CWE-287
DiscouragedImproper Authentication
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.
5970 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-46HR-3CQ3-MCGP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-16 14:37 – Updated: 2024-09-16 20:16An issue was discovered in OpenDaylight Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) through 0.19.3. A rogue controller can join a cluster to impersonate an offline peer, even if this rogue controller does not possess the complete cluster configuration information.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.opendaylight.aaa:aaa-artifacts"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "0.19.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-46943"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-287",
"CWE-520"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-09-16T20:16:16Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-15T23:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in OpenDaylight Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) through 0.19.3. A rogue controller can join a cluster to impersonate an offline peer, even if this rogue controller does not possess the complete cluster configuration information.",
"id": "GHSA-46hr-3cq3-mcgp",
"modified": "2024-09-16T20:16:16Z",
"published": "2024-09-16T14:37:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-46943"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.opendaylight.org/en/latest/release-notes/projects/aaa.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.16940"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/opendaylight/aaa"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lf-opendaylight.atlassian.net/browse/AAA-285"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenDaylight Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) peer impersonation vulnerability"
}
GHSA-46MH-W55G-P27C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:14 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:14Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by authentication bypass. This affects D6200 before 1.1.00.34, D7000 before 1.0.1.68, JR6150 before 1.0.1.18, PR2000 before 1.0.0.28, R6050 before 1.0.1.18, R6120 before 1.0.0.46, R6220 before 1.1.0.80, R6260 before 1.1.0.64, R6700v2 before 1.2.0.36, R6800 before 1.2.0.36, and R6900v2 before 1.2.0.36.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-20681"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-04-15T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by authentication bypass. This affects D6200 before 1.1.00.34, D7000 before 1.0.1.68, JR6150 before 1.0.1.18, PR2000 before 1.0.0.28, R6050 before 1.0.1.18, R6120 before 1.0.0.46, R6220 before 1.1.0.80, R6260 before 1.1.0.64, R6700v2 before 1.2.0.36, R6800 before 1.2.0.36, and R6900v2 before 1.2.0.36.",
"id": "GHSA-46mh-w55g-p27c",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:14:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:14:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-20681"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000061458/Security-Advisory-for-Authentication-Bypass-on-Some-Routers-and-Gateways-PSV-2018-0346"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-46QM-5MVH-MMXR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-18 00:30 – Updated: 2026-03-18 00:30A vulnerability was determined in Duende IdentityServer 4. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /connect/authorize of the component Token Renewal Endpoint. This manipulation of the argument id_token_hint causes improper authentication. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The attack is considered to have high complexity. The exploitability is described as difficult. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-4349"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-17T22:16:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was determined in Duende IdentityServer 4. The affected element is an unknown function of the file /connect/authorize of the component Token Renewal Endpoint. This manipulation of the argument id_token_hint causes improper authentication. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The attack is considered to have high complexity. The exploitability is described as difficult. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-46qm-5mvh-mmxr",
"modified": "2026-03-18T00:30:54Z",
"published": "2026-03-18T00:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-4349"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.351380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.351380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.772071"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-46VG-H2W6-GH78
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-28 15:31 – Updated: 2025-03-13 18:32A vulnerability in the remote connection complements of the NVDA (Nonvisual Desktop Access) 2024.4.1 and 2024.4.2 was identified, which allows an attacker to obtain total control of the remote system when guessing a weak password. The problem occurs because the complements accept any password typed by the user and do not have an additional authentication or checking mechanism by the computer that will be accessed. Tests indicate that over 1,000 systems use easy to guess passwords, many with less than 4 to 6 characters, including common sequences. This enables brute strength or attempt and error attacks on the part of malicious invaders. Vulnerability can be explored by a remote striker who knows or can guess the password used in the connection. As a result, the invader gets complete access to the affected system and can run commands, modify files and compromise user security.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-26326"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-28T15:15:13Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the remote connection complements of the NVDA (Nonvisual Desktop Access) 2024.4.1 and 2024.4.2 was identified, which allows an attacker to obtain total control of the remote system when guessing a weak password. The problem occurs because the complements accept any password typed by the user and do not have an additional authentication or checking mechanism by the computer that will be accessed. Tests indicate that over 1,000 systems use easy to guess passwords, many with less than 4 to 6 characters, including common sequences. This enables brute strength or attempt and error attacks on the part of malicious invaders. Vulnerability can be explored by a remote striker who knows or can guess the password used in the connection. As a result, the invader gets complete access to the affected system and can run commands, modify files and compromise user security.",
"id": "GHSA-46vg-h2w6-gh78",
"modified": "2025-03-13T18:32:17Z",
"published": "2025-02-28T15:31:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-26326"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/NVDARemote/NVDARemote"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/azurejoga/CVE-2025-26326"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/nvda-es/TeleNVDA"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://nvda-addons.org/addon.php?id=270"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://nvdaremote.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.nvaccess.org"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-46W7-RQ7X-9WG9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:47 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:47cgi-bin/AZ_Retrain.cgi in Aztech ADSL DSL5018EN (1T1R), DSL705E, and DSL705EU devices does not check for authentication, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (WAN connectivity reset) via a direct request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-6435"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-01-12T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "cgi-bin/AZ_Retrain.cgi in Aztech ADSL DSL5018EN (1T1R), DSL705E, and DSL705EU devices does not check for authentication, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (WAN connectivity reset) via a direct request.",
"id": "GHSA-46w7-rq7x-9wg9",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:47:38Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:47:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-6435"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/128254/Aztech-DSL5018EN-DSL705E-DSL705EU-DoS-Broken-Session-Management.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/69809"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-472G-659M-76XF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-22 18:30 – Updated: 2025-09-22 18:30A vulnerability was identified in huggingface LeRobot up to 0.3.3. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file lerobot/common/robot_devices/robots/lekiwi_remote.py of the component ZeroMQ Socket Handler. The manipulation leads to missing authentication. The attack can only be initiated within the local network. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10772"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-22T00:15:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in huggingface LeRobot up to 0.3.3. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file lerobot/common/robot_devices/robots/lekiwi_remote.py of the component ZeroMQ Socket Handler. The manipulation leads to missing authentication. The attack can only be initiated within the local network. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-472g-659m-76xf",
"modified": "2025-09-22T18:30:35Z",
"published": "2025-09-22T18:30:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10772"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.325128"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.325128"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.649798"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-4738-QHXM-3P4Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-05 00:31 – Updated: 2023-12-05 00:31Information disclosure in SMU in Hitachi Vantara HNAS 14.8.7825.01 on Windows allows authenticated users to download sensitive files via Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5808"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-285",
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-05T00:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Information disclosure in SMU in Hitachi Vantara HNAS 14.8.7825.01 on Windows allows authenticated users to download sensitive files via Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR).\n",
"id": "GHSA-4738-qhxm-3p4q",
"modified": "2023-12-05T00:31:08Z",
"published": "2023-12-05T00:31:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5808"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://knowledge.hitachivantara.com/Security/System_Management_Unit_(SMU)_versions_prior_to_14.8.7825.01%2C_used_to_manage_Hitachi_Vantara_NAS_products_are_susceptible_to_unintended_information_disclosure_via_unprivileged_access_to_HNAS_configuration_backup_and_diagnostic_data"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://knowledge.hitachivantara.com/Security/System_Management_Unit_(SMU)_versions_prior_to_14.8.7825.01%2C_used_to_manage_Hitachi_Vantara_NAS_products_are_susceptible_to_unintended_information_disclosure_via_unprivileged_access_to_HNAS_configuration_backup_and_diagnostic_data."
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hitachivantara.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-473V-W8HJ-5R3P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:38 – Updated: 2022-05-17 00:38login2.php in Silentum LoginSys 1.0.0 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and obtain access to an arbitrary account by setting the logged_in cookie to that account's username.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-6763"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-04-28T16:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "login2.php in Silentum LoginSys 1.0.0 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and obtain access to an arbitrary account by setting the logged_in cookie to that account\u0027s username.",
"id": "GHSA-473v-w8hj-5r3p",
"modified": "2022-05-17T00:38:22Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:38:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-6763"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/47616"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/7601"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/31801"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/47941"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/33031"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-4742-8CJM-26F3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:36 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:36A vulnerability in the authentication module of Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass local authentication. The vulnerability is due to improper handling of authentication requests and policy assignment for externally authenticated users. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating with a valid external user account that matches an internal username and incorrectly receiving the authorization policy of the internal account. An exploit could allow the attacker to have Super Admin privileges for the ISE Admin portal. This vulnerability does not affect endpoints authenticating to the ISE. The vulnerability affects Cisco ISE, Cisco ISE Express, and Cisco ISE Virtual Appliance running Release 1.3, 1.4, 2.0.0, 2.0.1, or 2.1.0. Release 2.2.x is not affected. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvb10995.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-6747"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-08-07T06:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the authentication module of Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to bypass local authentication. The vulnerability is due to improper handling of authentication requests and policy assignment for externally authenticated users. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by authenticating with a valid external user account that matches an internal username and incorrectly receiving the authorization policy of the internal account. An exploit could allow the attacker to have Super Admin privileges for the ISE Admin portal. This vulnerability does not affect endpoints authenticating to the ISE. The vulnerability affects Cisco ISE, Cisco ISE Express, and Cisco ISE Virtual Appliance running Release 1.3, 1.4, 2.0.0, 2.0.1, or 2.1.0. Release 2.2.x is not affected. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvb10995.",
"id": "GHSA-4742-8cjm-26f3",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:36:27Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:36:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-6747"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20170802-ise"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1039054"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-475J-C8FH-8FH5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:00 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:00The NetGear ProSafe WNAP210 with firmware 2.0.12 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and obtain access to the configuration page by visiting recreate.php and then visiting index.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2011-1674"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-287"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2011-04-10T02:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The NetGear ProSafe WNAP210 with firmware 2.0.12 allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and obtain access to the configuration page by visiting recreate.php and then visiting index.php.",
"id": "GHSA-475j-c8fh-8fh5",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:00:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:00:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-1674"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/66723"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/44045"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/644812"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2011/0884"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.
CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse
An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.
CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass
An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.
CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing
Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.
CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data
An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data
This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.
CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking
This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.
CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation
An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.
CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server
By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.