CWE-116
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
612 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-GWGR-XQCV-PX29
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:23 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:32Multiple functions in NetApp OnCommand System Manager before 8.3.2 do not properly escape special characters, which allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary API calls via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-3063"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-02-07T17:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple functions in NetApp OnCommand System Manager before 8.3.2 do not properly escape special characters, which allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary API calls via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-gwgr-xqcv-px29",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:32:28Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:23:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3063"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netapp.com/support/s/article/cve-2016-3063-zapi-injection-vulnerability-in-oncommand-system-manager"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20160310-0004"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GX9W-3CV3-7X4R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-29 15:31 – Updated: 2025-11-03 21:33Due to insufficient escaping of the special characters in the "copy as cURL" feature, an attacker could trick a user into using this command, potentially leading to local code execution on the user's system. This bug only affects Firefox for Windows. Other versions of Firefox are unaffected. This vulnerability affects Firefox ESR < 128.10, Firefox ESR < 115.23, and Thunderbird ESR < 128.10.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-4084"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-29T14:15:35Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Due to insufficient escaping of the special characters in the \"copy as cURL\" feature, an attacker could trick a user into using this command, potentially leading to local code execution on the user\u0027s system.\n*This bug only affects Firefox for Windows. Other versions of Firefox are unaffected.* This vulnerability affects Firefox ESR \u003c 128.10, Firefox ESR \u003c 115.23, and Thunderbird ESR \u003c 128.10.",
"id": "GHSA-gx9w-3cv3-7x4r",
"modified": "2025-11-03T21:33:41Z",
"published": "2025-04-29T15:31:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4084"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/buglist.cgi?bug_id=1949994%2C1956698%2C1960198"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00022.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-29"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-30"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-32"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H24R-M9QC-PVPG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-06 12:30 – Updated: 2026-06-09 13:05An information disclosure flaw was found in ansible-core due to a failure to respect the ANSIBLE_NO_LOG configuration in some scenarios. It was discovered that information is still included in the output in certain tasks, such as loop items. Depending on the task, this issue may include sensitive information, such as decrypted secret values.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "ansible-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.14.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "ansible-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.16.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.16.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "ansible-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.15.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.15.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0690"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-117"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-06T20:26:17Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-06T12:15:55Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An information disclosure flaw was found in ansible-core due to a failure to respect the `ANSIBLE_NO_LOG` configuration in some scenarios. It was discovered that information is still included in the output in certain tasks, such as loop items. Depending on the task, this issue may include sensitive information, such as decrypted secret values.",
"id": "GHSA-h24r-m9qc-pvpg",
"modified": "2026-06-09T13:05:25Z",
"published": "2024-02-06T12:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0690"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/pull/82565"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/commit/6935c8e303440addd3871ecf8e04bde61080b032"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/commit/78db3a3de6b40fb52d216685ae7cb903c609c3e1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/commit/b9a03bbf5a63459468baf8895ff74a62e9be4532"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible/commit/beb04bc2642c208447c5a936f94310528a1946b1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0733"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:2246"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:3043"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2024-0690"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2259013"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ansible/ansible"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/ansible-core/PYSEC-2024-36.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IZQGCRDSZL7ONCULMB6ZUHOE4L44KIBP"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/VDYSWOCPZMNRU5LWKIEBW4WGWLMTU7WQ"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250117-0001"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Ansible-core information disclosure flaw"
}
GHSA-H2FX-27F9-5CR5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-26 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:22Interactive Forms (IAF) in GX Software XperienCentral versions 10.33.1 until 10.35.0 was vulnerable to invalid data input because form validation could be bypassed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-43713"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-20"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-26T14:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Interactive Forms (IAF) in GX Software XperienCentral versions 10.33.1 until 10.35.0 was vulnerable to invalid data input because form validation could be bypassed.",
"id": "GHSA-h2fx-27f9-5cr5",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:22:00Z",
"published": "2023-07-26T15:30:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43713"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://service.gxsoftware.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://service.gxsoftware.com/hc/nl/articles/12208173122461"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H383-GMXW-35V2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-10 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-14 00:10The Log4j1XmlLayout from the Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge fails to escape characters forbidden by the XML 1.0 standard, producing malformed XML output. Conforming XML parsers are required to reject documents containing such characters with a fatal error, which may cause downstream log processing systems to drop or fail to index affected records.
Two groups of users are affected:
- Those using
Log4j1XmlLayoutdirectly in a Log4j Core 2 configuration file. - Those using the Log4j 1 configuration compatibility layer with
org.apache.log4j.xml.XMLLayoutspecified as the layout class.
Users are advised to upgrade to Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge version 2.25.4, which corrects this issue.
[!NOTE] The Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge is deprecated and will not be present in Log4j 3. Users are encouraged to consult the Log4j 1 to Log4j 2 migration guide, and specifically the section on eliminating reliance on the bridge.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-1.2-api"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.7"
},
{
"fixed": "2.25.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-1.2-api"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.0.0-beta1"
},
{
"last_affected": "3.0.0-beta2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34479"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-14T00:10:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-10T16:16:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The `Log4j1XmlLayout` from the Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge fails to escape characters forbidden by the XML 1.0 standard, producing malformed XML output. Conforming XML parsers are required to reject documents containing such characters with a fatal error, which may cause downstream log processing systems to drop or fail to index affected records.\n\nTwo groups of users are affected:\n\n* Those using `Log4j1XmlLayout` directly in a Log4j Core 2 configuration file.\n* Those using the Log4j 1 configuration compatibility layer with `org.apache.log4j.xml.XMLLayout` specified as the layout class.\n\nUsers are advised to upgrade to Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge version `2.25.4`, which corrects this issue.\n\n\u003e [!NOTE]\n\u003e The Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge is deprecated and will not be present in Log4j 3. Users are encouraged to consult the\n\u003e [Log4j 1 to Log4j 2 migration guide](https://logging.apache.org/log4j/2.x/migrate-from-log4j1.html), and specifically the section on eliminating reliance on the bridge.",
"id": "GHSA-h383-gmxw-35v2",
"modified": "2026-04-14T00:10:59Z",
"published": "2026-04-10T18:31:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34479"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/logging-log4j2/pull/4078"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/logging-log4j2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/gd0hp6mj17rn3kj279vgy4p7kd4zz5on"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://logging.apache.org/cyclonedx/vdr.xml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://logging.apache.org/log4j/2.x/migrate-from-log4j1.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://logging.apache.org/security.html#CVE-2026-34479"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/04/10/8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Apache Log4j 1 to Log4j 2 bridge: silent log event loss in Log4j1XmlLayout due to unescaped XML 1.0 forbidden characters"
}
GHSA-H4C6-CM2M-H5F6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-05 00:31 – Updated: 2026-06-09 21:32A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Manager, formerly SD-WAN vManage, could allow an authenticated, local attacker to execute arbitrary commands as root by supplying a crafted file to the affected system.
This vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of user-supplied input. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by uploading a crafted file to the affected system. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to perform command injection attacks on an affected system and elevate their privileges as the root user. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have netadmin privileges on the affected system. This would require valid credentials or exploitation of or . Cisco is not aware of successful exploitation by other methods. Cisco has observed limited cases where the exploitation of this bug resulted in a configuration change pushed to edge devices. Cisco recommends that customers upgrade to the fixed software that is documented in the that was published on May 14, 2026, and verify the configuration of the edge devices.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-20245"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-04T23:17:31Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the CLI of Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Manager, formerly SD-WAN vManage, could allow an authenticated, local attacker to execute arbitrary commands as root by supplying a crafted file to the affected system.\n\nThis vulnerability is due to insufficient validation of user-supplied input. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by uploading a crafted file to the affected system. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to perform command injection attacks on an affected system and elevate their privileges as the root user.\nTo exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have netadmin privileges on the affected system. This would require valid credentials or exploitation of or . Cisco is not aware of successful exploitation by other methods. Cisco has observed limited cases where the exploitation of this bug resulted in a configuration change pushed to edge devices.\nCisco recommends that customers upgrade to the fixed software that is documented in the that was published on May 14, 2026, and verify the configuration of the edge devices.",
"id": "GHSA-h4c6-cm2m-h5f6",
"modified": "2026-06-09T21:32:21Z",
"published": "2026-06-05T00:31:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20245"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-sdwan-privesc-4uxFrdzx"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-sdwan-rpa2-v69WY2SW"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2026-20245"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H52H-3MWV-HVCQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:21 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:21A remote code execution vulnerability exists in Microsoft Dynamics 365 (on-premises) version 8 when the server fails to properly sanitize web requests to an affected Dynamics server, aka "Microsoft Dynamics 365 (on-premises) version 8 Remote Code Execution Vulnerability." This affects Microsoft Dynamics 365.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-8609"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-11-14T01:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote code execution vulnerability exists in Microsoft Dynamics 365 (on-premises) version 8 when the server fails to properly sanitize web requests to an affected Dynamics server, aka \"Microsoft Dynamics 365 (on-premises) version 8 Remote Code Execution Vulnerability.\" This affects Microsoft Dynamics 365.",
"id": "GHSA-h52h-3mwv-hvcq",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:21:02Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:21:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-8609"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2018-8609"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105894"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H8CH-JGJF-MM94
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-13 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:07Controller DoS due to stack overflow when decoding a message from the server
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-24480"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-787"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-13T11:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Controller DoS due to stack overflow when decoding a message from the server",
"id": "GHSA-h8ch-jgjf-mm94",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:07:04Z",
"published": "2023-07-13T12:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24480"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://process.honeywell.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HFCW-J543-XJP3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-28 21:30 – Updated: 2023-04-05 06:30ConEmu through 220807 and Cmder before 1.3.21 report the title of the terminal, including control characters, which allows an attacker to change the title and then execute it as commands.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-46387"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-28T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "ConEmu through 220807 and Cmder before 1.3.21 report the title of the terminal, including control characters, which allows an attacker to change the title and then execute it as commands.",
"id": "GHSA-hfcw-j543-xjp3",
"modified": "2023-04-05T06:30:19Z",
"published": "2023-03-28T21:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-46387"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/dgl/05ca60cdc7efc9e47bbc58d0c952635e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cmderdev/cmder/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HFVW-6R46-QM8F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-25 09:32 – Updated: 2024-10-25 09:32Sharp and Toshiba Tec MFPs improperly process query parameters in HTTP requests, which may allow contamination of unintended data to HTTP response headers. Accessing a crafted URL which points to an affected product may cause malicious script executed on the web browser.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47549"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-116",
"CWE-644"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-25T07:15:04Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Sharp and Toshiba Tec MFPs improperly process query parameters in HTTP requests, which may allow contamination of unintended data to HTTP response headers.\nAccessing a crafted URL which points to an affected product may cause malicious script executed on the web browser.",
"id": "GHSA-hfvw-6r46-qm8f",
"modified": "2024-10-25T09:32:00Z",
"published": "2024-10-25T09:32:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47549"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://global.sharp/products/copier/info/info_security_2024-10.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/vu/JVNVU95063136"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.toshibatec.com/information/20241025_01.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-4.3
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation MIT-27
Strategy: Parameterization
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.