Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-203

Allowed

Observable Discrepancy

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product behaves differently or sends different responses under different circumstances in a way that is observable to an unauthorized actor.

836 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-C274-3M34-WWP8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-09 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-09 18:30
VLAI
Details

Windows DNS Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-26221"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203",
      "CWE-416"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-04-09T17:15:41Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Windows DNS Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability",
  "id": "GHSA-c274-3m34-wwp8",
  "modified": "2024-04-09T18:30:25Z",
  "published": "2024-04-09T18:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-26221"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2024-26221"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C359-WQ75-M99W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-24 19:00 – Updated: 2022-10-24 19:00
VLAI
Details

Observable discrepancies in the login process allow an attacker to guess legitimate user names registered in the BMC. This issue affects: Lanner Inc IAC-AST2500A standard firmware version 1.10.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-45925"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-10-24T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Observable discrepancies in the login process allow an attacker to guess legitimate user names registered in the BMC. This issue affects: Lanner Inc IAC-AST2500A standard firmware version 1.10.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-c359-wq75-m99w",
  "modified": "2022-10-24T19:00:16Z",
  "published": "2022-10-24T19:00:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45925"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/CVEProject/cvelist/blob/master/2021/45xxx/CVE-2021-45925.json"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.nozominetworks.com/blog/vulnerabilities-in-bmc-firmware-affect-ot-iot-device-security-part-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.nozominetworks.com/labs/vulnerability-advisories/CVE-2021-45925"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C38W-74PG-36HR

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-28 23:28 – Updated: 2026-04-27 16:45
VLAI
Summary
Marvin Attack: potential key recovery through timing sidechannels
Details

Impact

Due to a non-constant-time implementation, information about the private key is leaked through timing information which is observable over the network. An attacker may be able to use that information to recover the key.

Patches

No patch is yet available, however work is underway to migrate to a fully constant-time implementation.

Workarounds

The only currently available workaround is to avoid using the rsa crate in settings where attackers are able to observe timing information, e.g. local use on a non-compromised computer is fine.

References

This vulnerability was discovered as part of the "Marvin Attack", which revealed several implementations of RSA including OpenSSL had not properly mitigated timing sidechannel attacks.

  • https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2023-0071.html
  • https://people.redhat.com/~hkario/marvin/
  • https://github.com/RustCrypto/RSA/issues/19
Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "rsa"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "0.9.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-49092"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203",
      "CWE-385"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-11-28T23:28:27Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-28T21:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\nDue to a non-constant-time implementation, information about the private key is leaked through timing information which is observable over the network. An attacker may be able to use that information to recover the key.\n\n### Patches\nNo patch is yet available, however work is underway to migrate to a fully constant-time implementation.\n\n### Workarounds\nThe only currently available workaround is to avoid using the `rsa` crate in settings where attackers are able to observe timing information, e.g. local use on a non-compromised computer is fine.\n\n### References\nThis vulnerability was discovered as part of the \"Marvin Attack\", which revealed several implementations of RSA including OpenSSL had not properly mitigated timing sidechannel attacks.\n\n- https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2023-0071.html\n- https://people.redhat.com/~hkario/marvin/\n- https://github.com/RustCrypto/RSA/issues/19",
  "id": "GHSA-c38w-74pg-36hr",
  "modified": "2026-04-27T16:45:08Z",
  "published": "2023-11-28T23:28:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/RustCrypto/RSA/security/advisories/GHSA-c38w-74pg-36hr"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49092"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/RustCrypto/RSA/issues/19#issuecomment-1822995643"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/RustCrypto/RSA/issues/626"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/RustCrypto/RSA"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2023-0071.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Marvin Attack: potential key recovery through timing sidechannels"
}

GHSA-C3QR-CX32-288C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:10 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:10
VLAI
Details

An attacker with physical access to Nuvoton Trusted Platform Module (NPCT75x 7.2.x before 7.2.2.0) could extract an Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) private key via a side-channel attack against ECDSA, because of an Observable Timing Discrepancy.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-25082"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-08-10T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "An attacker with physical access to Nuvoton Trusted Platform Module (NPCT75x 7.2.x before 7.2.2.0) could extract an Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) private key via a side-channel attack against ECDSA, because of an Observable Timing Discrepancy.",
  "id": "GHSA-c3qr-cx32-288c",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T19:10:34Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:10:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-25082"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.nuvoton.com/support/product-related-information/security-advisories/sa-002"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-C3WG-2C5H-69Q5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-31 00:00 – Updated: 2022-04-06 00:01
VLAI
Details

In AudioService, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-12LAndroid ID: A-194110526

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-39760"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-03-30T16:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "In AudioService, there is a possible way to determine whether an app is installed, without query permissions, due to side channel information disclosure. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-12LAndroid ID: A-194110526",
  "id": "GHSA-c3wg-2c5h-69q5",
  "modified": "2022-04-06T00:01:53Z",
  "published": "2022-03-31T00:00:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-39760"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/android-12l"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C4MR-95M6-W2MF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-28 21:30 – Updated: 2023-04-05 03:30
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in MCUBO ICT through 10.12.4 (aka 6.0.2). An Observable Response Discrepancy can occur under the login web page. In particular, the web application provides different responses to incoming requests in a way that reveals internal state information to an unauthorized actor. That allow an unauthorized actor to perform User Enumeration attacks.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-26071"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-28T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in MCUBO ICT through 10.12.4 (aka 6.0.2). An Observable Response Discrepancy can occur under the login web page. In particular, the web application provides different responses to incoming requests in a way that reveals internal state information to an unauthorized actor. That allow an unauthorized actor to perform User Enumeration attacks.",
  "id": "GHSA-c4mr-95m6-w2mf",
  "modified": "2023-04-05T03:30:18Z",
  "published": "2023-03-28T21:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-26071"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.224303"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.gruppotim.it/it/footer/red-team.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C57V-4VG5-CM2X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-07 12:30 – Updated: 2024-07-22 09:31
VLAI
Summary
Apache Pulsar SASL Authentication Provider observable timing discrepancy vulnerability
Details

Observable timing discrepancy vulnerability in Apache Pulsar SASL Authentication Provider can allow an attacker to forge a SASL Role Token that will pass signature verification. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.11.3, 3.0.2, or 3.1.1 which fixes the issue. Users should also consider updating the configured secret in the saslJaasServerRoleTokenSignerSecretPath file.

Any component matching an above version running the SASL Authentication Provider is affected. That includes the Pulsar Broker, Proxy, Websocket Proxy, or Function Worker.

2.11 Pulsar users should upgrade to at least 2.11.3. 3.0 Pulsar users should upgrade to at least 3.0.2. 3.1 Pulsar users should upgrade to at least 3.1.1. Any users running Pulsar 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, and earlier should upgrade to one of the above patched versions.

For additional details on this attack vector, please refer to https://codahale.com/a-lesson-in-timing-attacks/ .

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.apache.pulsar:pulsar-broker-auth-sasl"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.11.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.apache.pulsar:pulsar-broker-auth-sasl"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.0.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.apache.pulsar:pulsar-broker-auth-sasl"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.1.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-51437"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-200",
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-07T18:23:31Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-02-07T10:15:08Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Observable timing discrepancy vulnerability in Apache Pulsar SASL Authentication Provider can allow an attacker to forge a SASL Role Token that will pass signature verification.\nUsers are recommended to upgrade to version 2.11.3, 3.0.2, or 3.1.1 which fixes the issue. Users should also consider updating the configured secret in the `saslJaasServerRoleTokenSignerSecretPath` file.\n\nAny component matching an above version running the SASL Authentication Provider is affected. That includes the Pulsar Broker, Proxy, Websocket Proxy, or Function Worker.\n\n2.11 Pulsar users should upgrade to at least 2.11.3.\n3.0 Pulsar users should upgrade to at least 3.0.2.\n3.1 Pulsar users should upgrade to at least 3.1.1.\nAny users running Pulsar 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, and earlier should upgrade to one of the above patched versions.\n\nFor additional details on this attack vector, please refer to  https://codahale.com/a-lesson-in-timing-attacks/ .\n\n",
  "id": "GHSA-c57v-4vg5-cm2x",
  "modified": "2024-07-22T09:31:55Z",
  "published": "2024-02-07T12:30:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-51437"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/pulsar/pull/21061"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/pulsar/commit/6274fa01a75d74d559bb7e514c970f1fc07d15bc"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/pulsar/commit/bc1019fa8ed37b8a4c8bb01e3662c6c015e1bc27"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/pulsar/commit/c05954e66ff33098aeb848f4bde51613ace7e47e"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/pulsar/commit/c27beca64cc93848c40a374f19eaf4d3cc4f4f03"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/apache/pulsar"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/5kgmvvolf5tzp5rz9xjwfg2ncwvqqgl5"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/02/07/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/02/07/1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Apache Pulsar SASL Authentication Provider observable timing discrepancy vulnerability"
}

GHSA-C5J5-CF8H-96P6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-04 03:30 – Updated: 2024-09-19 15:30
VLAI
Details

Observable timing discrepancy issue exists in IPCOM EX2 Series V01L02NF0001 to V01L06NF0401, V01L20NF0001 to V01L20NF0401, V02L20NF0001 to V02L21NF0301, and IPCOM VE2 Series V01L04NF0001 to V01L06NF0112. If this vulnerability is exploited, some of the encrypted communication may be decrypted by an attacker who can obtain the contents of the communication.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-39921"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-09-04T03:15:03Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Observable timing discrepancy issue exists in IPCOM EX2 Series V01L02NF0001 to V01L06NF0401, V01L20NF0001 to V01L20NF0401, V02L20NF0001 to V02L21NF0301, and IPCOM VE2 Series V01L04NF0001 to V01L06NF0112. If this vulnerability is exploited, some of the encrypted communication may be decrypted by an attacker who can obtain the contents of the communication.",
  "id": "GHSA-c5j5-cf8h-96p6",
  "modified": "2024-09-19T15:30:48Z",
  "published": "2024-09-04T03:30:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-39921"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN29238389"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.fujitsu.com/jp/products/network/support/2024/ipcom-04"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C5PJ-2GJR-8GGC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-28 15:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:14
VLAI
Details

User enumeration is found in PHPJabbers Callback Widget v1.0. This issue occurs during password recovery, where a difference in messages could allow an attacker to determine if the user is valid or not, enabling a brute force attack with valid users.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-40756"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-08-28T13:15:10Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "User enumeration is found in PHPJabbers Callback Widget v1.0. This issue occurs during password recovery, where a difference in messages could allow an attacker to determine if the user is valid or not, enabling a brute force attack with valid users.",
  "id": "GHSA-c5pj-2gjr-8ggc",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T07:14:19Z",
  "published": "2023-08-28T15:30:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40756"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://medium.com/%40mfortinsec/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-phpjabbers-part-3-40fc3565982f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://medium.com/@mfortinsec/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-phpjabbers-part-3-40fc3565982f"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.phpjabbers.com/callback-widget"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-C5XJ-VG6H-CC3W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-15 21:30 – Updated: 2024-10-15 21:30
VLAI
Details

Vulnerability in the Oracle Database Core component of Oracle Database Server. Supported versions that are affected are 19.3-19.24, 21.3-21.15 and 23.4-23.5. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker having Create Session privilege with network access via Oracle Net to compromise Oracle Database Core. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Oracle Database Core accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 4.3 (Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-21233"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-203"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-10-15T20:15:12Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle Database Core component of Oracle Database Server.  Supported versions that are affected are 19.3-19.24, 21.3-21.15 and  23.4-23.5. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows low privileged attacker having Create Session privilege with network access via Oracle Net to compromise Oracle Database Core.  Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in  unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Oracle Database Core accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 4.3 (Integrity impacts).  CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N).",
  "id": "GHSA-c5xj-vg6h-cc3w",
  "modified": "2024-10-15T21:30:38Z",
  "published": "2024-10-15T21:30:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21233"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2024.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation MIT-46
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Separation of Privilege

  • Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
  • Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
CAPEC-189: Black Box Reverse Engineering

An adversary discovers the structure, function, and composition of a type of computer software through black box analysis techniques. 'Black Box' methods involve interacting with the software indirectly, in the absence of direct access to the executable object. Such analysis typically involves interacting with the software at the boundaries of where the software interfaces with a larger execution environment, such as input-output vectors, libraries, or APIs. Black Box Reverse Engineering also refers to gathering physical side effects of a hardware device, such as electromagnetic radiation or sounds.