Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-190

Allowed

Integer Overflow or Wraparound

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. This occurs when an integer value is incremented to a value that is too large to store in the associated representation. When this occurs, the value may become a very small or negative number.

3916 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-5R97-79VW-QVM4

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-18 15:38 – Updated: 2026-05-18 15:38
VLAI
Summary
Microsoft DirectX12: .spritefont multiply overflow only in 32-bit builds
Details

Impact

The spritefont reader can be induced to perform a 32-bit overflow multiply that could in theory result in a RCE.

This impacts the use of the DirectX Tool Kit SpriteFont class file loading ctor if given untrusted data files.

Note this only applies to x86/ARM builds of the library. ARM64 and x64 native is not subject to this issue.

Patches

This bug has been fixed in the May 7, 2026 release. Alternatively, you can just update your copy of the reader as per this commit.

Workarounds

This does not apply if a project's .spritefont files are all 'trusted' data that were included with an application. It's primarily an issue only if developers are using user-provided or network downloaded spritefont files.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 2026.4.1.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "NuGet",
        "name": "directxtk12_desktop_win10"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.5.8.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c 2026.4.1.1"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "NuGet",
        "name": "directxtk12_uwp"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.5.8.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-18T15:38:59Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nThe spritefont reader can be induced to perform a 32-bit overflow multiply that could in theory result in a RCE.\n\nThis impacts the use of the *DirectX Tool Kit* **SpriteFont** class file loading ctor if given untrusted data files.\n\n\u003e Note this only applies to x86/ARM builds of the library. ARM64 and x64 native is not subject to this issue.\n\n### Patches\nThis bug has been fixed in the May 7, 2026 release. Alternatively, you can just update your copy of the reader as per [this commit](https://github.com/microsoft/DirectXTK12/commit/c037a024a7ed3b2162fa2bbbe209b84ba2904494).\n\n### Workarounds\nThis does not apply if a project\u0027s .spritefont files are all \u0027trusted\u0027 data that were included with an application. It\u0027s primarily an issue only if developers are using user-provided or network downloaded spritefont files.",
  "id": "GHSA-5r97-79vw-qvm4",
  "modified": "2026-05-18T15:38:59Z",
  "published": "2026-05-18T15:38:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/microsoft/DirectXTK12/security/advisories/GHSA-5r97-79vw-qvm4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/microsoft/DirectXTK12/commit/c037a024a7ed3b2162fa2bbbe209b84ba2904494"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/microsoft/DirectXTK12"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/microsoft/DirectXTK12/releases/tag/may2026"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Microsoft DirectX12: .spritefont multiply overflow only in 32-bit builds"
}

GHSA-5RJG-V5WR-9XWX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:40 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:40
VLAI
Details

Possible integer overflow can occur when stream info update is called when total number of streams detected are zero while parsing TS clip with invalid data in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Connectivity, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Voice & Music, Snapdragon Wearables

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-11197"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-01-21T10:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Possible integer overflow can occur when stream info update is called when total number of streams detected are zero while parsing TS clip with invalid data in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Connectivity, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Voice \u0026 Music, Snapdragon Wearables",
  "id": "GHSA-5rjg-v5wr-9xwx",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:40:00Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:40:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-11197"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/december-2020-bulletin"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/december-2020-security-bulletin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-5RXV-M65F-6Q4G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:14 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:49
VLAI
Details

The malloc function in the GNU C Library (aka glibc or libc6) 2.26 could return a memory block that is too small if an attempt is made to allocate an object whose size is close to SIZE_MAX, potentially leading to a subsequent heap overflow. This occurs because the per-thread cache (aka tcache) feature enables a code path that lacks an integer overflow check.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-17426"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-12-05T17:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The malloc function in the GNU C Library (aka glibc or libc6) 2.26 could return a memory block that is too small if an attempt is made to allocate an object whose size is close to SIZE_MAX, potentially leading to a subsequent heap overflow. This occurs because the per-thread cache (aka tcache) feature enables a code path that lacks an integer overflow check.",
  "id": "GHSA-5rxv-m65f-6q4g",
  "modified": "2025-04-20T03:49:27Z",
  "published": "2022-05-17T00:14:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-17426"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22375"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sourceware.org/git/gitweb.cgi?p=glibc.git%3Bh=34697694e8a93b325b18f25f7dcded55d6baeaf6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sourceware.org/git/gitweb.cgi?p=glibc.git;h=34697694e8a93b325b18f25f7dcded55d6baeaf6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5V3R-5X6Q-8VMG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-19 03:32 – Updated: 2025-02-19 03:32
VLAI
Details

In barebox before 2025.01.0, ext4fs_read_symlink has an integer overflow for zalloc (adding one to an le32 variable) via a crafted ext4 filesystem with an inode size of 0xffffffff, resulting in a malloc of zero and resultant memory overwrite, a related issue to CVE-2024-57256.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-57262"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-02-19T02:15:08Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "In barebox before 2025.01.0, ext4fs_read_symlink has an integer overflow for zalloc (adding one to an le32 variable) via a crafted ext4 filesystem with an inode size of 0xffffffff, resulting in a malloc of zero and resultant memory overwrite, a related issue to CVE-2024-57256.",
  "id": "GHSA-5v3r-5x6q-8vmg",
  "modified": "2025-02-19T03:32:05Z",
  "published": "2025-02-19T03:32:05Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-57262"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.pengutronix.de/cgit/barebox/commit/?id=a2b76550f7d8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.pengutronix.de/cgit/barebox/commit/?id=a2b76550f7d87ba6f88a9ea50e71f107b514ff4e"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5V72-4Q26-MQ7P

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:43 – Updated: 2022-07-31 00:00
VLAI
Details

An integer overflow flaw was found in libtiff that exists in the tif_getimage.c file. This flaw allows an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary code when a user opens a crafted TIFF file. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality, integrity, as well as system availability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-35523"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-09T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An integer overflow flaw was found in libtiff that exists in the tif_getimage.c file. This flaw allows an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary code when a user opens a crafted TIFF file. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality, integrity, as well as system availability.",
  "id": "GHSA-5v72-4q26-mq7p",
  "modified": "2022-07-31T00:00:59Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:43:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-35523"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1932040"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/libtiff/libtiff/-/commit/c8d613ef497058fe653c467fc84c70a62a4a71b2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/libtiff/libtiff/-/merge_requests/160"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2021/06/msg00023.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/BMHBYFMX3D5VGR6Y3RXTTH3Q4NF4E6IG"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202104-06"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210521-0009"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2021/dsa-4869"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5V79-4RJG-CPRC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 22:28 – Updated: 2022-07-30 00:00
VLAI
Details

An exploitable integer overflow vulnerability exists within the MPEG-4 decoding functionality of the GPAC Project on Advanced Content library v1.0.1. A specially crafted MPEG-4 input when decoding the atom associated with the “csgp” FOURCC can cause an integer overflow due to unchecked arithmetic resulting in a heap-based buffer overflow that causes memory corruption. An attacker can convince a user to open a video to trigger this vulnerability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-21835"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-119",
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-08-25T19:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An exploitable integer overflow vulnerability exists within the MPEG-4 decoding functionality of the GPAC Project on Advanced Content library v1.0.1. A specially crafted MPEG-4 input when decoding the atom associated with the \u201ccsgp\u201d FOURCC can cause an integer overflow due to unchecked arithmetic resulting in a heap-based buffer overflow that causes memory corruption. An attacker can convince a user to open a video to trigger this vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-5v79-4rjg-cprc",
  "modified": "2022-07-30T00:00:40Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T22:28:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21835"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2021-1297"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5VF7-9PPM-P9MV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:03 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:03
VLAI
Details

The mintToken function of a smart contract implementation for Flow, an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow that allows the owner of the contract to set the balance of an arbitrary user to any value.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-13525"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-07-09T06:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The mintToken function of a smart contract implementation for Flow, an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow that allows the owner of the contract to set the balance of an arbitrary user to any value.",
  "id": "GHSA-5vf7-9ppm-p9mv",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:03:56Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:03:56Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-13525"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/blob/master/GEMCHAIN/mint%20integer%20overflow.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/tree/master/Flow"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5VR5-4X8V-HCFP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:16 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:16
VLAI
Details

Integer overflow vulnerability in the bmp24toimage function in convertbmp.c in OpenJPEG before 2.2.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based buffer over-read and application crash) via a crafted bmp file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-10507"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2017-08-30T09:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Integer overflow vulnerability in the bmp24toimage function in convertbmp.c in OpenJPEG before 2.2.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (heap-based buffer over-read and application crash) via a crafted bmp file.",
  "id": "GHSA-5vr5-4x8v-hcfp",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:16:23Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:16:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-10507"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/uclouvain/openjpeg/issues/833"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/uclouvain/openjpeg/commit/da940424816e11d624362ce080bc026adffa26e8"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201710-26"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100567"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5VX7-RXJ9-VR3Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:01 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:01
VLAI
Details

The mintToken function of a smart contract implementation for ForeverCoin, an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow that allows the owner of the contract to set the balance of an arbitrary user to any value.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-13579"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-07-09T06:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The mintToken function of a smart contract implementation for ForeverCoin, an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow that allows the owner of the contract to set the balance of an arbitrary user to any value.",
  "id": "GHSA-5vx7-rxj9-vr3q",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:01:47Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:01:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-13579"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/blob/master/GEMCHAIN/mint%20integer%20overflow.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/tree/master/ForeverCoin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-5W53-PH4V-W2GH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:04 – Updated: 2024-03-21 03:33
VLAI
Details

The transfer and transferFrom functions of a smart contract implementation for ChuCunLingAIGO (CCLAG), an Ethereum token, have an integer overflow.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-13327"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-07-05T18:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The transfer and transferFrom functions of a smart contract implementation for ChuCunLingAIGO (CCLAG), an Ethereum token, have an integer overflow.",
  "id": "GHSA-5w53-ph4v-w2gh",
  "modified": "2024-03-21T03:33:31Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:04:48Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-13327"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/safecomet/EtherTokens/blob/master/ChuCunLingAIGO%20%28CCLAG%29/ChuCunLingAIGO%20%28CCLAG%29.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/safecomet/EtherTokens/blob/master/ChuCunLingAIGO%20(CCLAG)/ChuCunLingAIGO%20(CCLAG).md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/soohoio/VeriSmartBench/wiki/CVE-False-Reported-Case"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Requirements

Ensure that all protocols are strictly defined, such that all out-of-bounds behavior can be identified simply, and require strict conformance to the protocol.

Mitigation MIT-3
Requirements

Strategy: Language Selection

  • Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • If possible, choose a language or compiler that performs automatic bounds checking.
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
  • Use libraries or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences.
  • Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++). [REF-106]
Mitigation MIT-8
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Perform input validation on any numeric input by ensuring that it is within the expected range. Enforce that the input meets both the minimum and maximum requirements for the expected range.
  • Use unsigned integers where possible. This makes it easier to perform validation for integer overflows. When signed integers are required, ensure that the range check includes minimum values as well as maximum values.
Mitigation MIT-36
Implementation
  • Understand the programming language's underlying representation and how it interacts with numeric calculation (CWE-681). Pay close attention to byte size discrepancies, precision, signed/unsigned distinctions, truncation, conversion and casting between types, "not-a-number" calculations, and how the language handles numbers that are too large or too small for its underlying representation. [REF-7]
  • Also be careful to account for 32-bit, 64-bit, and other potential differences that may affect the numeric representation.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-26
Implementation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Examine compiler warnings closely and eliminate problems with potential security implications, such as signed / unsigned mismatch in memory operations, or use of uninitialized variables. Even if the weakness is rarely exploitable, a single failure may lead to the compromise of the entire system.

CAPEC-92: Forced Integer Overflow

This attack forces an integer variable to go out of range. The integer variable is often used as an offset such as size of memory allocation or similarly. The attacker would typically control the value of such variable and try to get it out of range. For instance the integer in question is incremented past the maximum possible value, it may wrap to become a very small, or negative number, therefore providing a very incorrect value which can lead to unexpected behavior. At worst the attacker can execute arbitrary code.