CWE-1191
AllowedOn-Chip Debug and Test Interface With Improper Access Control
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The chip does not implement or does not correctly perform access control to check whether users are authorized to access internal registers and test modes through the physical debug/test interface.
35 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-P98G-V92R-Q4MR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-23 18:31 – Updated: 2025-11-10 15:31Enabled serial console could potentially leak information that might help attacker to find vulnerabilities.This issue affects BLU-IC2: through 1.19.5; BLU-IC4: through 1.19.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12114"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1191"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-23T16:15:33Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Enabled\u00a0serial console could potentially leak information that might help attacker to find vulnerabilities.This issue affects BLU-IC2: through 1.19.5; BLU-IC4: through 1.19.5.",
"id": "GHSA-p98g-v92r-q4mr",
"modified": "2025-11-10T15:31:02Z",
"published": "2025-10-23T18:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12114"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://azure-access.com/security-advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-PJ3R-Q6M4-WFCW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-12 18:30 – Updated: 2026-02-12 18:30Improper Access Control in an on-chip debug interface could allow a privileged attacker to enable a debug interface and potentially compromise data confidentiality or integrity.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-52533"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1191"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-12T18:16:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper Access Control in an on-chip debug interface could allow a privileged attacker to enable a debug interface and potentially compromise data confidentiality or integrity.",
"id": "GHSA-pj3r-q6m4-wfcw",
"modified": "2026-02-12T18:30:24Z",
"published": "2026-02-12T18:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-52533"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.amd.com/en/resources/product-security/bulletin/AMD-SB-3023.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.amd.com/en/resources/product-security/bulletin/AMD-SB-4013.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-PMCM-FWGG-QXQR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-12 15:30 – Updated: 2025-12-12 15:30The CleverDisplay BlueOne hardware player is designed with its USB interfaces physically enclosed and inaccessible under normal operating conditions. Researchers demonstrated that, after cicumventing the device’s protective enclosure, it was possible to connect a USB keyboard and press ESC during boot to access the BIOS setup interface. BIOS settings could be viewed but not modified. This behavior slightly increases the attack surface by exposing internal system information (CWE-1244) once the enclosure is removed, but does not allow integrity or availability compromise under standard or tested configurations.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-36755"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1191"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-12T15:15:53Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "The CleverDisplay BlueOne hardware player is designed with its USB interfaces physically enclosed and inaccessible under normal operating conditions. Researchers demonstrated that, after cicumventing the device\u2019s protective enclosure, it was possible to connect a USB keyboard and press ESC during boot to access the BIOS setup interface. BIOS settings could be viewed but not modified. This behavior slightly increases the attack surface by exposing internal system information (CWE-1244) once the enclosure is removed, but does not allow integrity or availability compromise under standard or tested configurations.",
"id": "GHSA-pmcm-fwgg-qxqr",
"modified": "2025-12-12T15:30:41Z",
"published": "2025-12-12T15:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-36755"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://csirt.divd.nl/CVE-2025-5743"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://csirt.divd.nl/DIVD-2025-00043"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:N/AU:N/R:X/V:D/RE:L/U:Green",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-RVX5-R2P5-JX84
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-27 03:30 – Updated: 2025-10-23 18:31Flock Safety LPR (License Plate Reader) devices with firmware through 2.2 have an on-chip debug interface with improper access control.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-47822"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1191"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-27T03:15:22Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Flock Safety LPR (License Plate Reader) devices with firmware through 2.2 have an on-chip debug interface with improper access control.",
"id": "GHSA-rvx5-r2p5-jx84",
"modified": "2025-10-23T18:31:07Z",
"published": "2025-06-27T03:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47822"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gainsec.com/2025/06/19/bird-hunting-season-security-research-on-flock-safety-anti-crime-systems"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gainsec.com/2025/06/19/grounded-flight-device-2-root-shell-on-flock-safetys-falcon-sparrow-automated-license-plate-reader"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gainsec.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/flock-safety-researcher-summary.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.flocksafety.com/articles/gunshot-detection-and-license-plate-reader-security-alert"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-V8WV-P3HJ-XF64
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-10 21:31 – Updated: 2025-12-11 21:31As UART download mode is still enabled on the ESP32 chip on which the firmware runs, an adversary can dump the flash from the device and retrieve sensitive information such as details about the current and previous Wi-Fi network from the NVS partition. Additionally, this allows the adversary to reflash the device with their own firmware which may contain malicious modifications.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-65821"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1191"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-10T21:16:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "As UART download mode is still enabled on the ESP32 chip on which the firmware runs, an adversary can dump the flash from the device and retrieve sensitive information such as details about the current and previous Wi-Fi network from the NVS partition. Additionally, this allows the adversary to reflash the device with their own firmware which may contain malicious modifications.",
"id": "GHSA-v8wv-p3hj-xf64",
"modified": "2025-12-11T21:31:27Z",
"published": "2025-12-10T21:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-65821"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/dead1nfluence/4dffc239b4a460f41a03345fd8e5feb5#file-uart-download-mode-enabled-md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/dead1nfluence/Meatmeet-Pro-Vulnerabilities/blob/main/Device/UART-Download-Mode-Enabled.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
If feasible, the manufacturer should disable the JTAG interface or implement authentication and authorization for the JTAG interface. If authentication logic is added, it should be resistant to timing attacks. Security-sensitive data stored in registers, such as keys, etc. should be cleared when entering debug mode.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-180: Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels
An attacker exploits a weakness in the configuration of access controls and is able to bypass the intended protection that these measures guard against and thereby obtain unauthorized access to the system or network. Sensitive functionality should always be protected with access controls. However configuring all but the most trivial access control systems can be very complicated and there are many opportunities for mistakes. If an attacker can learn of incorrectly configured access security settings, they may be able to exploit this in an attack.