Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-116

Weakness Allowed-with-Review

Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.

Dimensions

  • Behavior-Type: Encoding or Escaping
  • Behavior-Property: Improper
  • Other: Output
Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is a Class and might have Base-level children that would be more appropriate

Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-707 · View CWE-1000
CanPrecede: CWE-74 · View CWE-1000
Modes of introduction
Implementation
Operation
Detection methods

Automated Static Analysis

This weakness can often be detected using automated static analysis tools. Many modern tools use data flow analysis or constraint-based techniques to minimize the number of false positives.

Effectiveness: Moderate

This is not a perfect solution, since 100% accuracy and coverage are not feasible.

Automated Dynamic Analysis

This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.

Notes

Maintenance · CWE 5.0 · 2026-10-28

The relationships between encoding/escaping as a protection mechanism (CWE-116) and its contribution to injection (CWE-74) needs to be better clarified in this entry and others.

Relationship

This weakness can be primary to all weaknesses related to injection (CWE-74) since the inherent nature of injection involves the violation of structured messages.

Relationship

CWE-116 and CWE-20 have a close association because, depending on the nature of the structured message, proper input validation can indirectly prevent special characters from changing the meaning of a structured message. For example, by validating that a numeric ID field should only contain the 0-9 characters, the programmer effectively prevents injection attacks.

However, input validation is not always sufficient, especially when less stringent data types must be supported, such as free-form text. Consider a SQL injection scenario in which a last name is inserted into a query. The name "O'Reilly" would likely pass the validation step since it is a common last name in the English language. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the database because it contains the "'" apostrophe character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise neutralized. In this case, stripping the apostrophe might reduce the risk of SQL injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the wrong name would be recorded.

Terminology

The usage of the "encoding" and "escaping" terms varies widely. For example, in some programming languages, the terms are used interchangeably, while other languages provide APIs that use both terms for different tasks. This overlapping usage extends to the Web, such as the "escape" JavaScript function whose purpose is stated to be encoding. The concepts of encoding and escaping predate the Web by decades. Given such a context, it is difficult for CWE to adopt a consistent vocabulary that will not be misinterpreted by some constituency.

Theoretical

This is a data/directive boundary error in which data boundaries are not sufficiently enforced before it is sent to a different control sphere.

Research Gap

While many published vulnerabilities are related to insufficient output encoding, there is such an emphasis on input validation as a protection mechanism that the underlying causes are rarely described. Within CVE, the focus is primarily on well-understood issues like cross-site scripting and SQL injection. It is likely that this weakness frequently occurs in custom protocols that support multiple encodings, which are not necessarily detectable with automated techniques.

Content history
Submission: CWE Community · 2006-07-19 · CWE Draft 3

Submitted by members of the CWE community to extend early CWE versions

Modification: Sean Eidemiller · Cigital · 2008-07-01 · CWE 1.0

added/updated demonstrative examples

Modification: Eric Dalci · Cigital · 2008-07-01 · CWE 1.0

updated Time_of_Introduction

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Name, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-01-12 · CWE 1.2

updated Alternate_Terms, Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Name, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationship_Notes, Relationships, Research_Gaps, Terminology_Notes, Theoretical_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-03-10 · CWE 1.3

updated Description, Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-05-27 · CWE 1.4

updated Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-07-27 · CWE 1.5

updated Demonstrative_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-10-29 · CWE 1.6

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-12-28 · CWE 1.7

updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-02-16 · CWE 1.8

updated Detection_Factors, Potential_Mitigations, References, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-04-05 · CWE 1.8.1

updated Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2010-06-21 · CWE 1.9

updated Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-03-29 · CWE 1.12

updated Relationship_Notes, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-09-13 · CWE 2.1

updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-10-30 · CWE 2.3

updated Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-06-23 · CWE 2.7

updated References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2015-12-07 · CWE 2.9

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-01-19 · CWE 2.10

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-05-03 · CWE 2.11

updated Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Likelihood_of_Exploit, References, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2018-03-27 · CWE 3.1

updated References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-01-03 · CWE 3.2

updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-06-20 · CWE 3.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-03-15 · CWE 4.4

updated Relationships, Terminology_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-10-28 · CWE 4.6

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2022-10-13 · CWE 4.9

updated Observed_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-01-31 · CWE 4.10

updated Description

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated References, Relationships, Time_of_Introduction

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2024-07-16 · CWE 4.15

updated Applicable_Platforms

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-09-09 · CWE 4.18

updated References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-04-30 · CWE 4.20

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Applicable_Platforms, Background_Details, Common_Consequences, Description, Dimensions, References, Relationship_Notes, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

842 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-120647 (GCVE-0-2026-120647)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 23:41 – Updated: 2026-11-03 23:41
VLAI
Title
CGI versions before 5.00 for Perl allow Content-Disposition parameter injection via unescaped double quotes in the header attachment filename
Summary
CGI versions before 5.00 for Perl allow Content-Disposition parameter injection via unescaped double quotes in the header attachment filename. header(-attachment => $name) writes $name into the quoted filename parameter of Content-Disposition without escaping double quotes. An application that passes request data as the attachment name can be made to send a second filename parameter, changing the name the response is saved under.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
CPANSec CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard C 61/100 over 365 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 0 , < 5.00 (custom)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-120644 (GCVE-0-2026-120644)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 23:40 – Updated: 2026-11-03 23:40
VLAI
Title
CGI::Cookie versions before 5.00 for Perl allow cookie attribute injection via unvalidated path, domain and expires values
Summary
CGI::Cookie versions before 5.00 for Perl allow cookie attribute injection via unvalidated path, domain and expires values. The path, domain and expires values are written into the Set-Cookie header without checking for semicolons or control characters. An application that sets them from request data can be made to add other cookie attributes, such as Domain or SameSite.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
CPANSec CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard C 61/100 over 365 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Affected: 0 , < 5.00 (custom)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-118257 (GCVE-0-2026-118257)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-28 18:23 – Updated: 2026-10-29 20:55
VLAI
Title
Vue I18n: escapeParameter does not prevent XSS through srcdoc in translation messages
Summary
Vue I18n is the internationalization plugin for Vue.js. From 11.1.10 until 11.4.14 and from 12.0.0-alpha.4 until 12.0.0-alpha.5, sanitizeTranslatedHtml() escapes markup and event-handler text inside an iframe srcdoc value but leaves the srcdoc attribute active. Browsers decode the character references and parse the value as a same-origin nested HTML document, allowing attacker-controlled parameters or translation content placed in srcdoc to execute script when applications enable escapeParameter and render translations as HTML through v-html. Versions 9.14.5 and 10.0.8 are also affected and are no longer supported, while i18n-t rendering is not affected. This issue is fixed in versions 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5.
Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-29 15:43 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 8094 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
intlify vue-i18n Affected: = 9.14.5
Affected: = 10.0.8
Affected: >= 11.1.10, < 11.4.14
Affected: >= 12.0.0-alpha.4, < 12.0.0-alpha.5
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-118256 (GCVE-0-2026-118256)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-28 18:20 – Updated: 2026-10-30 14:19
VLAI
Title
Vue I18n: `escapeParameter` does not escape named values when the same call also passes a list
Summary
Vue I18n is the internationalization plugin for Vue.js. From 9.0.0-beta.5 until 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5, enabling escapeParameter, called escapeParameterHtml in the Legacy API, does not escape named interpolation values when the same translation call supplies both list and named values because escapeParams() processes only the list branch. Applications that render translations as HTML and pass untrusted named values with a list can insert attacker-controlled markup, including phishing links, forms, and layout changes, and can permit script execution when combined with the srcdoc sanitizer bypass or on releases without the sanitizer. This issue is fixed in versions 11.4.14 and 12.0.0-alpha.5.
Severity
2.1 (Low)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 14:19 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 8094 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
intlify vue-i18n Affected: >= 9.0.0-beta.5, < 11.4.14
Affected: >= 12.0.0-alpha.1, < 12.0.0-alpha.5
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Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-116815 (GCVE-0-2026-116815)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 23:05 – Updated: 2026-10-31 02:10
VLAI
Title
OpenPanel before 3.0.0 Improper ClickHouse Escaping in sankey.service.ts
Summary
OpenPanel before 3.0.0 contains an improper escaping vulnerability in sankey.service.ts that allows authenticated project members to break ClickHouse string literals by supplying backslashes in event names. Attackers with read access can submit crafted events[].name values to the chart.sankey procedure, causing ClickHouse parse errors that disable the project's Sankey chart endpoint.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
4.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-31 02:10 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 7427 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Openpanel-dev openpanel Affected: 0 , < 3.0.0 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.0.0 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:openpanel:openpanel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-11 00:00
Credits
kta1kri
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-116582 (GCVE-0-2026-116582)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 20:46 – Updated: 2026-10-30 15:16
VLAI
Title
Seroval: Script injection through RegExp sources in serialized output
Summary
Seroval facilitates JavaScript value stringification, including complex structures beyond JSON.stringify capabilities. Prior to 1.0.0 and from 1.5.5 until 1.6.10, the JavaScript-output APIs serialize a RegExp source containing a less-than character without the escaping needed for an HTML script element. An application is affected when it builds regular expression syntax from untrusted input, serializes that RegExp through serialize, serializeAsync, crossSerialize, crossSerializeAsync, crossSerializeStream, Serializer, or compileJSON, and embeds the result in an HTML script element. The crafted source can terminate the element and execute script in the page received by another user. This issue is fixed in version 1.6.10.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 15:16 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 8094 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
lxsmnsyc seroval Affected: < 1.0.0
Affected: >= 1.5.5, < 1.6.10
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-114510 (GCVE-0-2026-114510)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 14:46 – Updated: 2026-10-30 19:16
VLAI
Title
Flexible GraphRAG: Cypher/Graph Injection via broken string-escaping in FalkorDB adapter (_escape()) - full graph wipe from ingested-document content
Summary
Flexible GraphRAG is a Python framework for building graph and retrieval-augmented generation applications across multiple graph, vector, and search backends. From 0.6.0 until 0.8.2, the _escape() helper in flexible-graphrag/langchain/graph/pg_store_adapters/falkordb_adapter.py escapes quotes before backslashes and then interpolates the result into Cypher assembled by FalkorDBAdapter.add_graph_documents, allowing an inserted escape to be doubled and a quote to terminate the string early. When GRAPH_BACKEND=langchain and GRAPH_DB=falkordb are configured, attacker-influenced ingested document content can cause the extraction model to produce malicious entity or relationship values that reach these queries, allowing injected Cypher clauses to modify or delete graph data and, when the calling code surfaces query results to the user or LLM, disclose graph data. Dynamic node and relationship type identifiers are also inserted into backtick-quoted query positions without safe parameterization. The LlamaIndex FalkorDB store is not affected. This issue is fixed in version 0.8.2.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 19:16 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
  • CWE-943 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 8094 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
stevereiner flexible-graphrag Affected: >= 0.6.0, < 0.8.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-113870 (GCVE-0-2026-113870)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 18:04 – Updated: 2026-10-30 18:23
VLAI
Title
Improper Encoding of Server-Supplied JavaScript Values in MongoDB Compass BSON Parsing
Summary
MongoDB Compass improperly escapes certain BSON values when converting a stored view’s aggregation pipeline into editable source. When a user connects to a MongoDB deployment containing a specially crafted view and opens that view for editing, the values can cause arbitrary code to execute with the privileges of the user running Compass.
Severity
8.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
8.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 18:22 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
mongodb CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 70/100 over 235 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MongoDB Compass Affected: 1.7.0 , < 1.49.15 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Hamza Amirache Hanaa Bouhia
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-113732 (GCVE-0-2026-113732)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-20 22:01 – Updated: 2026-10-27 13:26
VLAI
Title
virtualenv activate.fish runs commands from a path or prompt with a backslash before a quote
Summary
virtualenv is a tool for creating isolated virtual python environments. Prior to 21.14.2, FishActivator inherits ViaTemplateActivator.quote(), which uses POSIX shlex.quote() even though fish interprets backslashes and single quotes differently. An attacker-influenced environment path, --prompt, or VIRTUALENV_PROMPT value containing a backslash before a quote can therefore terminate the generated fish literal and execute command substitution when the user sources activate.fish. This issue is fixed in version 21.14.2.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-27 13:26 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 8094 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
pypa virtualenv Affected: < 21.14.2
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-113726 (GCVE-0-2026-113726)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-20 22:05 – Updated: 2026-10-27 21:31
VLAI
Title
virtualenv activate runs commands from the environment name in zsh with PROMPT_SUBST
Summary
virtualenv is a tool for creating isolated virtual python environments. Prior to 21.13.0, the bash activate script that zsh also sources leaves the environment name unescaped; from 21.13.0 until 21.14.4, it escapes backslashes, dollar signs, and backticks only when BASH_VERSION is set, so zsh receives the raw value. The script assigns that value to PS1. In zsh with PROMPT_SUBST, an attacker-influenced environment directory, --prompt, or VIRTUALENV_PROMPT value containing command, parameter, or arithmetic expansion syntax can therefore execute commands in the user's shell each time the prompt is drawn. A percent sign is separately interpreted as a zsh prompt escape but does not by itself execute commands. Plain zsh with PROMPT_SUBST disabled and bash are not affected by this mechanism. This issue is fixed in version 21.14.4.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-27 21:31 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 8094 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
pypa virtualenv Affected: < 21.14.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
  • Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

  • If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
  • For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design Implementation

Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).

Mitigation
Requirements

Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.

Mitigation
Implementation

When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.

CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting

An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.

CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename

An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.

CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering

Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.

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