Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-1191

Weakness Allowed

On-Chip Debug and Test Interface With Improper Access Control

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

API response cwe.mitre.org

The chip does not implement or does not correctly perform access control to check whether users are authorized to access internal registers and test modes through the physical debug/test interface.

If authorization, authentication, or some other form of access control is not implemented or not implemented correctly, a user may be able to bypass on-chip protection mechanisms through the debug interface.

Dimensions

  • Behavior-Type: Access Control
  • Behavior-Property: Improper
  • Technology: On-Chip Debug and Test Interface
Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-284 · View CWE-1000
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design

Sometimes, designers choose not to expose the debug pins on the motherboard. Instead, they choose to hide these pins in the intermediate layers of the board. This is primarily done to work around the lack of debug authorization inside the chip. In such a scenario (without debug authorization), when the debug interface is exposed, chip internals are accessible to an attacker.

Implementation
Detection methods

Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation

Authentication and authorization of debug and test interfaces should be part of the architecture and design review process. Withholding of private register documentation from the debug and test interface public specification ("Security by obscurity") should not be considered as sufficient security.

Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation

Dynamic tests should be done in the pre-silicon and post-silicon stages to verify that the debug and test interfaces are not open by default.

Fuzzing

Tests that fuzz Debug and Test Interfaces should ensure that no access without appropriate authentication and authorization is possible.

Effectiveness: Moderate

Notes

Relationship

CWE-1191 and CWE-1244 both involve physical debug access, but the weaknesses are different. CWE-1191 is effectively about missing authorization for a debug interface, i.e. JTAG. CWE-1244 is about providing internal assets with the wrong debug access level, exposing the asset to untrusted debug agents.

Content history
Submission: Arun Kanuparthi, Hareesh Khattri, Parbati Kumar Manna, Narasimha Kumar V Mangipudi · Intel Corporation · 2019-10-15 · CWE 4.0
Contribution: Parbati K. Manna · Intel Corporation · 2021-10-18 · CWE 4.6

provided detection methods

Contribution: Narasimha Kumar V Mangipudi · Lattice Semiconductor · 2021-10-20 · CWE 4.6

reviewed content changes

Contribution: Hareesh Khattri · Intel Corporation · 2021-10-22 · CWE 4.6

clarified differences between CWE-1191 and CWE-1244

Contribution: Arun Kanuparthi · Intel Corporation · 2021-10-27 · CWE 4.9

suggested additional detail in extended description

Contribution: Shaza Zeitouni, Mohamadreza Rostami, Pouya Mahmoody, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi · Technical University of Darmstadt · 2023-06-21 · CWE 4.14

suggested demonstrative example

Contribution: Rahul Kande, Chen Chen, Jeyavijayan Rajendran · Texas A&M University · 2023-06-21 · CWE 4.14

suggested demonstrative example

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Name, References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-08-20 · CWE 4.2

updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Name, Potential_Mitigations, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-03-15 · CWE 4.4

updated Maintenance_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-10-28 · CWE 4.6

updated Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Detection_Factors, Maintenance_Notes, Name, Potential_Mitigations, Relationship_Notes, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2022-04-28 · CWE 4.7

updated Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2022-10-13 · CWE 4.9

updated Description, Related_Attack_Patterns

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-10-26 · CWE 4.13

updated Demonstrative_Examples, References

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-09-09 · CWE 4.18

updated References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Background_Details, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Dimensions, Modes_of_Introduction

55 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-102370 (GCVE-0-2026-102370)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 20:47 – Updated: 2026-10-01 21:01
VLAI
Title
Physical UART Access Leading to an Unauthenticated Root Shell in TP-Link Kasa EC70 and EC71
Summary
Kasa EC70 v4 and EC71 v4 do not logically disable the production debug interface at the firmware or chip level and do not lock the bootloader.  Although the debug traces are physically severed during manufacturing, an attacker with physical access can restore the connection, interrupt the boot process, and manipulate boot parameters to enter a non-standard initialization path that exposes an unauthenticated root shell during startup. Successful exploitation may allow an attacker with physical access to obtain root-level command access during device startup, resulting in loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability for the affected device. Exploitation requires device disassembly, restoration of the severed debug connection, and manipulation of the boot process.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 21:01 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1191 - On-Chip debug and test interface with improper access control
Assigner
TPLink CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 87/100 over 110 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
TP-Link Systems Inc. Kasa EC70 V4 Affected: 0 , < 2.4.3 Build 20260902 rel.4511 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
TP-Link Systems Inc. Kasa EC71 V4 Affected: 0 , < 2.4.3 Build 20260902 rel.4511 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Christopher Childress
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-80359 (GCVE-0-2026-80359)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-28 14:23 – Updated: 2026-09-28 15:33
VLAI
Summary
Dell Boot Optimized Server Storage (BOSS), versions prior to 2.2.13.2038, contains an On-Chip Debug and Test Interface With Improper Access Control vulnerability in the SMCU on 17G BOSS-N1 controllers. An unauthenticated attacker with physical access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to Unauthorized access.
Severity
6.8 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-28 15:31 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1191 - On-Chip Debug and Test Interface With Improper Access Control
Assigner
dell CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 70/100 over 575 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dell Boot Optimized Server Storage (BOSS) Affected: 0 , < 2.2.13.2038 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-24 06:30
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-80358 (GCVE-0-2026-80358)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-28 14:20 – Updated: 2026-09-28 16:22
VLAI
Summary
Dell Boot Optimized Server Storage (BOSS), versions prior to 2.2.13.2038, contains an On-Chip Debug and Test Interface With Improper Access Control vulnerability in the SMCU on 17G BOSS-N1 controllers. An unauthenticated attacker with physical access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to Unauthorized access.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-28 15:46 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1191 - On-Chip Debug and Test Interface With Improper Access Control
Assigner
dell CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 70/100 over 575 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dell Boot Optimized Server Storage (BOSS) Affected: 0 , < 2.2.13.2038 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-24 06:30
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-80357 (GCVE-0-2026-80357)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-28 14:14 – Updated: 2026-09-28 14:49
VLAI
Summary
Dell Boot Optimized Server Storage (BOSS), versions prior to 2.2.13.2038, contains an On-Chip Debug and Test Interface With Improper Access Control vulnerability in the SMCU on 17G BOSS-N1 controllers. An unauthenticated attacker with physical access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to Unauthorized access.
Severity
7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-28 14:48 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1191 - On-Chip Debug and Test Interface With Improper Access Control
Assigner
dell CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 70/100 over 575 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Dell Boot Optimized Server Storage (BOSS) Affected: 0 , < 2.2.13.2038 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-24 06:30
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-34494 (GCVE-0-2026-34494)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 21:20 – Updated: 2026-10-02 19:32
VLAI
Summary
- On-Chip Debug Interface vulnerability in Johnson Controls Neo Series MVP2 allows Collect Data from Common Resource Locations. This issue affects Neo Series MVP2: before 3.3b63.
Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-02 19:31 UTC
CWE
Assigner
jci CNA under the icscert root
CNA scorecard C 74/100 over 42 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Johnson Controls Neo Series MVP2 Affected: 0 , < 3.3b63 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:johnson_controls:neo_series_mvp2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-34493 (GCVE-0-2026-34493)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 21:18 – Updated: 2026-10-02 19:31
VLAI
Summary
- On-Chip Debug Interface vulnerability in Johnson Controls EasyIO FS32 allows Collect Data from Common Resource Locations. This issue affects EasyIO FS32: before 3.3b63.
Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-02 19:31 UTC
CWE
Assigner
jci CNA under the icscert root
CNA scorecard C 74/100 over 42 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Johnson Controls EasyIO FS32 Affected: 0 , < 3.3b63 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:johnson_controls:easyio_fs32:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-15203 (GCVE-0-2026-15203)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-26 05:36 – Updated: 2026-08-26 14:58
VLAI
Title
Debug interfaces are accessible by default in Danfoss iC7 Automation SP, iC7 Marine and iC7 7Hybrid software
Summary
Improper access control in debug and engineering interfaces in Danfoss iC7-Automation SP, iC7-Marine, and iC7-Hybrid GR3 allows attackers to gain read/write access to internal values, upload and execute unsigned applications, and upload unsigned EEPROM data and firmware via exposed service interfaces and software update mechanisms
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-26 14:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1191 - On-Chip debug and test interface with improper access control
Assigner
Danfoss CNA under the icscert root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 1 record in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Danfoss iC7-Automation SP Affected: 0 , ≤ 2025.3.3 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Danfoss iC7-Marine Affected: 0 , ≤ 2025.8.19 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Danfoss iC7-Hybrid Affected: 0 , ≤ 2025.10.300845 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-8989 (GCVE-0-2026-8989)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-21 21:24 – Updated: 2026-07-22 19:37
VLAI
Title
Open Recovery Mode
Summary
Autel Maxi Charger Single firmware through V1.03.51 permits unrestricted access to the NXP i.MX6 recovery mode through exposed hardware recovery pins. An attacker with physical access can boot attacker-controlled code in memory and modify or extract firmware and other sensitive data.
Severity
8.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-22 19:18 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1191 - On-Chip debug and test interface with improper access control
  • CWE-1244 - Internal asset exposed to unsafe debug access level or state
Assigner
CyberDanube CNA under the icscert root
CNA scorecard B 76/100 over 20 records in the last 180 days details
References
URL Tags
https://cyberdanube.com/security-research/multipl… third-party-advisoryexploit
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Autel MaxiCharger Single Affected: 0 , ≤ V1.03.51 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
S. Eisenreich-Dietz (CyberDanube) T. Weber (CyberDanube) D. Blagojevic (CyberDanube) F. Koroknai (CyberDanube)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-8988 (GCVE-0-2026-8988)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-21 21:21 – Updated: 2026-07-22 19:37
VLAI
Title
Access to Bootloader
Summary
Autel Maxi Charger Single firmware through V1.03.51 exposes an accessible UART interface that permits interruption of the boot process and access to the U-Boot bootloader. An attacker with physical access can modify the boot configuration or file system to obtain operating system access.
Severity
8.6 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:P/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-22 19:17 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1191 - On-Chip debug and test interface with improper access control
Assigner
CyberDanube CNA under the icscert root
CNA scorecard B 76/100 over 20 records in the last 180 days details
References
URL Tags
https://cyberdanube.com/security-research/multipl… third-party-advisoryexploit
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Autel MaxiCharger Single Affected: 0 , ≤ V1.03.51 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
S. Eisenreich-Dietz (CyberDanube) T. Weber (CyberDanube) D. Blagojevic (CyberDanube) F. Koroknai (CyberDanube)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2025-54501 (GCVE-0-2025-54501)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-12 19:08 – Updated: 2026-11-13 00:17
VLAI
Summary
Improper access control on an internal debug interface could allow a high privileged attacker to bypass memory access controls potentially resulting in a loss of SEV-SNP guest memory integrity.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:H/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-13 00:17 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-1191 - On-Chip Debug and Test Interface With Improper Access Control
Assigner
AMD CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 63/100 over 68 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-11-12 19:07
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Separation of Privilege

If feasible, the manufacturer should disable the JTAG interface or implement authentication and authorization for the JTAG interface. If authentication logic is added, it should be resistant to timing attacks. Security-sensitive data stored in registers, such as keys, etc. should be cleared when entering debug mode.

CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs

In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.

CAPEC-180: Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels

An attacker exploits a weakness in the configuration of access controls and is able to bypass the intended protection that these measures guard against and thereby obtain unauthorized access to the system or network. Sensitive functionality should always be protected with access controls. However configuring all but the most trivial access control systems can be very complicated and there are many opportunities for mistakes. If an attacker can learn of incorrectly configured access security settings, they may be able to exploit this in an attack.

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