CWE-190
AllowedInteger Overflow or Wraparound
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. This occurs when an integer value is incremented to a value that is too large to store in the associated representation. When this occurs, the value may become a very small or negative number.
3903 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-44VQ-656C-R27F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-27 06:30 – Updated: 2024-02-03 00:31Integer overflow vulnerability in FFmpeg before n6.1, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via the JJPEG XL Parser.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-22862"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-27T06:15:48Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Integer overflow vulnerability in FFmpeg before n6.1, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via the JJPEG XL Parser.",
"id": "GHSA-44vq-656c-r27f",
"modified": "2024-02-03T00:31:32Z",
"published": "2024-01-27T06:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22862"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/commit/ca09d8a0dcd82e3128e62463231296aaf63ae6f7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/detail?id=62113"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-456M-RWH4-89H7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:28 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:28An issue was discovered in a smart contract implementation for EUC (EUC), an Ethereum token. The contract has an integer overflow. If the owner sets the value of buyPrice to a large number in setPrices() then the "msg.value * buyPrice" will cause an integer overflow in the fallback function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-14087"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-07-16T02:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in a smart contract implementation for EUC (EUC), an Ethereum token. The contract has an integer overflow. If the owner sets the value of buyPrice to a large number in setPrices() then the \"msg.value * buyPrice\" will cause an integer overflow in the fallback function.",
"id": "GHSA-456m-rwh4-89h7",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:28:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:28:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-14087"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hellowuzekai/blockchains/blob/master/overflow2.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-45F8-HPXX-PQMQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-07-29 18:30 – Updated: 2024-07-30 21:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drm/xe: Fix potential integer overflow in page size calculation
Explicitly cast tbo->page_alignment to u64 before bit-shifting to prevent overflow when assigning to min_page_size.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-42066"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-07-29T16:15:06Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrm/xe: Fix potential integer overflow in page size calculation\n\nExplicitly cast tbo-\u003epage_alignment to u64 before bit-shifting to\nprevent overflow when assigning to min_page_size.",
"id": "GHSA-45f8-hpxx-pqmq",
"modified": "2024-07-30T21:31:26Z",
"published": "2024-07-29T18:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-42066"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4f4fcafde343a54465f85a2909fc684918507a4b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/79d54ddf0e292b810887994bb04709c5ac0e1531"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-45PW-V4PC-RQ4G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:35 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:35Multiple integer overflows in libgfortran might allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (Fortran application crash) via vectors related to array allocation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-5044"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-03-07T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Multiple integer overflows in libgfortran might allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (Fortran application crash) via vectors related to array allocation.",
"id": "GHSA-45pw-v4pc-rq4g",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:35:03Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:35:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-5044"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1122812"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/94849"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/gcc/trunk/libgfortran/ChangeLog?limit_changes=0\u0026view=markup\u0026pathrev=211721"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2014/07/24/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2014/07/31/6"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4696-58W6-RQW4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-18 09:30 – Updated: 2026-02-23 09:31A vulnerability was identified in raysan5 raylib up to 909f040. Affected by this issue is the function LoadFontData of the file src/rtext.c. The manipulation leads to integer overflow. The attack can only be performed from a local environment. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The identifier of the patch is 5a3391fdce046bc5473e52afbd835dd2dc127146. It is suggested to install a patch to address this issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-15534"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-18T07:16:01Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in raysan5 raylib up to 909f040. Affected by this issue is the function LoadFontData of the file src/rtext.c. The manipulation leads to integer overflow. The attack can only be performed from a local environment. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The identifier of the patch is 5a3391fdce046bc5473e52afbd835dd2dc127146. It is suggested to install a patch to address this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-4696-58w6-rqw4",
"modified": "2026-02-23T09:31:21Z",
"published": "2026-01-18T09:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-15534"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/raysan5/raylib/issues/5436"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/raysan5/raylib/pull/5450"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/raysan5/raylib/commit/5a3391fdce046bc5473e52afbd835dd2dc127146"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/oneafter/1224/blob/main/segv1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/raysan5/raylib"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.341706"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.341706"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.733343"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-4696-G7JJ-XG2H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-17 00:00 – Updated: 2022-11-22 00:03An integer overflow exists in Mapbox's closed source gl-native library prior to version 10.6.1, which is bundled with multiple Mapbox products including open source libraries. The overflow is caused by large image height and width values when creating a new Image and allows for out of bounds writes, potentially crashing the Mapbox process.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.mapbox.mapboxsdk:mapbox-android-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.6.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-38216"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-11-22T00:03:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-16T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An integer overflow exists in Mapbox\u0027s closed source gl-native library prior to version 10.6.1, which is bundled with multiple Mapbox products including open source libraries. The overflow is caused by large image height and width values when creating a new Image and allows for out of bounds writes, potentially crashing the Mapbox process.",
"id": "GHSA-4696-g7jj-xg2h",
"modified": "2022-11-22T00:03:50Z",
"published": "2022-08-17T00:00:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-38216"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/mapbox/mapbox-maps-android"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/mapbox/mapbox-maps-android/releases/tag/android-v10.6.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Mapbox is vulnerable to Integer Overflow"
}
GHSA-469X-QWP6-693Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-01 18:31 – Updated: 2026-06-30 03:36A flaw was found in Poppler's Splash backend. A remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability by crafting a malicious PDF file that, when rendered, triggers an integer overflow in the tilingPatternFill function. This overflow leads to an undersized heap memory allocation, allowing a subsequent out-of-bounds write. Successful exploitation could result in arbitrary code execution, information disclosure, or denial of service within the context of the application processing the PDF.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-10118"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-01T17:16:39Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in Poppler\u0027s Splash backend. A remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability by crafting a malicious PDF file that, when rendered, triggers an integer overflow in the `tilingPatternFill` function. This overflow leads to an undersized heap memory allocation, allowing a subsequent out-of-bounds write. Successful exploitation could result in arbitrary code execution, information disclosure, or denial of service within the context of the application processing the PDF.",
"id": "GHSA-469x-qwp6-693q",
"modified": "2026-06-30T03:36:53Z",
"published": "2026-06-01T18:31:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-10118"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-10118.json"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/poppler/poppler/-/work_items/1715"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2460428"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-10118"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:30134"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:30089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:30088"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:30087"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:30078"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:30044"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:29952"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27727"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27725"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27724"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27723"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27722"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27721"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:27720"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:25058"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24985"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24984"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-46CX-9569-W574
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 02:41 – Updated: 2022-05-14 02:41Multiple integer overflows in imageop.c in the imageop module in Python 1.5.2 through 2.5.1 allow context-dependent attackers to break out of the Python VM and execute arbitrary code via large integer values in certain arguments to the crop function, leading to a buffer overflow, a different vulnerability than CVE-2007-4965 and CVE-2008-1679.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-4864"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2008-11-01T00:00:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple integer overflows in imageop.c in the imageop module in Python 1.5.2 through 2.5.1 allow context-dependent attackers to break out of the Python VM and execute arbitrary code via large integer values in certain arguments to the crop function, leading to a buffer overflow, a different vulnerability than CVE-2007-4965 and CVE-2008-1679.",
"id": "GHSA-46cx-9569-w574",
"modified": "2022-05-14T02:41:05Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T02:41:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-4864"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/46606"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A10702"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A8354"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2009/Feb/msg00000.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://scary.beasts.org/security/CESA-2008-008.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/33937"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/37471"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3438"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://svn.python.org/view/python/trunk/Modules/imageop.c?rev=66689\u0026view=diff\u0026r1=66689\u0026r2=66688\u0026p1=python/trunk/Modules/imageop.c\u0026p2=/python/trunk/Modules/imageop.c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://svn.python.org/view?rev=66689\u0026view=rev"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2008/10/27/2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2008/10/29/3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/507985/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/31932"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/31976"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2009-0016.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2009/3316"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-46FH-F8VX-P359
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-19 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:35Altran picoTCP through 1.7.0 allows memory corruption (and subsequent denial of service) because of an integer overflow in pico_ipv6_alloc when processing large ICMPv6 packets. This affects installations with Ethernet support in which a packet size greater than 65495 may occur.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-30463"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-19T12:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Altran picoTCP through 1.7.0 allows memory corruption (and subsequent denial of service) because of an integer overflow in pico_ipv6_alloc when processing large ICMPv6 packets. This affects installations with Ethernet support in which a packet size greater than 65495 may occur.",
"id": "GHSA-46fh-f8vx-p359",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:35:15Z",
"published": "2023-04-19T12:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-30463"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://georgyg.com/home/picotcp-denial-of-service-cve-2023-30463"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tass-belgium/picotcp/releases"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-46G8-9QH6-FJGM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 22:28 – Updated: 2022-05-24 22:28Trusty TLK contains a vulnerability in the NVIDIA TLK kernel�s tz_handle_trusted_app_smc function where a lack of integer overflow checks on the req_off and param_ofs variables leads to memory corruption of critical kernel structures.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-34391"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-190"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-22T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Trusty TLK contains a vulnerability in the NVIDIA TLK kernel\u00ef\u00bf\u00bds tz_handle_trusted_app_smc function where a lack of integer overflow checks on the req_off and param_ofs variables leads to memory corruption of critical kernel structures.",
"id": "GHSA-46g8-9qh6-fjgm",
"modified": "2022-05-24T22:28:11Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T22:28:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-34391"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://nvidia.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/5205"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
Ensure that all protocols are strictly defined, such that all out-of-bounds behavior can be identified simply, and require strict conformance to the protocol.
Mitigation MIT-3
Strategy: Language Selection
- Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- If possible, choose a language or compiler that performs automatic bounds checking.
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Use libraries or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences.
- Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++). [REF-106]
Mitigation MIT-8
Strategy: Input Validation
- Perform input validation on any numeric input by ensuring that it is within the expected range. Enforce that the input meets both the minimum and maximum requirements for the expected range.
- Use unsigned integers where possible. This makes it easier to perform validation for integer overflows. When signed integers are required, ensure that the range check includes minimum values as well as maximum values.
Mitigation MIT-36
- Understand the programming language's underlying representation and how it interacts with numeric calculation (CWE-681). Pay close attention to byte size discrepancies, precision, signed/unsigned distinctions, truncation, conversion and casting between types, "not-a-number" calculations, and how the language handles numbers that are too large or too small for its underlying representation. [REF-7]
- Also be careful to account for 32-bit, 64-bit, and other potential differences that may affect the numeric representation.
Mitigation MIT-15
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-26
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Examine compiler warnings closely and eliminate problems with potential security implications, such as signed / unsigned mismatch in memory operations, or use of uninitialized variables. Even if the weakness is rarely exploitable, a single failure may lead to the compromise of the entire system.
CAPEC-92: Forced Integer Overflow
This attack forces an integer variable to go out of range. The integer variable is often used as an offset such as size of memory allocation or similarly. The attacker would typically control the value of such variable and try to get it out of range. For instance the integer in question is incremented past the maximum possible value, it may wrap to become a very small, or negative number, therefore providing a very incorrect value which can lead to unexpected behavior. At worst the attacker can execute arbitrary code.