CWE-276
AllowedIncorrect Default Permissions
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
During installation, installed file permissions are set to allow anyone to modify those files.
2043 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-G265-W27F-7CFM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-29 15:31 – Updated: 2025-05-29 15:31Use of entitlement "com.apple.security.cs.disable-library-validation" and lack of launch and library load constraints allows to substitute a legitimate dylib with malicious one. A local attacker with unprivileged access can execute the application with altered dynamic library successfully bypassing Transparency, Consent, and Control (TCC). Acquired resource access is limited to previously granted permissions by the user. Access to other resources beyond granted-permissions requires user interaction with a system prompt asking for permission.
This issue affects DaVinci Resolve on macOS in all versions. Last tested version: 19.1.3
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-4081"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-29T15:15:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Use of entitlement \"com.apple.security.cs.disable-library-validation\" and lack of launch and library load constraints allows to substitute a legitimate dylib with malicious one. A local attacker with unprivileged access can execute the application with altered dynamic library successfully bypassing Transparency, Consent, and Control (TCC). Acquired resource access is limited to previously granted permissions by the user. Access to other resources beyond granted-permissions requires user interaction with a system prompt asking for permission.\n\nThis issue affects DaVinci Resolve on macOS in all versions.\nLast tested version: 19.1.3",
"id": "GHSA-g265-w27f-7cfm",
"modified": "2025-05-29T15:31:09Z",
"published": "2025-05-29T15:31:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4081"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.pl/en/posts/2025/05/tcc-bypass"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.blackmagicdesign.com/products/davinciresolve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-G28X-PGR3-QQX6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-15 21:24 – Updated: 2022-07-13 19:19Impact
Versions 4.23.0 and 4.24.0 of the octokit gem were published containing world-writeable files.
Specifically, the gem was packed with files having their permissions set to -rw-rw-rw- (i.e. 0666) instead of rw-r--r-- (i.e. 0644). This means everyone who is not the owner (Group and Public) with access to the instance where this release had been installed could modify the world-writable files from this gem.
Malicious code already present and running on your machine, separate from this package, could modify the gem’s files and change its behavior during runtime.
Patches
Workarounds
Users can use the previous version of the gem v4.22.0. Alternatively, users can modify the file permissions manually until they are able to upgrade to the latest version.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "octokit"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.23.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.25.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-31072"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-06-15T21:24:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-06-15T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nVersions [4.23.0](https://rubygems.org/gems/octokit/versions/4.23.0) and [4.24.0](https://rubygems.org/gems/octokit/versions/4.24.0) of the octokit gem were published containing world-writeable files. \n\nSpecifically, the gem was packed with files having their permissions set to `-rw-rw-rw-` (i.e. 0666) instead of `rw-r--r--` (i.e. 0644). This means everyone who is not the owner (Group and Public) with access to the instance where this release had been installed could modify the world-writable files from this gem. \n\nMalicious code already present and running on your machine, separate from this package, could modify the gem\u2019s files and change its behavior during runtime.\n\n### Patches\n* [octokit 4.25.0](https://rubygems.org/gems/octokit/versions/4.25.0)\n\n### Workarounds\nUsers can use the previous version of the gem [v4.22.0](https://rubygems.org/gems/octokit/versions/4.22.0). Alternatively, users can modify the file permissions manually until they are able to upgrade to the latest version.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-g28x-pgr3-qqx6",
"modified": "2022-07-13T19:19:18Z",
"published": "2022-06-15T21:24:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/octokit/octokit.rb/security/advisories/GHSA-g28x-pgr3-qqx6"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-31072"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/octokit/octokit.rb/commit/1c8edecc9cf23d1ceb959d91a416a69f55ce7d55"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/octokit/octokit.rb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/octokit/CVE-2022-31072.yml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Octokit gem published with world-writable files"
}
GHSA-G2CQ-WG23-G8QW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-26 15:30 – Updated: 2025-05-26 18:30The default mode of pseudo terminals (PTYs) allocated by Screen was changed from 0620 to 0622, thereby allowing anyone to write to any Screen PTYs in the system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-46803"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-26T15:15:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The default mode of pseudo terminals (PTYs) allocated by Screen was changed from 0620 to 0622, thereby allowing anyone to write to any Screen PTYs in the system.",
"id": "GHSA-g2cq-wg23-g8qw",
"modified": "2025-05-26T18:30:25Z",
"published": "2025-05-26T15:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-46803"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.suse.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2025-46803"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/05/12/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/05/13/6"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-G2G5-8M5M-XMQG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:47 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:42Internet Explorer in Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, and Windows Server 2016 allows an attacker to bypass Device Guard User Mode Code Integrity (UMCI) policies due to Internet Explorer failing to validate UMCI policies, aka "Internet Explorer Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability".
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8625"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-08-08T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Internet Explorer in Windows 10 Gold, 1511, 1607, 1703, and Windows Server 2016 allows an attacker to bypass Device Guard User Mode Code Integrity (UMCI) policies due to Internet Explorer failing to validate UMCI policies, aka \"Internet Explorer Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability\".",
"id": "GHSA-g2g5-8m5m-xmqg",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:42:45Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:47:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8625"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3909"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oddvar.moe/2017/08/13/bypassing-device-guard-umci-using-chm-cve-2017-8625"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2017-8625"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://posts.specterops.io/umci-vs-internet-explorer-exploring-cve-2017-8625-3946536c6442"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100063"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1039112"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G2P2-CFV2-VC48
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-19 18:31 – Updated: 2025-12-11 21:31AudioCodes Fax Server and Auto-Attendant IVR appliances versions up to and including 2.6.23 configure the web document root at C:\F2MAdmin\F2E with overly permissive file system permissions. Authenticated local users have modify rights on this directory, while the associated web server process runs as NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM. As a result, any local user can create or alter server-side scripts within the webroot and then trigger them via HTTP requests, causing arbitrary code to execute with SYSTEM privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-34333"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-19T17:15:48Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "AudioCodes Fax Server and Auto-Attendant IVR appliances versions up to and including 2.6.23\u00a0configure the web document root at C:\\\\F2MAdmin\\\\F2E with overly permissive file system permissions. Authenticated local users have modify rights on this directory, while the associated web server process runs as NT AUTHORITY\\\\SYSTEM. As a result, any local user can create or alter server-side scripts within the webroot and then trigger them via HTTP requests, causing arbitrary code to execute with SYSTEM privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-g2p2-cfv2-vc48",
"modified": "2025-12-11T21:31:26Z",
"published": "2025-11-19T18:31:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-34333"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pierrekim.github.io/advisories/2025-audiocodes-fax-ivr.txt"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2025-11-20-audiocodes-fax-ivr-8-vulnerabilities.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.audiocodes.com/media/g1in2u2o/0548-product-notice-end-of-service-for-audiocodes-auto-attendant-ivr-solution.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/audiocodes-fax-ivr-appliance-world-writable-webroot-lpe"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-G2WV-W63P-J3J4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-13 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-16 00:00In Telecomm, there is a possible disclosure of registered self managed phone accounts due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-192663553
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20311"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-12T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "In Telecomm, there is a possible disclosure of registered self managed phone accounts due to a missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-13Android ID: A-192663553",
"id": "GHSA-g2wv-w63p-j3j4",
"modified": "2022-08-16T00:00:23Z",
"published": "2022-08-13T00:00:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20311"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/android-13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G33V-F3V7-5269
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-07 18:32 – Updated: 2025-07-07 18:32The Anonymous Restricted Content plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.5 via the WordPress core search feature. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive data from posts that have been restricted to logged-in users.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11089"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-276"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-21T14:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Anonymous Restricted Content plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 1.6.5 via the WordPress core search feature. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to extract sensitive data from posts that have been restricted to logged-in users.",
"id": "GHSA-g33v-f3v7-5269",
"modified": "2025-07-07T18:32:15Z",
"published": "2025-07-07T18:32:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3191193/anonymous-restricted-content"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/95a01f44-2356-4ea4-b48e-80e3c6114efa?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G37F-J8HH-736F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:09 – Updated: 2025-05-14 07:51The Dynamic Data Mapping module in Liferay Portal 7.0.0 through 7.3.2, and Liferay DXP 7.0 before fix pack 94, 7.1 before fix pack 19, and 7.2 before fix pack 6, does not properly check user permissions, which allows remote attackers with the forms "Access in Site Administration" permission to view all forms and form entries in a site via the forms section in site administration.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.portal.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0.0"
},
{
"last_affected": "7.3.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0.10.fp0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.0.10.fp94"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.1.10.fp19"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.dxp.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.2.10.fp6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-33334"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-05-14T07:51:00Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-03T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Dynamic Data Mapping module in Liferay Portal 7.0.0 through 7.3.2, and Liferay DXP 7.0 before fix pack 94, 7.1 before fix pack 19, and 7.2 before fix pack 6, does not properly check user permissions, which allows remote attackers with the forms \"Access in Site Administration\" permission to view all forms and form entries in a site via the forms section in site administration.",
"id": "GHSA-g37f-j8hh-736f",
"modified": "2025-05-14T07:51:00Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:09:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-33334"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.liferay.com/browse/LPE-17039"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.liferay.dev/learn/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/HbL5mxmVrnXW/content/id/120748332"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Liferay Portal and Liferay DXP Fails to Properly Check User Permissions"
}
GHSA-G3H3-XH77-5FCF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-28 00:30 – Updated: 2025-02-13 18:31When the directory containing the installer does not have sufficiently restrictive file permissions, an attacker can modify (or replace) the installer to execute malicious code.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-43702"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276",
"CWE-284"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-27T22:15:12Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "When the directory containing the installer does not have sufficiently restrictive file permissions, an attacker can modify (or replace) the installer to execute malicious code.",
"id": "GHSA-g3h3-xh77-5fcf",
"modified": "2025-02-13T18:31:43Z",
"published": "2023-07-28T00:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43702"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ka005596/latest"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00930.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-G4CC-JJQP-VP8C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-08 00:30 – Updated: 2023-11-15 18:30Insecure permissions in Smart Soft advancedexport before v4.4.7 allow unauthenticated attackers to arbitrarily download user information from the ps_customer table.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-43984"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-07T23:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Insecure permissions in Smart Soft advancedexport before v4.4.7 allow unauthenticated attackers to arbitrarily download user information from the ps_customer table.",
"id": "GHSA-g4cc-jjqp-vp8c",
"modified": "2023-11-15T18:30:21Z",
"published": "2023-11-08T00:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-43984"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.friendsofpresta.org/modules/2023/11/07/advancedexport.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-1
The architecture needs to access and modification attributes for files to only those users who actually require those actions.
Mitigation MIT-46
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs
In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.
CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing
An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.