Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-290

Allowed

Authentication Bypass by Spoofing

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

This attack-focused weakness is caused by incorrectly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.

925 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-RRVG-CXH4-QHRV

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-03 21:35 – Updated: 2026-04-06 23:09
VLAI
Summary
Auth0OAuthenticator has an Authentication Bypass via Unverified Email Claims
Details

Summary

An authentication bypass vulnerability in oauthenticator allows an attacker with an unverified email address on an Auth0 tenant to login to JupyterHub. When email is used as the usrname_claim, this gives users control over their username and the possibility of account takeover.

Impact

This is an Authentication Bypass Vulnerability. Any Auth0 tenant leveraging the Auth0OAuthenticator mapping the email claim to the JupyterHub username is impacted. By default, Auth0 handles email verification as a user flag, not a hard block to authentication streams. If an attacker can register an account with the Auth0 tenant with an unverified email and knows the email of an existing user on the system, they can authenticate as that user.

Patches

  • Upgrade oauthenticator to 17.4

Workarounds

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "oauthenticator"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "17.4.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-33175"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-03T21:35:37Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-03T22:16:26Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nAn authentication bypass vulnerability in `oauthenticator` allows an attacker with an unverified email address on an Auth0 tenant to login to JupyterHub. When `email` is used as the usrname_claim, this gives users control over their username and the possibility of account takeover.\n\n### Impact\n\nThis is an **Authentication Bypass Vulnerability**. Any Auth0 tenant leveraging the `Auth0OAuthenticator` mapping the `email` claim to the JupyterHub username is impacted. By default, Auth0 handles email verification as a user flag, not a hard block to authentication streams. If an attacker can register an account with the Auth0 tenant with an unverified email and knows the email of an existing user on the system, they can authenticate as that user.\n\n### Patches\n\n- Upgrade oauthenticator to 17.4\n\n### Workarounds\n\n- Check `email_verified` field in an `Authenticator.post_auth_hook` function\n- Do not use `email` as the username claim\n- [Enforce email verification in auth0](https://support.auth0.com/center/s/article/Enforce-Email-Verification-With-Sending-Email-After-Each-Denied-Access)",
  "id": "GHSA-rrvg-cxh4-qhrv",
  "modified": "2026-04-06T23:09:50Z",
  "published": "2026-04-03T21:35:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator/security/advisories/GHSA-rrvg-cxh4-qhrv"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33175"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator/commit/f0c7002dc36e41efae0f674033cf7888a21d96f9"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator/releases/tag/17.4.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.auth0.com/center/s/article/Enforce-Email-Verification-With-Sending-Email-After-Each-Denied-Access"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Auth0OAuthenticator has an Authentication Bypass via Unverified Email Claims"
}

GHSA-RVCV-XMP5-QV44

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-20 18:31 – Updated: 2026-02-25 18:31
VLAI
Details

Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability in mdalabar WooODT Lite byconsole-woo-order-delivery-time allows Identity Spoofing.This issue affects WooODT Lite: from n/a through <= 2.5.2.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-69401"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T16:22:25Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Authentication Bypass by Spoofing vulnerability in mdalabar WooODT Lite byconsole-woo-order-delivery-time allows Identity Spoofing.This issue affects WooODT Lite: from n/a through \u003c= 2.5.2.",
  "id": "GHSA-rvcv-xmp5-qv44",
  "modified": "2026-02-25T18:31:29Z",
  "published": "2026-02-20T18:31:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-69401"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/byconsole-woo-order-delivery-time/vulnerability/wordpress-wooodt-lite-plugin-2-5-2-payment-bypass-vulnerability-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RVJJ-5HJR-3FJF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-30 18:09 – Updated: 2025-04-09 21:30
VLAI
Details

Some web servers under Microsoft Windows allow remote attackers to bypass access restrictions for files with long file names.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-1999-0012"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "1998-02-06T05:00:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Some web servers under Microsoft Windows allow remote attackers to bypass access restrictions for files with long file names.",
  "id": "GHSA-rvjj-5hjr-3fjf",
  "modified": "2025-04-09T21:30:32Z",
  "published": "2022-04-30T18:09:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-1999-0012"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/CVE-1999-0012"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RWJF-G383-JC9C

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-08 21:30 – Updated: 2026-07-08 21:30
VLAI
Details

Limited authentication bypass by spoofing vulnerability in Progress MOVEit Transfer (HTTPS module).

This issue affects MOVEit Transfer: before 2025.0.7, from 2025.1.0 before 2025.1.3.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-8651"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-07-08T20:17:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Limited authentication bypass by spoofing vulnerability in Progress MOVEit Transfer (HTTPS module).\n\nThis issue affects MOVEit Transfer: before 2025.0.7, from 2025.1.0 before 2025.1.3.",
  "id": "GHSA-rwjf-g383-jc9c",
  "modified": "2026-07-08T21:30:30Z",
  "published": "2026-07-08T21:30:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8651"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://docs.progress.com/bundle/moveit-transfer-release-notes-2026/page/Fixed-Issues-in-2026.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RXG9-HGQ7-8PWX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-11 00:30 – Updated: 2023-12-13 21:34
VLAI
Summary
Header spoofing in caddy-geo-ip
Details

The caddy-geo-ip (aka GeoIP) middleware through 0.6.0 for Caddy 2, when trust_header X-Forwarded-For is used, allows attackers to spoof their source IP address via an X-Forwarded-For header, which may bypass a protection mechanism (trusted_proxy directive in reverse_proxy or IP address range restrictions).

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/shift72/caddy-geo-ip"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "0.6.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-50463"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-12-11T21:46:50Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-12-10T23:15:07Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "The caddy-geo-ip (aka GeoIP) middleware through 0.6.0 for Caddy 2, when trust_header X-Forwarded-For is used, allows attackers to spoof their source IP address via an X-Forwarded-For header, which may bypass a protection mechanism (trusted_proxy directive in reverse_proxy or IP address range restrictions).",
  "id": "GHSA-rxg9-hgq7-8pwx",
  "modified": "2023-12-13T21:34:15Z",
  "published": "2023-12-11T00:30:32Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-50463"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shift72/caddy-geo-ip/issues/4"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://caddyserver.com/v2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/shift72/caddy-geo-ip/tags"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "github.com/shift72/caddy-geo-ip"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Header spoofing in caddy-geo-ip"
}

GHSA-RXH6-PQ89-VV2F

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-04 15:30 – Updated: 2025-12-05 21:30
VLAI
Details

An issue was discovered in the Thermo Fisher Torrent Suite Django application 5.18.1. One of the middlewares included in this application, LocalhostAuthMiddleware, authenticates users as ionadmin if the REMOTE_ADDR property in request.META is set to 127.0.0.1, to 127.0.1.1, or to ::1. Any user with local access to the server may bypass authentication.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-54305"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-12-04T15:15:58Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "An issue was discovered in the Thermo Fisher Torrent Suite Django application 5.18.1. One of the middlewares included in this application, LocalhostAuthMiddleware, authenticates users as ionadmin if the REMOTE_ADDR property in request.META is set to 127.0.0.1, to 127.0.1.1, or to ::1. Any user with local access to the server may bypass authentication.",
  "id": "GHSA-rxh6-pq89-vv2f",
  "modified": "2025-12-05T21:30:22Z",
  "published": "2025-12-04T15:30:33Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54305"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://assets.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/LSG/manuals/MAN0026163-Torrent-Suite-5.18-UG.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://documents.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/CORP/Product-Guides/Ion_OneTouch_2_and_Torrent_Suite_Software.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/sequencing/next-generation-sequencing/ion-torrent-next-generation-sequencing-workflow/ion-torrent-next-generation-sequencing-data-analysis-workflow/ion-torrent-suite-software.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-RXR6-8R65-89JW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-07 06:30 – Updated: 2025-04-07 06:30
VLAI
Details

Access control vulnerability in the security verification module Impact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability will affect integrity and confidentiality.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-31170"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-07T04:15:20Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Access control vulnerability in the security verification module\nImpact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability will affect integrity and confidentiality.",
  "id": "GHSA-rxr6-8r65-89jw",
  "modified": "2025-04-07T06:30:28Z",
  "published": "2025-04-07T06:30:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31170"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2025/4"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V38J-RW68-VM56

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:01 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:01
VLAI
Details

An exploitable vulnerability exists in the WiFi Access Point feature of Circle with Disney running firmware 2.0.1. A series of WiFi packets can force Circle to setup an Access Point with default credentials. An attacker needs to send a series of spoofed "de-auth" packets to trigger this vulnerability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-12095"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-04-05T19:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An exploitable vulnerability exists in the WiFi Access Point feature of Circle with Disney running firmware 2.0.1. A series of WiFi packets can force Circle to setup an Access Point with default credentials. An attacker needs to send a series of spoofed \"de-auth\" packets to trigger this vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-v38j-rw68-vm56",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:01:40Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:01:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12095"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2017-0447"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-V3J7-34XH-6G3W

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-03 21:50 – Updated: 2026-03-18 21:52
VLAI
Summary
OpenClaw Loopback CDP probe can leak Gateway token to local listener
Details

Summary

A local process can capture the OpenClaw Gateway auth token from Chrome CDP probe traffic on loopback.

Details

Affected versions inject x-openclaw-relay-token for loopback CDP URLs, and CDP reachability probes send that header to /json/version. If an attacker controls the probed loopback port, they can read that token and reuse it as Gateway bearer auth.

Relevant code paths (pre-fix): - src/browser/extension-relay.ts (getChromeExtensionRelayAuthHeaders) - src/browser/cdp.helpers.ts (getHeadersWithAuth) - src/browser/chrome.ts (fetchChromeVersion)

Affected Packages / Versions

  • Package: openclaw (npm)
  • Latest published (at triage): 2026.2.21-2
  • Vulnerable: <= 2026.2.21-2
  • Patched: >= 2026.2.22

Deployment Model Applicability

This does not change OpenClaw’s documented security model for standard single-owner installs (you own the machine/VPS and trust local processes under that OS account boundary). Risk is for non-standard shared-user/shared-host installs where an untrusted local user/process can race/bind the loopback relay port.

Impact

  • Local credential disclosure.
  • Follow-on impact depends on local deployment and enabled Gateway capabilities.

Fix Commit(s)

  • afa22acc4a09fdf32be8a167ae216bee85c30dad

Release Process Note

Patched version is set to >= 2026.2.22 for the published release.

OpenClaw thanks @tdjackey for reporting.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2026.2.21-2"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "openclaw"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2026.2.22"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-22174"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290",
      "CWE-306"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-03T21:50:34Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-18T02:16:21Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nA local process can capture the OpenClaw Gateway auth token from Chrome CDP probe traffic on loopback.\n\n### Details\nAffected versions inject `x-openclaw-relay-token` for loopback CDP URLs, and CDP reachability probes send that header to `/json/version`.\nIf an attacker controls the probed loopback port, they can read that token and reuse it as Gateway bearer auth.\n\nRelevant code paths (pre-fix):\n- `src/browser/extension-relay.ts` (`getChromeExtensionRelayAuthHeaders`)\n- `src/browser/cdp.helpers.ts` (`getHeadersWithAuth`)\n- `src/browser/chrome.ts` (`fetchChromeVersion`)\n\n### Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Latest published (at triage): `2026.2.21-2`\n- Vulnerable: `\u003c= 2026.2.21-2`\n- Patched: \u003e= 2026.2.22\n\n### Deployment Model Applicability\nThis does **not** change OpenClaw\u2019s documented security model for standard single-owner installs (you own the machine/VPS and trust local processes under that OS account boundary).\nRisk is for **non-standard shared-user/shared-host installs** where an untrusted local user/process can race/bind the loopback relay port.\n\n### Impact\n- Local credential disclosure.\n- Follow-on impact depends on local deployment and enabled Gateway capabilities.\n\n### Fix Commit(s)\n- `afa22acc4a09fdf32be8a167ae216bee85c30dad`\n\n### Release Process Note\nPatched version is set to \u003e= 2026.2.22 for the published release.\n\nOpenClaw thanks @tdjackey for reporting.",
  "id": "GHSA-v3j7-34xh-6g3w",
  "modified": "2026-03-18T21:52:16Z",
  "published": "2026-03-03T21:50:34Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-v3j7-34xh-6g3w"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-22174"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/afa22acc4a09fdf32be8a167ae216bee85c30dad"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-gateway-token-disclosure-via-chrome-cdp-probe"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "OpenClaw Loopback CDP probe can leak Gateway token to local listener"
}

GHSA-V46G-6FX7-CP78

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-05 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-23 15:30
VLAI
Details

PAX Technology A930 PayDroid_7.1.1_Virgo_V04.5.02_20220722 allows attackers to compile a malicious shared library and use LD_PRELOAD to bypass authorization checks.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-27199"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-07-05T20:15:10Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "PAX Technology A930 PayDroid_7.1.1_Virgo_V04.5.02_20220722 allows attackers to compile a malicious shared library and use LD_PRELOAD to bypass authorization checks.",
  "id": "GHSA-v46g-6fx7-cp78",
  "modified": "2024-04-23T15:30:34Z",
  "published": "2023-07-05T21:30:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-27199"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/wr3nchsr/PAX-Paydroid-Advisories/blob/master/advisories/2023/CVEs/CVE-2023-27199.md"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wr3nchsr.github.io/pax-paydroid-vulnerabilities-advisory-2023"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-21: Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers

An adversary guesses, obtains, or "rides" a trusted identifier (e.g. session ID, resource ID, cookie, etc.) to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate

An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.

CAPEC-461: Web Services API Signature Forgery Leveraging Hash Function Extension Weakness

An adversary utilizes a hash function extension/padding weakness, to modify the parameters passed to the web service requesting authentication by generating their own call in order to generate a legitimate signature hash (as described in the notes), without knowledge of the secret token sometimes provided by the web service.

CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof

An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.

CAPEC-476: Signature Spoofing by Misrepresentation

An attacker exploits a weakness in the parsing or display code of the recipient software to generate a data blob containing a supposedly valid signature, but the signer's identity is falsely represented, which can lead to the attacker manipulating the recipient software or its victim user to perform compromising actions.

CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction

This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.

CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)

This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.

CAPEC-667: Bluetooth Impersonation AttackS (BIAS)

An adversary disguises the MAC address of their Bluetooth enabled device to one for which there exists an active and trusted connection and authenticates successfully. The adversary can then perform malicious actions on the target Bluetooth device depending on the target’s capabilities.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.