Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-190

Allowed

Integer Overflow or Wraparound

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product performs a calculation that can produce an integer overflow or wraparound when the logic assumes that the resulting value will always be larger than the original value. This occurs when an integer value is incremented to a value that is too large to store in the associated representation. When this occurs, the value may become a very small or negative number.

3886 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-Q8XQ-HRJ3-2XM9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:02 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:02
VLAI
Details

The mintToken function of a smart contract implementation for Virtual Energy Units (VEU) (Contract Name: VEU_TokenERC20), an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow that allows the owner of the contract to set the balance of an arbitrary user to any value.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-13639"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-07-09T06:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The mintToken function of a smart contract implementation for Virtual Energy Units (VEU) (Contract Name: VEU_TokenERC20), an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow that allows the owner of the contract to set the balance of an arbitrary user to any value.",
  "id": "GHSA-q8xq-hrj3-2xm9",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:02:44Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:02:43Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-13639"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/blob/master/GEMCHAIN/mint%20integer%20overflow.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/tree/master/VEU_TokenERC20"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q99M-P7HQ-5V4F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-12 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-30 00:01
VLAI
Details

Rat.SetString in math/big in Go before 1.16.14 and 1.17.x before 1.17.7 has an overflow that can lead to Uncontrolled Memory Consumption.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-23772"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190",
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-02-11T01:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Rat.SetString in math/big in Go before 1.16.14 and 1.17.x before 1.17.7 has an overflow that can lead to Uncontrolled Memory Consumption.",
  "id": "GHSA-q99m-p7hq-5v4f",
  "modified": "2022-03-30T00:01:42Z",
  "published": "2022-02-12T00:00:50Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23772"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://groups.google.com/g/golang-announce/c/SUsQn0aSgPQ"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/04/msg00017.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/04/msg00018.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202208-02"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20220225-0006"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2022.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q99R-F9J3-2WG8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:20 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:20
VLAI
Details

In phNciNfc_RecvMfResp of phNxpExtns_MifareStd.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an integer overflow. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-10Android ID: A-126204073

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-0216"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-06-11T15:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In phNciNfc_RecvMfResp of phNxpExtns_MifareStd.cpp, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an integer overflow. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-10Android ID: A-126204073",
  "id": "GHSA-q99r-f9j3-2wg8",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:20:19Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:20:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-0216"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2020-06-01"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-Q9C4-RQ7W-7Q8X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-04 03:30 – Updated: 2024-08-27 00:31
VLAI
Details

In da, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an integer overflow. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS08541686; Issue ID: ALPS08541686.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-20025"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-03-04T03:15:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In da, there is a possible out of bounds write due to an integer overflow. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with System execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. Patch ID: ALPS08541686; Issue ID: ALPS08541686.",
  "id": "GHSA-q9c4-rq7w-7q8x",
  "modified": "2024-08-27T00:31:32Z",
  "published": "2024-03-04T03:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-20025"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://corp.mediatek.com/product-security-bulletin/March-2024"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q9F4-96W8-25FW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:30 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:30
VLAI
Details

dwarf2.c in the Binary File Descriptor (BFD) library (aka libbfd), as distributed in GNU Binutils 2.30, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (integer underflow or overflow, and application crash) via an ELF file with a corrupt DWARF FORM block, as demonstrated by nm.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-7569"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-02-28T21:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "dwarf2.c in the Binary File Descriptor (BFD) library (aka libbfd), as distributed in GNU Binutils 2.30, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (integer underflow or overflow, and application crash) via an ELF file with a corrupt DWARF FORM block, as demonstrated by nm.",
  "id": "GHSA-q9f4-96w8-25fw",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:30:45Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-7569"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHBA-2019:0327"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3032"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201811-17"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22895"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-10/msg00072.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-11/msg00008.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q9G8-C73R-9VJW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:05 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:05
VLAI
Details

The sell function of a smart contract implementation for RiptideCoin (RIPT), an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow in which "amount * sellPrice" can be zero, consequently reducing a seller's assets.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-13229"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-07-05T02:29:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The sell function of a smart contract implementation for RiptideCoin (RIPT), an Ethereum token, has an integer overflow in which \"amount * sellPrice\" can be zero, consequently reducing a seller\u0027s assets.",
  "id": "GHSA-q9g8-c73r-9vjw",
  "modified": "2022-05-14T03:05:35Z",
  "published": "2022-05-14T03:05:35Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-13229"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/blob/master/ETHEREUMBLACK/sell%20integer%20overflow.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/BlockChainsSecurity/EtherTokens/tree/master/RiptideCoin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q9GJ-C2M7-HF6G

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-07 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-03 21:31
VLAI
Details

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

bnxt: avoid overflow in bnxt_get_nvram_directory()

The value of an arithmetic expression is subject of possible overflow due to a failure to cast operands to a larger data type before performing arithmetic. Used macro for multiplication instead operator for avoiding overflow.

Found by Security Code and Linux Verification Center (linuxtesting.org) with SVACE.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-53661"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-07T16:15:49Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbnxt: avoid overflow in bnxt_get_nvram_directory()\n\nThe value of an arithmetic expression is subject\nof possible overflow due to a failure to cast operands to a larger data\ntype before performing arithmetic. Used macro for multiplication instead\noperator for avoiding overflow.\n\nFound by Security Code and Linux Verification\nCenter (linuxtesting.org) with SVACE.",
  "id": "GHSA-q9gj-c2m7-hf6g",
  "modified": "2026-02-03T21:31:46Z",
  "published": "2025-10-07T18:31:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-53661"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/17e0453a7523ad7a25bb47af941b150a6c66d7b6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7c6dddc239abe660598c49ec95ea0ed6399a4b2a"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d5eaf2a6b077f32a477feb1e9e1c1f60605b460e"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/efb1a257513438d43f4335f09b2f684e8167cad2"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q9H6-C2FF-PRCP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-02 06:30 – Updated: 2024-01-02 06:30
VLAI
Details

Memory corruption in TZ Secure OS while requesting a memory allocation from TA region.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-33032"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190",
      "CWE-787"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-01-02T06:15:09Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Memory corruption in TZ Secure OS while requesting a memory allocation from TA region.",
  "id": "GHSA-q9h6-c2ff-prcp",
  "modified": "2024-01-02T06:30:30Z",
  "published": "2024-01-02T06:30:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-33032"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/january-2024-bulletin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q9RW-8758-HCCJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-07 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-17 00:03
VLAI
Details

In nbd-server in nbd before 3.24, there is an integer overflow with a resultant heap-based buffer overflow. A value of 0xffffffff in the name length field will cause a zero-sized buffer to be allocated for the name, resulting in a write to a dangling pointer. This issue exists for the NBD_OPT_INFO, NBD_OPT_GO, and NBD_OPT_EXPORT_NAME messages.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-26495"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-03-06T06:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "In nbd-server in nbd before 3.24, there is an integer overflow with a resultant heap-based buffer overflow. A value of 0xffffffff in the name length field will cause a zero-sized buffer to be allocated for the name, resulting in a write to a dangling pointer. This issue exists for the NBD_OPT_INFO, NBD_OPT_GO, and NBD_OPT_EXPORT_NAME messages.",
  "id": "GHSA-q9rw-8758-hccj",
  "modified": "2022-03-17T00:03:11Z",
  "published": "2022-03-07T00:00:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-26495"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022/03/msg00014.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/nbd/2022/01/msg00037.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/G2UPX62BIWOOHSACGUDB7E3O4URNN37F"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IZHR73XMAJTCFGKUZRXVTZKCK2X3IFNA"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/PU5JFD4PEJED72TZLZ5R2Q2SFXICU5I5"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/G2UPX62BIWOOHSACGUDB7E3O4URNN37F"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IZHR73XMAJTCFGKUZRXVTZKCK2X3IFNA"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/PU5JFD4PEJED72TZLZ5R2Q2SFXICU5I5"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202402-10"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sourceforge.net/projects/nbd/files/nbd"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2022/dsa-5100"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-Q9X7-4RF7-4XQ2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-25 18:30 – Updated: 2025-07-25 18:30
VLAI
Details

A flaw was found in the SFTP server message decoding logic of libssh. The issue occurs due to an incorrect packet length check that allows an integer overflow when handling large payload sizes on 32-bit systems. This issue leads to failed memory allocation and causes the server process to crash, resulting in a denial of service.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-5449"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-190"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-07-25T18:15:26Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A flaw was found in the SFTP server message decoding logic of libssh. The issue occurs due to an incorrect packet length check that allows an integer overflow when handling large payload sizes on 32-bit systems. This issue leads to failed memory allocation and causes the server process to crash, resulting in a denial of service.",
  "id": "GHSA-q9x7-4rf7-4xq2",
  "modified": "2025-07-25T18:30:41Z",
  "published": "2025-07-25T18:30:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-5449"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-5449"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2369705"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.libssh.org/projects/libssh.git/commit/?h=stable-0.11\u0026id=261612179f740bc62ba363d98b3bd5e5573a811f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.libssh.org/projects/libssh.git/commit/?h=stable-0.11\u0026id=3443aec90188d6aab9282afc80a81df5ab72c4da"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.libssh.org/projects/libssh.git/commit/?h=stable-0.11\u0026id=5504ff40515439a5fecbb17da7483000c4d12eb7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.libssh.org/projects/libssh.git/commit/?h=stable-0.11\u0026id=78485f446af9b30e37eb8f177b81940710d54496"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://git.libssh.org/projects/libssh.git/commit/?h=stable-0.11\u0026id=f79ec51b7fd519dbc5737a7ba826e3ed093f6ceb"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.libssh.org/security/advisories/CVE-2025-5449.txt"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Requirements

Ensure that all protocols are strictly defined, such that all out-of-bounds behavior can be identified simply, and require strict conformance to the protocol.

Mitigation MIT-3
Requirements

Strategy: Language Selection

  • Use a language that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
  • If possible, choose a language or compiler that performs automatic bounds checking.
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
  • Use libraries or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences.
  • Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++). [REF-106]
Mitigation MIT-8
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Perform input validation on any numeric input by ensuring that it is within the expected range. Enforce that the input meets both the minimum and maximum requirements for the expected range.
  • Use unsigned integers where possible. This makes it easier to perform validation for integer overflows. When signed integers are required, ensure that the range check includes minimum values as well as maximum values.
Mitigation MIT-36
Implementation
  • Understand the programming language's underlying representation and how it interacts with numeric calculation (CWE-681). Pay close attention to byte size discrepancies, precision, signed/unsigned distinctions, truncation, conversion and casting between types, "not-a-number" calculations, and how the language handles numbers that are too large or too small for its underlying representation. [REF-7]
  • Also be careful to account for 32-bit, 64-bit, and other potential differences that may affect the numeric representation.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-26
Implementation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Examine compiler warnings closely and eliminate problems with potential security implications, such as signed / unsigned mismatch in memory operations, or use of uninitialized variables. Even if the weakness is rarely exploitable, a single failure may lead to the compromise of the entire system.

CAPEC-92: Forced Integer Overflow

This attack forces an integer variable to go out of range. The integer variable is often used as an offset such as size of memory allocation or similarly. The attacker would typically control the value of such variable and try to get it out of range. For instance the integer in question is incremented past the maximum possible value, it may wrap to become a very small, or negative number, therefore providing a very incorrect value which can lead to unexpected behavior. At worst the attacker can execute arbitrary code.