Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-284
DiscouragedImproper Access Control
Abstraction: Pillar · Status: Incomplete
The product does not restrict or incorrectly restricts access to a resource from an unauthorized actor.
7795 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-44277 (GCVE-0-2026-44277)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-12 16:54 – Updated: 2026-05-28 09:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
A improper access control vulnerability in Fortinet FortiAuthenticator 8.0.2, FortiAuthenticator 8.0.0, FortiAuthenticator 6.6.0 through 6.6.8, FortiAuthenticator 6.5.0 through 6.5.6 may allow attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via crafted requests.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-284 - Execute unauthorized code or commands
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiAuthenticator |
Affected:
8.0.2
Affected: 8.0.0 Affected: 6.6.0 , ≤ 6.6.8 (semver) Affected: 6.5.0 , ≤ 6.5.6 (semver) Affected: 6.4.0 , ≤ 6.4.10 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:8.0.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:8.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.6.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.6.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.6.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.6.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.6.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.6.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.6.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.6.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.6.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.5.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.5.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.5.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.5.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.5.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.5.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.5.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:* cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortiauthenticator:6.4.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-44249 (GCVE-0-2026-44249)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-11 20:46 – Updated: 2026-07-15 00:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Netty has an IPv6 Subnet Filter Bypass via Incorrect Comparator Masking
Summary
Netty is a network application framework for development of protocol servers and clients. In netty-handler prior to versions 4.1.135.Final and 4.2.15.Final, an attacker can bypass IPv6 subnet rules due to an incorrect masking operation in IpSubnetFilterRule.compareTo(). Valid public IP addresses can bypass the restrictions. Versions 4.1.135.Final and 4.2.15.Final patch the issue.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
13 references
Impacted products
30 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| netty | netty |
Affected:
>= 4.2.0.Final, < 4.2.15.Final
Affected: < 4.1.135.Final |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Build of Apache Camel 3.33 for Quarkus 3.33.2.SP1 |
cpe:/a:redhat:apache_camel_quarkus:3.33 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apache Camel 4.18.1.P1 for Spring Boot 3.5.16 |
cpe:/a:redhat:apache_camel_spring_boot:4.18 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Quarkus 3.27.4.SP1 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quarkus:3.27::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Quarkus 3.33.2.SP1 |
cpe:/a:redhat:quarkus:3.33::el8 |
|
| Red Hat | Streams for Apache Kafka 2.9.4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:amq_streams:2.9::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Offline Knowledge Portal 1.2.7 |
Unaffected:
1782239370 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:offline_knowledge_portal:1.2::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces 3.29 |
Unaffected:
1782989027 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3.29::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces 3.29 |
Unaffected:
1783007534 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3.29::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces 3.29 |
Unaffected:
1782989367 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3.29::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Cryostat 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:cryostat:4 |
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Serverless |
cpe:/a:redhat:serverless:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AMQ Broker 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:amq_broker:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat AMQ Clients |
cpe:/a:redhat:amq_clients:2023 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apache Camel 4 for Quarkus 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:camel_quarkus:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apache Camel - HawtIO 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:apache_camel_hawtio:4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Apicurio Registry 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:apicurio_registry:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Debezium 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:debezium:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Build of Keycloak |
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak: |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Data Grid 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_data_grid:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Enterprise Linux AI (RHEL AI) 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux_ai:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Fuse 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:7 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Expansion Pack |
cpe:/a:redhat:jbosseapxp |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI) |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Dev Spaces |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_devspaces:3 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Satellite 6 |
cpe:/a:redhat:satellite:6 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Single Sign-On 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_single_sign_on:7 |
|
| Red Hat | streams for Apache Kafka 3 |
cpe:/a:redhat:amq_streams:3 |
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CVE-2026-44225 (GCVE-0-2026-44225)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-12 20:02 – Updated: 2026-05-14 12:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Pulpy: Incomplete filesystem sandbox in pulpy.fs bridge allows packaged web apps to read arbitrary user files
Summary
Pulpy is a lightweight, cross-platform desktop application packager for web apps. Prior to 0.1.1, Pulpy injects a pulpy.fs JavaScript API into every packaged web application, giving it access to the host filesystem. A validateFsPath() function is supposed to sandbox this access, but its blocklist is incomplete. Any web app packaged with Pulpy can read and write arbitrary files in the user's home directory — including ~/.ssh/id_rsa, ~/.aws/credentials, and ~/Library/Keychains/. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.1.1.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/enesgkky/Pulpy/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-44208 (GCVE-0-2026-44208)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-12 14:26 – Updated: 2026-06-13 03:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Frappe: IDOR in `submit_discussion()`
Summary
Frappe is a full-stack web application framework. Prior to versions 15.107.0 and 16.17.0, lack of validations in the "submit_discussion()" endpoint allows for unauthorized access to resources. This issue has been patched in versions 15.107.0 and 16.17.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/frappe/frappe/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-44007 (GCVE-0-2026-44007)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-13 17:33 – Updated: 2026-07-15 00:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
vm2: nesting: true bypasses require: false, allowing sandbox escape to arbitrary OS command execution
Summary
vm2 is an open source vm/sandbox for Node.js. Prior to 3.11.1, when a NodeVM is created with nesting: true, sandbox code can unconditionally require('vm2') regardless of the outer VM's require configuration — including require: false. With access to vm2, the sandbox constructs a new inner NodeVM with its own unrestricted require settings and executes arbitrary OS commands on the host. Any application that runs untrusted code inside a NodeVM with nesting: true is fully compromised. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.11.1.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/patriksimek/vm2/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/0… | |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-44007 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2477198 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
Impacted products
3 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| patriksimek | vm2 |
Affected:
< 3.11.1
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Developer Hub |
cpe:/a:redhat:rhdh:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Self-service automation portal 2 |
cpe:/a:redhat:ansible_portal:2 |
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CVE-2026-43934 (GCVE-0-2026-43934)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-26 14:54 – Updated: 2026-05-26 17:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
e107: Broken Access Control in e107 comment edit allows cross-user comment modification
Summary
e107 is a content management system (CMS). Prior to 2.3.4, a Broken Access Control vulnerability exists in the application, allowing an unauthorized authenticated user to edit comments posted by others. This stems from inadequate server-side access control validation, where the application depends only on a predictable identifier in the request to determine which comment to edit, without confirming the requesting user’s ownership of the comment. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.3.4.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/e107inc/e107/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/e107inc/e107/commit/23961a8f | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-42863 (GCVE-0-2026-42863)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-08 15:29 – Updated: 2026-06-08 16:22
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Flowise: Mass Assignment in Chatflow Update Endpoint Allows Cross-Workspace AgentFlow Reassignment
Summary
Flowise is a drag & drop user interface to build a customized large language model flow. Prior to version 3.1.2, a mass assignment vulnerability exists in the chatflow update endpoint of FlowiseAI. The endpoint allows clients to modify server-controlled properties such as deployed, isPublic, workspaceId, createdDate, and updatedDate when updating a chatflow object. Due to missing server-side validation and authorization checks, an authenticated user can manipulate internal attributes of a chatflow and reassign it to another workspace. This allows cross-workspace resource reassignment and unauthorized modification of deployment and visibility settings. This issue has been patched in version 3.1.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-42862 (GCVE-0-2026-42862)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-08 15:25 – Updated: 2026-06-08 15:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Flowise: Mass Assignment in Tool Update Endpoint Allows Cross-Workspace Resource Reassignment
Summary
Flowise is a drag & drop user interface to build a customized large language model flow. Prior to version 3.1.2, a mass assignment vulnerability exists in the tool update endpoint of FlowiseAI. The endpoint allows authenticated users to modify server-controlled properties such as workspaceId, createdDate, and updatedDate when updating a tool resource. Due to missing server-side validation and authorization checks, an attacker can manipulate the workspaceId field and reassign tools to arbitrary workspaces. This breaks tenant isolation in multi-workspace environments. This issue has been patched in version 3.1.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-42861 (GCVE-0-2026-42861)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-08 15:25 – Updated: 2026-06-09 15:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Flowise: Mass Assignment in Variable Update Endpoint Allows Cross-Workspace Resource Reassignment
Summary
Flowise is a drag & drop user interface to build a customized large language model flow. Prior to version 3.1.2, a mass assignment vulnerability exists in the variable update endpoint of FlowiseAI. The endpoint allows authenticated users to modify server-controlled properties such as workspaceId, createdDate, and updatedDate when updating a variable resource. Due to missing server-side validation and authorization checks, an attacker can manipulate the workspaceId field and reassign variables to arbitrary workspaces. This behavior may break tenant isolation in multi-workspace environments. This issue has been patched in version 3.1.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-42832 (GCVE-0-2026-42832)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-12 16:59 – Updated: 2026-06-19 16:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Microsoft Office Spoofing Vulnerability
Summary
Improper access control in Microsoft Office allows an unauthorized attacker to perform spoofing locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-284 - Improper Access Control
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Excel for Android |
Affected:
16.0.0.0 , < 16.0.19822.20190
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2021 |
Affected:
16.0.1 , < 16.109.26051019
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Office LTSC for Mac 2024 |
Affected:
16.0.0 , < 16.109.26051019
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Word for Android |
Affected:
16.0.0.0 , < 16.0.19822.20190
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-05-12 14:00
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Mitigation MIT-1
Architecture and Design
Operation
Very carefully manage the setting, management, and handling of privileges. Explicitly manage trust zones in the software.
Mitigation MIT-46
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
- Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing with a compartment outside of the safe area.
- Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system design, and the compartmentalization allows for and reinforces privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide the appropriate time to use privileges and the time to drop privileges.
CAPEC-19: Embedding Scripts within Scripts
An adversary leverages the capability to execute their own script by embedding it within other scripts that the target software is likely to execute due to programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute scripts.
CAPEC-441: Malicious Logic Insertion
An adversary installs or adds malicious logic (also known as malware) into a seemingly benign component of a fielded system. This logic is often hidden from the user of the system and works behind the scenes to achieve negative impacts. With the proliferation of mass digital storage and inexpensive multimedia devices, Bluetooth and 802.11 support, new attack vectors for spreading malware are emerging for things we once thought of as innocuous greeting cards, picture frames, or digital projectors. This pattern of attack focuses on systems already fielded and used in operation as opposed to systems and their components that are still under development and part of the supply chain.
CAPEC-478: Modification of Windows Service Configuration
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to modify the execution parameters of a Windows service. The goal of this attack is to execute a malicious binary in place of an existing service.
CAPEC-479: Malicious Root Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization and installs a new root certificate on a compromised system. Certificates are commonly used for establishing secure TLS/SSL communications within a web browser. When a user attempts to browse a website that presents a certificate that is not trusted an error message will be displayed to warn the user of the security risk. Depending on the security settings, the browser may not allow the user to establish a connection to the website. Adversaries have used this technique to avoid security warnings prompting users when compromised systems connect over HTTPS to adversary controlled web servers that spoof legitimate websites in order to collect login credentials.
CAPEC-502: Intent Spoof
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, issues an intent directed toward a specific trusted application's component in an attempt to achieve a variety of different objectives including modification of data, information disclosure, and data injection. Components that have been unintentionally exported and made public are subject to this type of an attack. If the component trusts the intent's action without verififcation, then the target application performs the functionality at the adversary's request, helping the adversary achieve the desired negative technical impact.
CAPEC-503: WebView Exposure
An adversary, through a malicious web page, accesses application specific functionality by leveraging interfaces registered through WebView's addJavascriptInterface API. Once an interface is registered to WebView through addJavascriptInterface, it becomes global and all pages loaded in the WebView can call this interface.
CAPEC-536: Data Injected During Configuration
An attacker with access to data files and processes on a victim's system injects malicious data into critical operational data during configuration or recalibration, causing the victim's system to perform in a suboptimal manner that benefits the adversary.
CAPEC-546: Incomplete Data Deletion in a Multi-Tenant Environment
An adversary obtains unauthorized information due to insecure or incomplete data deletion in a multi-tenant environment. If a cloud provider fails to completely delete storage and data from former cloud tenants' systems/resources, once these resources are allocated to new, potentially malicious tenants, the latter can probe the provided resources for sensitive information still there.
CAPEC-550: Install New Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Adversaries may install a new service which will be executed at startup (on a Windows system, by modifying the registry). The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software. Services are usually run with elevated privileges.
CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service
When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.
CAPEC-552: Install Rootkit
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to install malware that alters the functionality and information provide by targeted operating system API calls. Often referred to as rootkits, it is often used to hide the presence of programs, files, network connections, services, drivers, and other system components.
CAPEC-556: Replace File Extension Handlers
When a file is opened, its file handler is checked to determine which program opens the file. File handlers are configuration properties of many operating systems. Applications can modify the file handler for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.
CAPEC-558: Replace Trusted Executable
An adversary exploits weaknesses in privilege management or access control to replace a trusted executable with a malicious version and enable the execution of malware when that trusted executable is called.
CAPEC-562: Modify Shared File
An adversary manipulates the files in a shared location by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to valid content. Once a user opens the shared content, the tainted content is executed.
CAPEC-563: Add Malicious File to Shared Webroot
An adversaries may add malicious content to a website through the open file share and then browse to that content with a web browser to cause the server to execute the content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges depending on how the web server is configured.
CAPEC-564: Run Software at Logon
Operating system allows logon scripts to be run whenever a specific user or users logon to a system. If adversaries can access these scripts, they may insert additional code into the logon script. This code can allow them to maintain persistence or move laterally within an enclave because it is executed every time the affected user or users logon to a computer. Modifying logon scripts can effectively bypass workstation and enclave firewalls. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or a remote administrative account may be necessary.
CAPEC-578: Disable Security Software
An adversary exploits a weakness in access control to disable security tools so that detection does not occur. This can take the form of killing processes, deleting registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, deleting log files, or other methods.