CWE-290
AllowedAuthentication Bypass by Spoofing
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
This attack-focused weakness is caused by incorrectly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.
1110 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MP66-RF4F-MHH8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-26 21:37 – Updated: 2026-04-18 00:57Summary
Google Chat app-url webhook verification accepted add-on principals outside the intended deployment binding.
Affected Packages / Versions
- Package:
openclaw(npm) - Affected: < 2026.3.22
- Fixed: >= 2026.3.22
- Latest released tag checked:
v2026.3.23-2(630f1479c44f78484dfa21bb407cbe6f171dac87) - Latest published npm version checked:
2026.3.23-2
Fix Commit(s)
a47722de7e3c9cbda8d5512747ca7e3bb8f6ee66
Release Status
The fix shipped in v2026.3.22 and remains present in v2026.3.23 and v2026.3.23-2.
Code-Level Confirmation
- extensions/googlechat/src/auth.ts now requires expectedAddOnPrincipal matching for add-on principals and rejects unexpected issuers.
- extensions/googlechat/src/monitor-webhook.ts passes the configured appPrincipal into auth verification for the shipped webhook path.
OpenClaw thanks @ijxpwastaken for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.3.22"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-35622"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-26T21:37:36Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Summary\nGoogle Chat app-url webhook verification accepted add-on principals outside the intended deployment binding.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n- Package: `openclaw` (npm)\n- Affected: \u003c 2026.3.22\n- Fixed: \u003e= 2026.3.22\n- Latest released tag checked: `v2026.3.23-2` (`630f1479c44f78484dfa21bb407cbe6f171dac87`)\n- Latest published npm version checked: `2026.3.23-2`\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n- `a47722de7e3c9cbda8d5512747ca7e3bb8f6ee66`\n\n## Release Status\nThe fix shipped in `v2026.3.22` and remains present in `v2026.3.23` and `v2026.3.23-2`.\n\n## Code-Level Confirmation\n- extensions/googlechat/src/auth.ts now requires expectedAddOnPrincipal matching for add-on principals and rejects unexpected issuers.\n- extensions/googlechat/src/monitor-webhook.ts passes the configured appPrincipal into auth verification for the shipped webhook path.\n\nOpenClaw thanks @ijxpwastaken for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-mp66-rf4f-mhh8",
"modified": "2026-04-18T00:57:35Z",
"published": "2026-03-26T21:37:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-mp66-rf4f-mhh8"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-35622"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/630f1479c44f78484dfa21bb407cbe6f171dac87"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/a47722de7e3c9cbda8d5512747ca7e3bb8f6ee66"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-improper-authentication-verification-in-google-chat-webhook"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw: Google Chat app-url webhook auth accepted non-deployment add-on principals"
}
GHSA-MPCC-6V35-3PVF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-16 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:54Vulnerability of HwWatchHealth being hijacked.Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause repeated pop-up windows of the app.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-34157"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-16T07:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Vulnerability of HwWatchHealth being hijacked.Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may cause repeated pop-up windows of the app.",
"id": "GHSA-mpcc-6v35-3pvf",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:54:06Z",
"published": "2023-06-16T09:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-34157"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://device.harmonyos.com/en/docs/security/update/security-bulletins-202306-0000001560777672"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MPV3-G8M3-3FJC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-22 21:30 – Updated: 2025-02-13 19:00Grafana is validating Azure AD accounts based on the email claim.
On Azure AD, the profile email field is not unique and can be easily modified.
This leads to account takeover and authentication bypass when Azure AD OAuth is configured with a multi-tenant app.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.4.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.3.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.2.20"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.5.27"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-3128"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-06-23T21:38:39Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-22T21:15:09Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Grafana is validating Azure AD accounts based on the email claim. \n\nOn Azure AD, the profile email field is not unique and can be easily modified. \n\nThis leads to account takeover and authentication bypass when Azure AD OAuth is configured with a multi-tenant app.",
"id": "GHSA-mpv3-g8m3-3fjc",
"modified": "2025-02-13T19:00:46Z",
"published": "2023-06-22T21:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/grafana/bugbounty/security/advisories/GHSA-gxh2-6vvc-rrgp"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-3128"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/grafana/grafana"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/grafana/grafana/blob/69fc4e6bc0be2a82085ab3885c2262a4d49e97d8/CHANGELOG.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://grafana.com/security/security-advisories/cve-2023-3128"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20230714-0004"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Grafana vulnerable to Authentication Bypass by Spoofing"
}
GHSA-MPVM-97HC-J3FX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-23 15:30 – Updated: 2023-01-31 21:30The WP Limit Login Attempts WordPress plugin through 2.6.4 prioritizes getting a visitor's IP from certain HTTP headers over PHP's REMOTE_ADDR, which makes it possible to bypass IP-based restrictions on login forms.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-4303"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-23T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The WP Limit Login Attempts WordPress plugin through 2.6.4 prioritizes getting a visitor\u0027s IP from certain HTTP headers over PHP\u0027s REMOTE_ADDR, which makes it possible to bypass IP-based restrictions on login forms.",
"id": "GHSA-mpvm-97hc-j3fx",
"modified": "2023-01-31T21:30:24Z",
"published": "2023-01-23T15:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-4303"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/8428a5e1-dbef-4516-983f-f95605c6dd09"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MQPR-49JJ-32RC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-26 15:58 – Updated: 2026-07-18 17:29Impact
An attacker who knows the webhook URL of a workflow using the GitHub Webhook Trigger node could send unsigned POST requests and trigger the workflow with arbitrary data. The node did not implement the HMAC-SHA256 signature verification that GitHub provides to authenticate webhook deliveries, allowing any party to spoof GitHub webhook events.
Patches
The issue has been fixed in n8n versions 2.5.0 and 1.123.15. Users should upgrade to one of these versions or later to remediate the vulnerability.
Workarounds
If upgrading is not immediately possible, administrators should consider the following temporary mitigations: - Limit workflow creation and editing permissions to fully trusted users only. - Restrict network access to the n8n webhook endpoint to known GitHub webhook IP ranges.
These workarounds do not fully remediate the risk and should only be used as short-term mitigation measures.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n8n"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.123.15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "n8n"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.5.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-56357"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-26T15:58:34Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-22T22:16:52Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Impact\nAn attacker who knows the webhook URL of a workflow using the GitHub Webhook Trigger node could send unsigned POST requests and trigger the workflow with arbitrary data. The node did not implement the HMAC-SHA256 signature verification that GitHub provides to authenticate webhook deliveries, allowing any party to spoof GitHub webhook events.\n\n## Patches\nThe issue has been fixed in n8n versions 2.5.0 and 1.123.15. Users should upgrade to one of these versions or later to remediate the vulnerability.\n\n## Workarounds\nIf upgrading is not immediately possible, administrators should consider the following temporary mitigations:\n- Limit workflow creation and editing permissions to fully trusted users only.\n- Restrict network access to the n8n webhook endpoint to known GitHub webhook IP ranges.\n\nThese workarounds do not fully remediate the risk and should only be used as short-term mitigation measures.",
"id": "GHSA-mqpr-49jj-32rc",
"modified": "2026-07-18T17:29:01Z",
"published": "2026-02-26T15:58:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories/GHSA-mqpr-49jj-32rc"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56357"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/commit/a19347a6bc9a96d5065ac77d25a811e46178c578"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/commit/afe322325502f448b33bff1db1575e4447c28a36"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/n8n-webhook-forgery-via-missing-hmac-sha256-signature-verification-in-github-webhook-trigger"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "n8n: Webhook Forgery on Github Webhook Trigger"
}
GHSA-MR48-VRGG-4VF5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-22 21:32 – Updated: 2026-07-27 21:31IP and GeoIP conditions trusted spoofable forwarded headers, allowing remote clients to bypass location-based rules.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-63683"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-22T21:18:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IP and GeoIP conditions trusted spoofable forwarded headers, allowing remote clients to bypass location-based rules.",
"id": "GHSA-mr48-vrgg-4vf5",
"modified": "2026-07-27T21:31:15Z",
"published": "2026-07-22T21:32:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-63683"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://regularlabs.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MRH8-32MP-G8JF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-08 15:31 – Updated: 2026-09-11 15:32Command Center API contained an authentication bypass issue affecting privilege management. Software customers upgrade to resolved maintenance release. Update Command Center.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-77089"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-08T13:17:25Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Command Center API contained an authentication bypass issue affecting privilege management. Software customers upgrade to resolved maintenance release. Update Command Center.",
"id": "GHSA-mrh8-32mp-g8jf",
"modified": "2026-09-11T15:32:27Z",
"published": "2026-09-08T15:31:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-77089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://documentation.commvault.com/securityadvisories/CV_2026_07_1.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MVFQ-GGXM-9MC5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-07 15:30 – Updated: 2026-06-05 17:52An issue was discovered in 6.0 before 6.0.4, 5.2 before 5.2.13, and 4.2 before 4.2.30. ASGIRequest allows a remote attacker to spoof headers by exploiting an ambiguous mapping of two header variants (with hyphens or with underscores) to a single version with underscores.
Earlier, unsupported Django series (such as 5.0.x, 4.1.x, and 3.2.x) were not evaluated and may also be affected. Django would like to thank Tarek Nakkouch for reporting this issue.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Django"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Django"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.2"
},
{
"fixed": "5.2.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Django"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.2"
},
{
"fixed": "4.2.30"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-3902"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-08T15:39:55Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-07T15:17:46Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in 6.0 before 6.0.4, 5.2 before 5.2.13, and 4.2 before 4.2.30. `ASGIRequest` allows a remote attacker to spoof headers by exploiting an ambiguous mapping of two header variants (with hyphens or with underscores) to a single version with underscores.\n\nEarlier, unsupported Django series (such as 5.0.x, 4.1.x, and 3.2.x) were not evaluated and may also be affected.\nDjango would like to thank Tarek Nakkouch for reporting this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-mvfq-ggxm-9mc5",
"modified": "2026-06-05T17:52:13Z",
"published": "2026-04-07T15:30:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-3902"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/releases/security"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/django/django"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/django/PYSEC-2026-51.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groups.google.com/g/django-announce"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2026/apr/07/security-releases"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Django vulnerable to ASGI header spoofing via underscore/hyphen conflation"
}
GHSA-MW6M-9C66-QQ3H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-26 00:01 – Updated: 2022-07-28 00:00Inappropriate implementation in full screen in Google Chrome on Android prior to 100.0.4896.88 allowed a remote attacker to spoof the contents of the Omnibox (URL bar) via a crafted HTML page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-1307"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-25T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Inappropriate implementation in full screen in Google Chrome on Android prior to 100.0.4896.88 allowed a remote attacker to spoof the contents of the Omnibox (URL bar) via a crafted HTML page.",
"id": "GHSA-mw6m-9c66-qq3h",
"modified": "2022-07-28T00:00:48Z",
"published": "2022-07-26T00:01:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1307"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2022/04/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_11.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://crbug.com/1301873"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202208-25"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MW8H-G64C-RXV4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-09 21:31 – Updated: 2026-01-13 14:58A lack of rate limiting in the login page of shiori v1.7.4 and below allows attackers to bypass authentication via a brute force attack.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/go-shiori/shiori"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.7.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-60538"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-13T14:58:03Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-09T21:16:13Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A lack of rate limiting in the login page of shiori v1.7.4 and below allows attackers to bypass authentication via a brute force attack.",
"id": "GHSA-mw8h-g64c-rxv4",
"modified": "2026-01-13T14:58:03Z",
"published": "2026-01-09T21:31:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-60538"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-shiori/shiori/issues/1138"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/go-shiori/shiori"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Shiori is vulnerable to authentication bypass via a brute force attack"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-21: Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers
An adversary guesses, obtains, or "rides" a trusted identifier (e.g. session ID, resource ID, cookie, etc.) to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.
CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client
An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.
CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.
CAPEC-461: Web Services API Signature Forgery Leveraging Hash Function Extension Weakness
An adversary utilizes a hash function extension/padding weakness, to modify the parameters passed to the web service requesting authentication by generating their own call in order to generate a legitimate signature hash (as described in the notes), without knowledge of the secret token sometimes provided by the web service.
CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof
An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.
CAPEC-476: Signature Spoofing by Misrepresentation
An attacker exploits a weakness in the parsing or display code of the recipient software to generate a data blob containing a supposedly valid signature, but the signer's identity is falsely represented, which can lead to the attacker manipulating the recipient software or its victim user to perform compromising actions.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-667: Bluetooth Impersonation AttackS (BIAS)
An adversary disguises the MAC address of their Bluetooth enabled device to one for which there exists an active and trusted connection and authenticates successfully. The adversary can then perform malicious actions on the target Bluetooth device depending on the target’s capabilities.
CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)
An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.