Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-120
Allowed-with-ReviewBuffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product copies an input buffer to an output buffer without verifying that the size of the input buffer is less than the size of the output buffer.
5450 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-69209 (GCVE-0-2025-69209)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-21 20:00 – Updated: 2026-01-21 21:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ArduinoCore-avr has Stack-Based Buffer Overflow in WString Float/Double Constructors
Summary
ArduinoCore-avr contains the source code and configuration files of the Arduino AVR Boards platform. A vulnerability in versions prior to 1.8.7 allows an attacker to trigger a stack-based buffer overflow when converting floating-point values to strings with high precision. By passing very large `decimalPlaces` values to the affected String constructors or concat methods, the `dtostrf` function writes beyond fixed-size stack buffers, causing memory corruption and denial of service. Under specific conditions, this could enable arbitrary code execution on AVR-based Arduino boards.
### Patches
- The Fix is included starting from the `1.8.7` release available from the following link [ArduinoCore-avr v1.8.7](https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr)
- The Fixing Commit is available at the following link [1a6a417f89c8901dad646efce74ae9d3ddebfd59](https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr/pull/613/commits/1a6a417f89c8901dad646efce74ae9d3ddebfd59)
### References
- [ASEC-26-001 ArduinoCore-avr vXXXX Resolves Buffer Overflow Vulnerability](https://support.arduino.cc/hc/en-us/articles/XXXXX)
### Credits
- Maxime Rossi Bellom and Ramtine Tofighi Shirazi from SecMate (https://secmate.dev/)
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr/pull/613 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://support.arduino.cc/hc/en-us/articles/2498… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| arduino | ArduinoCore-avr |
Affected:
< 1.8.7
|
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CVE-2025-68137 (GCVE-0-2025-68137)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-21 19:20 – Updated: 2026-01-21 19:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
EVerest's Integer Overflow and Signed to Unsigned conversion lead to either stack buffer overflow or infinite loop
Summary
EVerest is an EV charging software stack. Prior to version 2025.10.0, an integer overflow occurring in `SdpPacket::parse_header()` allows the current buffer length to be set to 7 after a complete header of size 8 has been read. The remaining length to read is computed using the current length subtracted by the header length which results in a negative value. This value is then interpreted as `SIZE_MAX` (or slightly less) because the expected type of the argument is `size_t`. Depending on whether the server is plain TCP or TLS, this leads to either an infinite loop or a stack buffer overflow. Version 2025.10.0 fixes the issue.
Severity
8.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/EVerest/everest-core/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| EVerest | everest-core |
Affected:
< 2025.10.0
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CVE-2025-68114 (GCVE-0-2025-68114)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-17 21:14 – Updated: 2025-12-18 15:09
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Capstone doesn't check vsnprintf return in SStream_concat, allows stack buffer underflow and overflow
Summary
Capstone is a disassembly framework. In versions 6.0.0-Alpha5 and prior, an unchecked vsnprintf return in SStream_concat lets a malicious cs_opt_mem.vsnprintf drive SStream’s index negative or past the end, leading to a stack buffer underflow/overflow when the next write occurs. Commit 2c7797182a1618be12017d7d41e0b6581d5d529e fixes the issue.
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/capstone-engine/capstone/secur… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/capstone-engine/capstone/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| capstone-engine | capstone |
Affected:
<= 6.0.0-Alpha5
|
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CVE-2025-66647 (GCVE-0-2025-66647)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-17 20:21 – Updated: 2025-12-17 20:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
RIOT OS has buffer overflow in gnrc_ipv6_ext_frag_reass
Summary
RIOT is an open-source microcontroller operating system, designed to match the requirements of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and other embedded devices. A vulnerability was discovered in the IPv6 fragmentation reassembly implementation of RIOT OS v2025.07. When copying the contents of the first fragment (offset=0) into the reassembly buffer, no size check is performed. It is possible to force the creation of a small reassembly buffer by first sending a shorter fragment (also with offset=0). Overflowing the reassembly buffer corrupts the state of other packet buffers which an attacker might be able to used to achieve further memory corruption (potentially resulting in remote code execution). To trigger the vulnerability, the `gnrc_ipv6_ext_frag` module must be included and the attacker must be able to send arbitrary IPv6 packets to the victim. Version 2025.10 fixes the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
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| https://github.com/RIOT-OS/RIOT/blob/eb65305cf9f1… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/RIOT-OS/RIOT/releases/tag/2025.10 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-66287 (GCVE-0-2025-66287)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-04 16:48 – Updated: 2026-06-29 20:44
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Webkitgtk: processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to an unexpected process crash
Summary
A flaw was found in WebKitGTK. Processing malicious web content can cause an unexpected process crash due to improper memory handling.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
14 references
Impacted products
18 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The WebKitGTK Team | WebKitGTK |
Affected:
0 , < 2.50.3
(semver)
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Extended Lifecycle Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-2.el7_9 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/o:redhat:rhel_els:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-1.el8_10 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:8::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.2 Advanced Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-2.el8_2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.2::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-2.el8_4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.4 Extended Update Support Long-Life Add-On |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-2.el8_4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.4::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus_long_life:8.4::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Advanced Mission Critical Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-2.el8_6 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Telecommunications Update Service |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-2.el8_6 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.6 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-2.el8_6 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_aus:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.6::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.6::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Telecommunications Update Service |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-2.el8_8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.8 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-2.el8_8 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:8.8::appstream cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_tus:8.8::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-1.el9_7 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:9::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-1.el9_0 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.0::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.2 Update Services for SAP Solutions |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-1.el9_2 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_e4s:9.2::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.4 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-1.el9_4 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.4::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.6 Extended Update Support |
Unaffected:
0:2.50.3-1.el9_6 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:rhel_eus:9.6::appstream |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 |
cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:7 |
Date Public
2025-12-04 00:00
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CVE-2025-65102 (GCVE-0-2025-65102)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-21 21:36 – Updated: 2025-11-21 21:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PJSIP is vulnerable to buffer overflow in Opus PLC
Summary
PJSIP is a free and open source multimedia communication library. Prior to version 2.16, Opus PLC may zero-fill the input frame as long as the decoder ptime, while the input frame length, which is based on stream ptime, may be less than that. This issue affects PJSIP users who use the Opus audio codec in receiving direction. The vulnerability can lead to unexpected application termination due to a memory overwrite. This issue has been patched in version 2.16.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/pjsip/pjproject/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/pjsip/pjproject/commit/6e9bd2e… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-64182 (GCVE-0-2025-64182)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-10 21:27 – Updated: 2025-11-14 19:22
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenEXR has buffer overflow in PyOpenEXR_old's channels() and channel()
Summary
OpenEXR provides the specification and reference implementation of the EXR file format, an image storage format for the motion picture industry. In versions 3.2.0 through 3.2.4, 3.3.0 through 3.3.5, and 3.4.0 through 3.4.2, a memory safety bug in the legacy OpenEXR Python adapter (the deprecated OpenEXR.InputFile wrapper) allow crashes and likely code execution when opening attacker-controlled EXR files or when passing crafted Python objects. Integer overflow and unchecked allocation in InputFile.channel() and InputFile.channels() can lead to heap overflow (32 bit) or a NULL deref (64 bit). Versions 3.2.5, 3.3.6, and 3.4.3 contain a patch for the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/open… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/open… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AcademySoftwareFoundation | openexr |
Affected:
>= 3.2.0, < 3.2.5
Affected: >= 3.3.0, < 3.3.6 Affected: >= 3.4.0, < 3.4.3 |
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CVE-2025-59969 (GCVE-0-2025-59969)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-09 21:25 – Updated: 2026-04-10 18:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Junos OS Evolved: QFX5000 Series and PTX Series: An attacker sending crafted multicast packets will cause evo-aftmand / evo-pfemand to crash and restart
Summary
A Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow') vulnerability in the advanced forwarding toolkit (evo-aftmand/evo-pfemand) of Juniper Networks Junos OS Evolved on PTX Series or QFX5000 Series allows an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker to cause a Denial of Service (DoS).An attacker sending crafted multicast packets will cause line cards running evo-aftmand/evo-pfemand to crash and restart or non-line card devices to crash and restart. Continued receipt and processing of these packets will sustain the Denial of Service (DoS) condition.
This issue affects Junos OS Evolved PTX Series:
* All versions before 22.4R3-S8-EVO,
* from 23.2 before 23.2R2-S5-EVO,
* from 23.4 before 23.4R2-EVO,
* from 24.2 before 24.2R2-EVO,
* from 24.4 before 24.4R2-EVO.
This issue affects Junos OS Evolved on QFX5000 Series:
* 22.2-EVO version before 22.2R3-S7-EVO,
* 22.4-EVO version before 22.4R3-S7-EVO,
* 23.2-EVO versions before 23.2R2-S4-EVO,
* 23.4-EVO versions before 23.4R2-S5-EVO,
* 24.2-EVO versions before 24.2R2-S1-EVO,
* 24.4-EVO versions before 24.4R1-S3-EVO, 24.4R2-EVO.
This issue does not affect Junos OS Evolved on QFX5000 Series versions before: 21.2R2-S1-EVO, 21.2R3-EVO, 21.3R2-EVO, 21.4R1-EVO, and 22.1R1-EVO.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://kb.juniper.net/JSA103159 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Juniper Networks | Junos OS Evolved |
Affected:
0 , < 22.4R3-S8-EVO
(semver)
Affected: 23.2 , < 23.2R2-S5-EVO (semver) Affected: 23.4 , < 23.4R2-EVO (semver) Affected: 24.2 , < 24.2R2-EVO (semver) Affected: 24.4 , < 24.4R2-EVO (semver) |
|
| Juniper Networks | Junos OS Evolved |
Affected:
22.2 , < 22.2R3-S7-EVO
(semver)
Affected: 22.4 , < 22.4R3-S7-EVO (semver) Affected: 23.2 , < 23.2R2-S4-EVO (semver) Affected: 23.4 , < 23.4R2-S5-EVO (semver) Affected: 24.2 , < 24.2R2-S1-EVO (semver) Affected: 24.4 , < 24.4R1-S3-EVO, 24.4R2-EVO (semver) |
Date Public
2026-04-08 16:00
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CVE-2025-59947 (GCVE-0-2025-59947)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-15 20:19 – Updated: 2025-12-15 20:58
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
NanoMQ has Buffer Overflow
Summary
NanoMQ is a messaging broker/bus for IoT Edge & SDV. Versions prior to 0.24.4 have a buffer overflow case while the PUBLISH packets trigger both shared subscription and vanila subscription. This is fixed in version 0.24.4. As a workaround, disable shared subscription.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-120 - Buffer Copy without Checking Size of Input ('Classic Buffer Overflow')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nanomq/nanomq/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nanomq/nanomq/issues/2110 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nanomq/nanomq/commit/5f5581054… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-55297 (GCVE-0-2025-55297)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-21 15:05 – Updated: 2025-08-22 11:32
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ESF-IDF BluFi Example Memory Overflow Vulnerability
Summary
ESF-IDF is the Espressif Internet of Things (IOT) Development Framework. The BluFi example bundled in ESP-IDF was vulnerable to memory overflows in two areas: Wi-Fi credential handling and Diffie–Hellman key exchange. This vulnerability is fixed in 5.4.1, 5.3.3, 5.1.6, and 5.0.9.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
13 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/12b7a… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/3fc6c… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/5f93e… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/9cb72… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/abc18… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/b1657… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/bf50c… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/cb692… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/cc00e… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/e65cf… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/f40aa… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/commit/f77da… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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Mitigation MIT-3
Requirements
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, many languages that perform their own memory management, such as Java and Perl, are not subject to buffer overflows. Other languages, such as Ada and C#, typically provide overflow protection, but the protection can be disabled by the programmer.
- Be wary that a language's interface to native code may still be subject to overflows, even if the language itself is theoretically safe.
Mitigation MIT-4.1
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples include the Safe C String Library (SafeStr) by Messier and Viega [REF-57], and the Strsafe.h library from Microsoft [REF-56]. These libraries provide safer versions of overflow-prone string-handling functions.
Mitigation MIT-10
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation MIT-9
Implementation
- Consider adhering to the following rules when allocating and managing an application's memory:
- Double check that your buffer is as large as you specify.
- When using functions that accept a number of bytes to copy, such as strncpy(), be aware that if the destination buffer size is equal to the source buffer size, it may not NULL-terminate the string.
- Check buffer boundaries if accessing the buffer in a loop and make sure there is no danger of writing past the allocated space.
- If necessary, truncate all input strings to a reasonable length before passing them to the copy and concatenation functions.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-11
Operation
Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation MIT-12
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation
Build and Compilation
Operation
Most mitigating technologies at the compiler or OS level to date address only a subset of buffer overflow problems and rarely provide complete protection against even that subset. It is good practice to implement strategies to increase the workload of an attacker, such as leaving the attacker to guess an unknown value that changes every program execution.
Mitigation MIT-13
Implementation
Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-10: Buffer Overflow via Environment Variables
This attack pattern involves causing a buffer overflow through manipulation of environment variables. Once the adversary finds that they can modify an environment variable, they may try to overflow associated buffers. This attack leverages implicit trust often placed in environment variables.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.
CAPEC-14: Client-side Injection-induced Buffer Overflow
This type of attack exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in targeted client software through injection of malicious content from a custom-built hostile service. This hostile service is created to deliver the correct content to the client software. For example, if the client-side application is a browser, the service will host a webpage that the browser loads.
CAPEC-24: Filter Failure through Buffer Overflow
In this attack, the idea is to cause an active filter to fail by causing an oversized transaction. An attacker may try to feed overly long input strings to the program in an attempt to overwhelm the filter (by causing a buffer overflow) and hoping that the filter does not fail securely (i.e. the user input is let into the system unfiltered).
CAPEC-42: MIME Conversion
An attacker exploits a weakness in the MIME conversion routine to cause a buffer overflow and gain control over the mail server machine. The MIME system is designed to allow various different information formats to be interpreted and sent via e-mail. Attack points exist when data are converted to MIME compatible format and back.
CAPEC-44: Overflow Binary Resource File
An attack of this type exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in the handling of binary resources. Binary resources may include music files like MP3, image files like JPEG files, and any other binary file. These attacks may pass unnoticed to the client machine through normal usage of files, such as a browser loading a seemingly innocent JPEG file. This can allow the adversary access to the execution stack and execute arbitrary code in the target process.
CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links
This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.
CAPEC-46: Overflow Variables and Tags
This type of attack leverages the use of tags or variables from a formatted configuration data to cause buffer overflow. The adversary crafts a malicious HTML page or configuration file that includes oversized strings, thus causing an overflow.
CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion
In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.
CAPEC-67: String Format Overflow in syslog()
This attack targets applications and software that uses the syslog() function insecurely. If an application does not explicitely use a format string parameter in a call to syslog(), user input can be placed in the format string parameter leading to a format string injection attack. Adversaries can then inject malicious format string commands into the function call leading to a buffer overflow. There are many reported software vulnerabilities with the root cause being a misuse of the syslog() function.
CAPEC-8: Buffer Overflow in an API Call
This attack targets libraries or shared code modules which are vulnerable to buffer overflow attacks. An adversary who has knowledge of known vulnerable libraries or shared code can easily target software that makes use of these libraries. All clients that make use of the code library thus become vulnerable by association. This has a very broad effect on security across a system, usually affecting more than one software process.
CAPEC-9: Buffer Overflow in Local Command-Line Utilities
This attack targets command-line utilities available in a number of shells. An adversary can leverage a vulnerability found in a command-line utility to escalate privilege to root.
CAPEC-92: Forced Integer Overflow
This attack forces an integer variable to go out of range. The integer variable is often used as an offset such as size of memory allocation or similarly. The attacker would typically control the value of such variable and try to get it out of range. For instance the integer in question is incremented past the maximum possible value, it may wrap to become a very small, or negative number, therefore providing a very incorrect value which can lead to unexpected behavior. At worst the attacker can execute arbitrary code.