CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
11279 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-J4X2-V364-5PPC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-23 15:31 – Updated: 2025-09-23 15:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ACPI: CPPC: Avoid out of bounds access when parsing _CPC data
If the NumEntries field in the _CPC return package is less than 2, do not attempt to access the "Revision" element of that package, because it may not be present then.
BugLink: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220322143534.GC32582@xsang-OptiPlex-9020/
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-49145"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-26T07:00:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nACPI: CPPC: Avoid out of bounds access when parsing _CPC data\n\nIf the NumEntries field in the _CPC return package is less than 2, do\nnot attempt to access the \"Revision\" element of that package, because\nit may not be present then.\n\nBugLink: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220322143534.GC32582@xsang-OptiPlex-9020/",
"id": "GHSA-j4x2-v364-5ppc",
"modified": "2025-09-23T15:31:07Z",
"published": "2025-09-23T15:31:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-49145"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/28d5387c1994f5e1e0d41b30a1f3dd6e1f609252"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/40d8abf364bcab23bc715a9221a3c8623956257b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/97b5593fd1b182b3fdb180b6bbe64ec09669988b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b3f15609ffa521de12244cd6af24002030dda3f5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b80b19b32a432c9eee1cd200ef7aaddf608f54d1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cb249f8c00f40dba83b7da8207ac14ca46e9ec9e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d208ea44e25b31db5a4d5e8c31df51787a3e9303"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d7339f2a3938fb56b5f28d53f5345900b5fa0e74"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/e5b681822cac1f8093759b02e16c06b2c64b6788"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J4XP-34J6-4M86
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:11 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:11Skia, as used in Google Chrome before 25.0.1364.97 on Windows and Linux, and before 25.0.1364.99 on Mac OS X, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via vectors related to a "user gesture check for dangerous file downloads."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-0888"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-119",
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-02-23T21:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Skia, as used in Google Chrome before 25.0.1364.97 on Windows and Linux, and before 25.0.1364.99 on Mac OS X, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (out-of-bounds read) via vectors related to a \"user gesture check for dangerous file downloads.\"",
"id": "GHSA-j4xp-34j6-4m86",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:11:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:11:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-0888"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=170666"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A16303"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2013/02/stable-channel-update_21.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-updates/2013-03/msg00045.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-J523-C4FP-FWV8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:27 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:27In Wireshark 2.6.0 to 2.6.1 and 2.4.0 to 2.4.7, the IEEE 802.11 protocol dissector could crash. This was addressed in epan/crypt/airpdcap.c via bounds checking that prevents a buffer over-read.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-14370"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-19T02:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In Wireshark 2.6.0 to 2.6.1 and 2.4.0 to 2.4.7, the IEEE 802.11 protocol dissector could crash. This was addressed in epan/crypt/airpdcap.c via bounds checking that prevents a buffer over-read.",
"id": "GHSA-j523-c4fp-fwv8",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:27:51Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:27:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-14370"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.wireshark.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14686"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://code.wireshark.org/review/gitweb?p=wireshark.git;a=commit;h=b1446124eebc3ea5591d18e719c2a5cff3630638"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wireshark.org/security/wnpa-sec-2018-43.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2020-03/msg00027.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/104847"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1041608"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J53J-MFF4-VMCG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-09 18:31 – Updated: 2025-09-09 18:31Out-of-bounds read in Windows Internet Information Services allows an unauthorized attacker to deny service over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-53805"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-09T17:15:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Out-of-bounds read in Windows Internet Information Services allows an unauthorized attacker to deny service over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-j53j-mff4-vmcg",
"modified": "2025-09-09T18:31:19Z",
"published": "2025-09-09T18:31:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-53805"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-53805"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J53V-CX3P-9RMW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-28 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 05:14In convertCbYCrY of ColorConverter.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-253270285
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-21168"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-28T18:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In convertCbYCrY of ColorConverter.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds read due to a missing bounds check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-253270285",
"id": "GHSA-j53v-cx3p-9rmw",
"modified": "2024-04-04T05:14:53Z",
"published": "2023-06-28T18:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-21168"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2023-06-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J54M-H2Q8-V28R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-26 21:31 – Updated: 2025-06-26 21:31PDF-XChange Editor PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.
The specific flaw exists within the parsing of PRC files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26726.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-6653"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-25T22:15:22Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "PDF-XChange Editor PRC File Parsing Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of PDF-XChange Editor. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must visit a malicious page or open a malicious file.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the parsing of PRC files. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the current process. Was ZDI-CAN-26726.",
"id": "GHSA-j54m-h2q8-v28r",
"modified": "2025-06-26T21:31:15Z",
"published": "2025-06-26T21:31:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-6653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.pdf-xchange.com/support/security-bulletins.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-25-438"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J573-CWG3-WH35
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-30 00:34 – Updated: 2026-04-02 21:31An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved bounds checking. This issue is fixed in iOS 16.7.9 and iPadOS 16.7.9, Safari 17.6, iOS 17.6 and iPadOS 17.6, watchOS 10.6, tvOS 17.6, visionOS 1.3, macOS Sonoma 14.6. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to an unexpected process crash.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-40780"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-29T23:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An out-of-bounds read was addressed with improved bounds checking. This issue is fixed in iOS 16.7.9 and iPadOS 16.7.9, Safari 17.6, iOS 17.6 and iPadOS 17.6, watchOS 10.6, tvOS 17.6, visionOS 1.3, macOS Sonoma 14.6. Processing maliciously crafted web content may lead to an unexpected process crash.",
"id": "GHSA-j573-cwg3-wh35",
"modified": "2026-04-02T21:31:48Z",
"published": "2024-07-30T00:34:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-40780"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.secpod.com/blog/apple-fixes-multiple-security-vulnerabilities-in-july-2024-updates"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214124"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214123"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214119"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214117"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/kb/HT214116"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214124"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214123"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214121"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214119"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214117"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT214116"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120916"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120915"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120914"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120913"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120911"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120909"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/120908"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/09/msg00006.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/15"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/17"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/18"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/21"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/22"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Jul/23"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J58W-J7X2-V25V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-14 18:32 – Updated: 2025-01-14 18:32Windows Digital Media Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-21258"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-14T18:15:44Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Windows Digital Media Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability",
"id": "GHSA-j58w-j7x2-v25v",
"modified": "2025-01-14T18:32:03Z",
"published": "2025-01-14T18:32:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-21258"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-21258"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J5CW-GHXR-F273
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:40 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:40Buffer over-read while parsing RPS due to lack of check of input validation on values received from user side. in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Connectivity, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-11200"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-01-21T10:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Buffer over-read while parsing RPS due to lack of check of input validation on values received from user side. in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Connectivity, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile",
"id": "GHSA-j5cw-ghxr-f273",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:40:00Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:40:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11200"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/december-2020-bulletin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/december-2020-security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-J5F8-9QC5-J6F2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:33 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:33u'Buffer over read can happen while parsing mkv clip due to improper typecasting of data returned from atomsize' in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Voice & Music, Snapdragon Wearables in APQ8009, APQ8009W, APQ8017, APQ8037, APQ8053, APQ8064AU, APQ8096, APQ8096AU, APQ8096SG, APQ8098, MDM9206, MDM9650, MSM8905, MSM8909, MSM8909W, MSM8917, MSM8920, MSM8937, MSM8940, MSM8953, MSM8996, MSM8996AU, MSM8996SG, MSM8998, QCM4290, QCM6125, QCS405, QCS410, QCS4290, QCS603, QCS605, QCS610, QCS6125, QM215, QSM8350, SA6145P, SA6155, SA6155P, SA8155, SA8155P, SDA429W, SDA640, SDA660, SDA670, SDA845, SDM429, SDM429W, SDM439, SDM450, SDM455, SDM630, SDM632, SDM636, SDM640, SDM660, SDM670, SDM710, SDM830, SDM845, SDW2500, SDX20, SDX20M, SDX50M, SDX55, SDX55M, SM4125, SM4250, SM4250P, SM6115, SM6115P, SM6125, SM6150, SM6150P, SM6250, SM6250P, SM6350, SM7125, SM7150, SM7150P, SM7225, SM7250, SM7250P, SM8150, SM8150P, SM8250, SM8350, SM8350P, SXR1120, SXR1130, SXR2130, SXR2130P, WCD9330
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-11193"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-125"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-11-12T10:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "u\u0027Buffer over read can happen while parsing mkv clip due to improper typecasting of data returned from atomsize\u0027 in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Voice \u0026 Music, Snapdragon Wearables in APQ8009, APQ8009W, APQ8017, APQ8037, APQ8053, APQ8064AU, APQ8096, APQ8096AU, APQ8096SG, APQ8098, MDM9206, MDM9650, MSM8905, MSM8909, MSM8909W, MSM8917, MSM8920, MSM8937, MSM8940, MSM8953, MSM8996, MSM8996AU, MSM8996SG, MSM8998, QCM4290, QCM6125, QCS405, QCS410, QCS4290, QCS603, QCS605, QCS610, QCS6125, QM215, QSM8350, SA6145P, SA6155, SA6155P, SA8155, SA8155P, SDA429W, SDA640, SDA660, SDA670, SDA845, SDM429, SDM429W, SDM439, SDM450, SDM455, SDM630, SDM632, SDM636, SDM640, SDM660, SDM670, SDM710, SDM830, SDM845, SDW2500, SDX20, SDX20M, SDX50M, SDX55, SDX55M, SM4125, SM4250, SM4250P, SM6115, SM6115P, SM6125, SM6150, SM6150P, SM6250, SM6250P, SM6350, SM7125, SM7150, SM7150P, SM7225, SM7250, SM7250P, SM8150, SM8150P, SM8250, SM8350, SM8350P, SXR1120, SXR1130, SXR2130, SXR2130P, WCD9330",
"id": "GHSA-j5f8-9qc5-j6f2",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:33:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:33:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11193"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/november-2020-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.