CWE-178
Weakness AllowedImproper Handling of Case Sensitivity
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product does not properly account for differences in case sensitivity when accessing or determining the properties of a resource, leading to inconsistent results.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.
Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Detection methods
Automated Static Analysis
Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)
Notes
Research Gap
These are probably under-studied in Windows and Mac environments, where file names are case-insensitive and thus are subject to equivalence manipulations involving case.
Content history
added/updated demonstrative examples
updated Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction
updated Description, Relationships, Observed_Example, Taxonomy_Mappings
updated Observed_Examples
updated Observed_Examples
updated Description
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Name
updated Potential_Mitigations
updated Common_Consequences
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations
updated Relationships
updated Affected_Resources, Applicable_Platforms, Functional_Areas, Relationships
updated Relationships
updated Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
updated Demonstrative_Examples
updated Observed_Examples
updated Description
updated Relationships
updated Mapping_Notes
updated Applicable_Platforms, Weakness_Ordinalities
updated Common_Consequences, Description, Detection_Factors, Observed_Examples
254 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-128100 (GCVE-0-2026-128100)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-13 20:10 – Updated: 2026-11-13 21:10- CWE-178 - Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HashiCorp | Vault |
Affected:
0.10.0 , < 2.2.2
(semver)
|
|
| HashiCorp | Vault Enterprise |
Affected:
0.10.0 , < 2.2.2
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-128048 (GCVE-0-2026-128048)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-13 09:33 – Updated: 2026-11-13 09:33- CWE-178 - Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/security/… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/commit/67… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openmage-mag… | third-party-advisory |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenMage | magento-lts |
Affected:
0 , < 20.18.2
(semver)
Unaffected: 20.18.2 (semver) |
|
| OpenMage | magento-lts |
Affected:
21.0.0-beta1 , < 21.0.0-beta3
(semver)
Unaffected: 21.0.0-beta3 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-126364 (GCVE-0-2026-126364)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-12 22:33 – Updated: 2026-11-13 00:37| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/commit/7da442b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/withastro/astro/releases/tag/a… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-126312 (GCVE-0-2026-126312)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-13 09:36 – Updated: 2026-11-13 09:36- CWE-178 - Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
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| https://github.com/openbao/openbao/security/advis… | vendor-advisory |
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CVE-2026-126208 (GCVE-0-2026-126208)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-12 20:59 – Updated: 2026-11-13 00:32| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah/pull/324 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah/commit/cdd6… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah/releases/ta… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| flavorjones | loofah |
Affected:
< 2.25.3
|
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CVE-2026-123806 (GCVE-0-2026-123806)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 20:18 – Updated: 2026-11-13 13:09- CWE-178 - Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/theupdateframework/python-tuf/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/theupdateframework/python-tuf/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/theupdateframework/python-tuf/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| theupdateframework | python-tuf |
Affected:
< 7.0.0
|
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CVE-2026-123012 (GCVE-0-2026-123012)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 04:52 – Updated: 2026-11-09 20:36- CWE-178 - Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gogs/gogs/security/advisories/… | related |
| https://github.com/gogs/gogs/blob/3ba8aca90e17e54… | product |
| https://github.com/gogs/gogs/blob/3ba8aca90e17e54… | product |
| https://humanoid.sh/blog/gogs-cve-2026-123012/ | third-party-advisory |
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CVE-2026-116469 (GCVE-0-2026-116469)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 10:35 – Updated: 2026-10-27 18:14| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/misp-guard/commit/9868b1d… | patch |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MISP | misp-guard |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.3
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:misp:misp-guard:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
qwen3.8:27b
1 event
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02bcp-05-x-03
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-10-26 10:33 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/misp-guard/commit/9868b1d93fc9cc40cc7c69ca11c86afd825bbc1c.patch
26a847175a70… - Confidence
- medium
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
9868b1d93fc9
|
fix: [security] match categories and required taxonomies | 26a847175a70… |
Fix summary
The fix makes all policy-matching comparisons case-insensitive by applying .lower() to both the input value (tag name, attribute category, sharing-group UUID) and the configured policy value (required taxonomy prefix, allowed tags, blocked categories, blocked UUIDs) before performing the comparison. This ensures that a tag such as 'TLP:AMBER' is correctly recognized as belonging to the 'tlp' taxonomy and is checked against the allowed-tags list, and that a blocked category or UUID is matched regardless of letter case.
Patch summary
In src/mispguard.py, four comparison sites were changed: (1) check_required_taxonomy_exists now uses tag['name'].lower().startswith(required_taxonomy.lower() + ':') instead of a case-sensitive startswith; (2) check_required_taxonomy_tags_allowed applies .lower() to both the tag name and the required taxonomy prefix in the startswith check; (3) check_blocked_attribute_categories compares attribute['category'].lower() against a lowercased list of blocked categories; (4) check_blocked_analyst_data_sharing_groups_uuids compares the UUID in lowercase against a lowercased list of blocked UUIDs. Ninety-one lines of test cases were added to src/test/test_misp_guard.py covering mixed-case TLP tags in required-taxonomy checks and mixed-case blocked attribute categories.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: The MISP feed is consumed over the network (HTTP). AC:L: Exploitation requires only changing the letter case of a tag, category, or UUID string. AT:N: No log or audit tampering is needed. PR:L: The attacker needs the ability to create or modify events in a MISP instance, which typically requires a low-privilege user account or a connected instance. UI:N: No user interaction is required. VC:H: The primary impact is unauthorized disclosure of data that the operator intended to restrict (non-allowed TLP tags, blocked categories, blocked sharing groups are forwarded to feed consumers). VI:N: The data content is not modified, only improperly shared. VA:N: No availability impact. SC/SI/SA:N: No secondary system impact is evidenced.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-178 The root cause is that string comparisons used to enforce security policies (taxonomy prefix matching, category blocking, UUID blocking) were case-sensitive, allowing an attacker to bypass the checks by altering letter case. CWE-178 is the most specific and accurate mapping.
- CWE-20 More broadly, the guard failed to validate input against the policy in a canonical form, which is a form of improper input validation. CWE-20 is included as a secondary, broader mapping.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-10 The attacker tampers with the letter case of tag names, attribute categories, or sharing-group UUIDs in MISP events to bypass the guard's policy checks. This is a form of parameter tampering where the input is modified in a way that the validation logic does not anticipate. CAPEC-10 is the closest available pattern; the uncertainty is that the tampering occurs in structured event data rather than in a traditional request parameter, but the underlying technique (modifying input to evade validation) aligns with this pattern.
Assumptions to verify
- The MISP Guard is assumed to operate as a proxy filtering outbound MISP feed data; the attacker is assumed to have the ability to create or modify events in a MISP instance that feeds through the guard. The patch does not specify the exact deployment topology.
- PR:L assumes that creating events in MISP requires at least a low-privilege authenticated account. If the guard is used in a context where events are pushed from a connected MISP instance without per-event authentication, PR could be None.
- The CAPEC-10 mapping is the closest available pattern; the actual attack involves modifying structured JSON event fields rather than traditional HTTP parameters, so the mapping is approximate.
- No specific affected or fixed version numbers are provided in the patch metadata; the version range is marked as unspecified.
- The commit message references 'ID 004' as a prior related fix, suggesting this is a follow-up to an earlier incomplete case-sensitivity fix, but no further details about that prior fix are available in the patch.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
7 | 11 | medium | 5 |
- 2026-10-26 09:25 UTC Fix developed Corrective change authored (9868b1d93fc9cc40cc7c69ca11c86afd825bbc1c): fix: [security] match categories and required taxonomies https://github.com/MISP/misp-guard/commit/9868b1d93fc9cc40cc7c69ca11c86afd825bbc1c.patch
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CVE-2026-116135 (GCVE-0-2026-116135)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-28 17:15 – Updated: 2026-11-05 20:57- CWE-178 - Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
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CVE-2026-114132 (GCVE-0-2026-114132)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 17:50 – Updated: 2026-10-23 15:10| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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| https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/releases/tag/v4.6.2 | x_refsource_MISC |
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"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "LOW"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-178",
"description": "CWE-178: Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-863",
"description": "CWE-863: Incorrect Authorization",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-21T17:50:11.250Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/security/advisories/GHSA-vjh5-4x84-xrqp",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/security/advisories/GHSA-vjh5-4x84-xrqp"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/commit/f6cfee52cf9576ddc4f4ee83b486969328b358f8",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/commit/f6cfee52cf9576ddc4f4ee83b486969328b358f8"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/releases/tag/v4.6.2",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/nuxt/nuxt/releases/tag/v4.6.2"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-vjh5-4x84-xrqp",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Nuxt: Server-side route rules (`redirect`, `headers`, `proxy`, `ssr`) are skipped for case-variant paths when routing is case-insensitive"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-114132",
"datePublished": "2026-10-21T17:50:11.250Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-10-20T21:53:58.473Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-23T15:10:37.684Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-44
Strategy: Input Validation
Avoid making decisions based on names of resources (e.g. files) if those resources can have alternate names.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-20
Strategy: Input Validation
Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.