after-free of a pointer in a global object\u0027s debugger vector. This vulnerability affects Firefox for Android \u003c 112, Firefox \u003c 112, and Focus for Android \u003c 112.",
"id": "GHSA-6r82-wmjx-mx6j",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:30:44Z",
"published": "2023-06-02T18:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-29543"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1816158"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2023-13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6VHM-RFMV-GF4J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:27 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:27
VLAI
Details
contrib/completion/git-prompt.sh in Git before 1.9.3 does not sanitize branch names in the PS1 variable, allowing a malicious repository to cause code execution.
Severity
8.8 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-9938"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-03-20T00:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "contrib/completion/git-prompt.sh in Git before 1.9.3 does not sanitize branch names in the PS1 variable, allowing a malicious repository to cause code execution.",
"id": "GHSA-6vhm-rfmv-gf4j",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:27:07Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:27:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-9938"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/git/git/commit/8976500cbbb13270398d3b3e07a17b8cc7bff43f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:2004"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/njhartwell/pw3nage"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6VM3-JJ99-7229
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-27 21:30 – Updated: 2023-01-10 15:56
VLAI
Summary
Gin's default logger allows unsanitized input that can allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary log lines
Details
Gin is a HTTP web framework written in Go (Golang). Unsanitized input in the default logger in github.com/gin-gonic/gin before v1.6.0 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary log lines.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.6.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36567"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-117"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-30T00:56:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-27T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Gin is a HTTP web framework written in Go (Golang). Unsanitized input in the default logger in github.com/gin-gonic/gin before v1.6.0 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary log lines.",
"id": "GHSA-6vm3-jj99-7229",
"modified": "2023-01-10T15:56:22Z",
"published": "2022-12-27T21:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36567"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/2237"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/commit/a71af9c144f9579f6dbe945341c1df37aaf09c0d"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2020-0001"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Gin\u0027s default logger allows unsanitized input that can allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary log lines"
}
GHSA-6VV2-X5QJ-VQ7G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-02 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-06 00:00
VLAI
Details
The Featured Image from URL (FIFU) WordPress plugin before 4.0.0 does not have CSRF check in place when updating its settings, which could allow attackers to make a logged in admin change them via a CSRF attack. Furthermore, due to the lack of validation, sanitisation and escaping in some of them, it could also lead to Stored XSS issues
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-2241"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-352"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-01T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Featured Image from URL (FIFU) WordPress plugin before 4.0.0 does not have CSRF check in place when updating its settings, which could allow attackers to make a logged in admin change them via a CSRF attack. Furthermore, due to the lack of validation, sanitisation and escaping in some of them, it could also lead to Stored XSS issues",
"id": "GHSA-6vv2-x5qj-vq7g",
"modified": "2022-08-06T00:00:37Z",
"published": "2022-08-02T00:00:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-2241"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/8670d196-972b-491b-8d9b-25994a345f57"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6W8H-26XX-CF8Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-21 22:37 – Updated: 2022-11-21 22:37
VLAI
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection') in org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-menu-ui
Details
Impact
Any user with view rights on commonly accessible documents including the menu macro can execute arbitrary Groovy, Python or Velocity code in XWiki leading to full access to the XWiki installation due to improper escaping of the macro content and parameters of the menu macro.
The issue can be demonstrated by opening <server>/xwiki/bin/view/Main?sheet=CKEditor.HTMLConverter&language=en&sourceSyntax=xwiki%2F2.1&stripHTMLEnvelope=true&fromHTML=false&toHTML=true&text=%7B%7Bmenu%7D%7D%7B%7Bcache+id%3D%22menuMacro%22%7D%7D%7B%7Bgroovy%7D%7Dprintln%28%22Hello+from+Groovy%21%22%29%7B%7B%2Fgroovy%7D%7D%7B%7B%2Fcache%7D%7D%7B%7B%2Fmenu%7D%7D where <server> is the URL of the XWiki installation. If this displays "Hello from Groovy!", the installation is vulnerable.
Patches
The problem has been patched in XWiki 14.6RC1, 13.10.8 and 14.4.3.
Workarounds
The patch for the document Menu.MenuMacro can be manually applied or a XAR archive of a patched version can be imported. The menu macro was basically unchanged since XWiki 11.6 so on XWiki 11.6 or later the patch for version of 13.10.8 can most likely be applied, on XWiki version 14.0 and later the versions in XWiki 14.6 and 14.4.3 should be appropriate.
References
- https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/2fc20891e6c6b0ca05ee07e315e7f435e8919f8d
- https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-19857
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in Jira XWiki.org * Email us at Security Mailing List
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-menu-ui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "13.10.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-menu-ui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "14.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "14.4.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-41934"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-74"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-11-21T22:37:27Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-23T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Impact\nAny user with view rights on commonly accessible documents including the menu macro can execute arbitrary Groovy, Python or Velocity code in XWiki leading to full access to the XWiki installation due to improper escaping of the macro content and parameters of the menu macro.\n\nThe issue can be demonstrated by opening `\u003cserver\u003e/xwiki/bin/view/Main?sheet=CKEditor.HTMLConverter\u0026language=en\u0026sourceSyntax=xwiki%2F2.1\u0026stripHTMLEnvelope=true\u0026fromHTML=false\u0026toHTML=true\u0026text=%7B%7Bmenu%7D%7D%7B%7Bcache+id%3D%22menuMacro%22%7D%7D%7B%7Bgroovy%7D%7Dprintln%28%22Hello+from+Groovy%21%22%29%7B%7B%2Fgroovy%7D%7D%7B%7B%2Fcache%7D%7D%7B%7B%2Fmenu%7D%7D` where `\u003cserver\u003e` is the URL of the XWiki installation. If this displays \"Hello from Groovy!\", the installation is vulnerable.\n\n### Patches\nThe problem has been patched in XWiki 14.6RC1, 13.10.8 and 14.4.3.\n\n### Workarounds\nThe [patch](https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/2fc20891e6c6b0ca05ee07e315e7f435e8919f8d) for the document `Menu.MenuMacro` can be manually applied or a XAR archive of a patched version can be [imported](https://www.xwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Documentation/UserGuide/Features/Imports#HImportingXWikipages). The menu macro was basically unchanged since XWiki 11.6 so on XWiki 11.6 or later the [patch for version of 13.10.8](https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/59ccca24a8465a19f40c51d65fcc2c09c1edea16) can most likely be applied, on XWiki version 14.0 and later the versions in XWiki 14.6 and 14.4.3 should be appropriate.\n\n### References\n* https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/2fc20891e6c6b0ca05ee07e315e7f435e8919f8d\n* https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-19857\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in [Jira XWiki.org](https://jira.xwiki.org/)\n* Email us at [Security Mailing List](mailto:security@xwiki.org)\n",
"id": "GHSA-6w8h-26xx-cf8q",
"modified": "2022-11-21T22:37:27Z",
"published": "2022-11-21T22:37:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/security/advisories/GHSA-6w8h-26xx-cf8q"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-41934"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/2fc20891e6c6b0ca05ee07e315e7f435e8919f8d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/59ccca24a8465a19f40c51d65fcc2c09c1edea16"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-19857"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.xwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Documentation/UserGuide/Features/Imports#HImportingXWikipages"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code (\u0027Eval Injection\u0027) in org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-menu-ui"
}
GHSA-6X6Q-GHQW-XCMG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-13 21:30 – Updated: 2023-01-23 18:30
VLAI
Details
A vulnerability was found in gitlearn. It has been declared as problematic. This vulnerability affects the function getGrade/getOutOf of the file scripts/config.sh of the component Escape Sequence Handler. The manipulation leads to injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The name of the patch is 3faa5deaa509012069afe75cd03c21bda5050a64. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. VDB-218302 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-10040"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-74"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-13T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in gitlearn. It has been declared as problematic. This vulnerability affects the function getGrade/getOutOf of the file scripts/config.sh of the component Escape Sequence Handler. The manipulation leads to injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The name of the patch is 3faa5deaa509012069afe75cd03c21bda5050a64. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. VDB-218302 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-6x6q-ghqw-xcmg",
"modified": "2023-01-23T18:30:19Z",
"published": "2023-01-13T21:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-10040"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mikeizbicki/gitlearn/pull/31"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mikeizbicki/gitlearn/commit/3faa5deaa509012069afe75cd03c21bda5050a64"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.218302"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.218302"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6XG5-VVC4-9MRX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-05 21:30 – Updated: 2024-03-05 21:30
VLAI
Details
IBM Aspera Faspex 5.0.0 and 5.0.1 is vulnerable to HTTP header injection, caused by improper validation of input by the HOST headers. This could allow an attacker to conduct various attacks against the vulnerable system, including cross-site scripting, cache poisoning or session hijacking. IBM X-Force ID: 222562.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-22399"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-644"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-05T20:16:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Aspera Faspex 5.0.0 and 5.0.1 is vulnerable to HTTP header injection, caused by improper validation of input by the HOST headers. This could allow an attacker to conduct various attacks against the vulnerable system, including cross-site scripting, cache poisoning or session hijacking. IBM X-Force ID: 222562.",
"id": "GHSA-6xg5-vvc4-9mrx",
"modified": "2024-03-05T21:30:25Z",
"published": "2024-03-05T21:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-22399"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/222562"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6618959"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7458-M52P-XFQF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:11 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:11
VLAI
Details
The MiCollab Client Service component in Mitel MiCollab before 9.3 could allow an attacker to view sensitive system information through an HTTP response due to insufficient output sanitization.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-32067"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-13T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The MiCollab Client Service component in Mitel MiCollab before 9.3 could allow an attacker to view sensitive system information through an HTTP response due to insufficient output sanitization.",
"id": "GHSA-7458-m52p-xfqf",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:11:05Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:11:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-32067"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mitel.com/support/security-advisories"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mitel.com/support/security-advisories/mitel-product-security-advisory-21-0005"
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GHSA-74JP-VM22-8Q8X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-20 23:02 – Updated: 2026-07-20 23:02
VLAI
Summary
Microsoft Security Advisory CVE-2026-50659 – .NET Spoofing Vulnerability
Details
Executive summary
Microsoft is releasing this security advisory to provide information about a vulnerability in .NET SMTP client (System.Net.Mail). This advisory also provides guidance on what developers can do to update their applications to remove this vulnerability.
A spoofing vulnerability exists in the SMTP client implementation (System.Net.Mail) in .NET 8, .NET 9, and .NET 10, where an attacker can spoof messages during message routing.
Announcement
Announcement for this issue can be found at https://github.com/dotnet/announcements/issues/TBD
CVSS Details
- Version: 3.1
- Severity: Medium
- Score: 6.5
- Vector:
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N - Weakness: CWE-116 (Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output)
Affected Platforms
- Platforms: All
- Architectures: All
Affected Packages
The vulnerability affects any Microsoft .NET project if it uses any of affected package versions listed below
.NET 10.0
| Package name | Affected version | Patched version |
|---|---|---|
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm64 | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm64 | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-x64 | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-x64 | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-arm64 | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-x64 | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm64 | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x64 | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x86 | >= 10.0.0, <= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10 |
.NET 9.0
| Package name | Affected version | Patched version |
|---|---|---|
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm64 | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm64 | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-x64 | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-x64 | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-arm64 | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-x64 | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm64 | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x64 | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x86 | >= 9.0.0, <= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18 |
.NET 8.0
| Package name | Affected version | Patched version |
|---|---|---|
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm64 | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm64 | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-x64 | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-x64 | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-arm64 | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-x64 | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm64 | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x64 | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
| Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x86 | >= 8.0.0, <= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29 |
Advisory FAQ
How do I know if I am affected?
If using a package listed in affected packages, you're exposed to the vulnerability.
How do I fix the issue?
- To fix the issue please install the latest version of .NET. If you have installed one or more .NET SDKs through Visual Studio, Visual Studio will prompt you to update Visual Studio, which will also update your .NET SDKs.
- If your application references the vulnerable nuget package, update the package reference to the patched version. You can list the versions you have installed by running the
dotnet --infocommand.
Once you have installed the updated runtime or SDK, restart your apps for the update to take effect.
Additionally, if you've deployed self-contained applications targeting any of the impacted versions, these applications are also vulnerable and must be recompiled and redeployed.
Other Information
Reporting Security Issues
If you have found a potential security issue in a supported version of .NET, please report it to the Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC) via the MSRC Researcher Portal. Further information can be found in the MSRC Report an Issue FAQ.
Security reports made through MSRC may qualify for the Microsoft .NET Bounty. Details of the Microsoft .NET Bounty Program including terms and conditions are at https://aka.ms/corebounty.
Support
You can ask questions about this issue on GitHub in the .NET GitHub organization. The main repos are located at https://github.com/dotnet/runtime. The Announcements repo (https://github.com/dotnet/Announcements) will contain this bulletin as an issue and will include a link to a discussion issue. You can ask questions in the linked discussion issue.
Disclaimer
The information provided in this advisory is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. Microsoft disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers be liable for any damages whatsoever including direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, loss of business profits or special damages, even if Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers have been advised of the possibility of such damages. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages so the foregoing limitation may not apply.
External Links
Acknowledgements
hamayanhamayan
Revisions
V1.0 (July 14, 2026): Advisory published.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
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},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm64"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.0.29"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 8.0.28"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x64"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.0.29"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 8.0.28"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x86"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "8.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.0.29"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-50659"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-20T23:02:29Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T20:17:38Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Executive summary\n\nMicrosoft is releasing this security advisory to provide information about a vulnerability in .NET SMTP client (System.Net.Mail). This advisory also provides guidance on what developers can do to update their applications to remove this vulnerability.\n\nA spoofing vulnerability exists in the SMTP client implementation (System.Net.Mail) in .NET 8, .NET 9, and .NET 10, where an attacker can spoof messages during message routing.\n\n## Announcement\n\nAnnouncement for this issue can be found at https://github.com/dotnet/announcements/issues/**TBD**\n\n## CVSS Details\n\n- **Version:** 3.1\n- **Severity:** Medium\n- **Score:** 6.5\n- **Vector:** `CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N`\n- **Weakness:** CWE-116 (Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output)\n\n## Affected Platforms\n\n- **Platforms:** All\n- **Architectures:** All\n\n## \u003ca name=\"affected-packages\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eAffected Packages\nThe vulnerability affects any Microsoft .NET project if it uses any of affected package versions listed below\n\n### \u003ca name=\".NET 10.0\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.NET 10.0\nPackage name | Affected version | Patched version\n------------ | ---------------- | -------------------------\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm64) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm64) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-x64) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-x64) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-arm64) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-x64) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm64) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x64) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x86](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x86) | \u003e= 10.0.0, \u003c= 10.0.9 | 10.0.10\n\n### \u003ca name=\".NET 9.0\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.NET 9.0\nPackage name | Affected version | Patched version\n------------ | ---------------- | -------------------------\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm64) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm64) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-x64) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-x64) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-arm64) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-x64) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm64) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x64) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x86](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x86) | \u003e= 9.0.0, \u003c= 9.0.17 | 9.0.18\n\n### \u003ca name=\".NET 8.0\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.NET 8.0\nPackage name | Affected version | Patched version\n------------ | ---------------- | -------------------------\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-arm64) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-arm64) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-musl-x64) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.linux-x64) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-arm64) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.osx-x64) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-arm64) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x64](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x64) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n[Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x86](https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.NetCore.App.Runtime.win-x86) | \u003e= 8.0.0, \u003c= 8.0.28 | 8.0.29\n\n## Advisory FAQ\n\n### \u003ca name=\"how-affected\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow do I know if I am affected?\n\nIf using a package listed in [affected packages](#affected-packages), you\u0027re exposed to the vulnerability.\n\n### \u003ca name=\"how-fix\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003eHow do I fix the issue?\n\n1. To fix the issue please install the latest version of .NET. If you have installed one or more .NET SDKs through Visual Studio, Visual Studio will prompt you to update Visual Studio, which will also update your .NET SDKs.\n2. If your application references the vulnerable nuget package, update the package reference to the patched version. You can list the versions you have installed by running the `dotnet --info` command.\n\nOnce you have installed the updated runtime or SDK, restart your apps for the update to take effect.\n\nAdditionally, if you\u0027ve deployed [self-contained applications](https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/core/deploying/#self-contained-deployments-scd) targeting any of the impacted versions, these applications are also vulnerable and must be recompiled and redeployed.\n\n## Other Information\n\n### Reporting Security Issues\n\nIf you have found a potential security issue in a supported version of .NET, please report it to the Microsoft Security Response Center (MSRC) via the [MSRC Researcher Portal](https://msrc.microsoft.com/report/vulnerability/new). Further information can be found in the MSRC [Report an Issue FAQ](https://www.microsoft.com/msrc/faqs-report-an-issue).\n\nSecurity reports made through MSRC may qualify for the Microsoft .NET Bounty. Details of the Microsoft .NET Bounty Program including terms and conditions are at https://aka.ms/corebounty.\n\n### Support\n\nYou can ask questions about this issue on GitHub in the .NET GitHub organization. The main repos are located at https://github.com/dotnet/runtime. The Announcements repo (https://github.com/dotnet/Announcements) will contain this bulletin as an issue and will include a link to a discussion issue. You can ask questions in the linked discussion issue.\n\n### Disclaimer\n\nThe information provided in this advisory is provided \"as is\" without warranty of any kind. Microsoft disclaims all warranties, either express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers be liable for any damages whatsoever including direct, indirect, incidental, consequential, loss of business profits or special damages, even if Microsoft Corporation or its suppliers have been advised of the possibility of such damages. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages so the foregoing limitation may not apply.\n\n### External Links\n\n[CVE-2026-50659]( https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-50659)\n\n### Acknowledgements\n\nhamayanhamayan\n\n### Revisions\n\nV1.0 (July 14, 2026): Advisory published.",
"id": "GHSA-74jp-vm22-8q8x",
"modified": "2026-07-20T23:02:30Z",
"published": "2026-07-20T23:02:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/security/advisories/GHSA-74jp-vm22-8q8x"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-50659"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dotnet/announcements/issues/423"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/issues/130716"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/dotnet/runtime"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-50659"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Microsoft Security Advisory CVE-2026-50659 \u2013 .NET Spoofing Vulnerability"
}
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Requirements
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.