CWE-327
Allowed-with-ReviewUse of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product uses a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm or protocol.
960 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-GJ69-PMWP-F535
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-20 06:31 – Updated: 2026-04-20 06:31SD-330AC and AMC Manager provided by silex technology, Inc. contain an issue with a use of a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm. Information in the traffic may be retrieved via man-in-the-middle attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-32959"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-20T04:16:43Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "SD-330AC and AMC Manager provided by silex technology, Inc. contain an issue with a use of a broken or risky cryptographic algorithm. Information in the traffic may be retrieved via man-in-the-middle attack.",
"id": "GHSA-gj69-pmwp-f535",
"modified": "2026-04-20T06:31:26Z",
"published": "2026-04-20T06:31:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32959"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/vu/JVNVU94271449"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.silex.jp/support/security-advisories/2026-001"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.silex.jp/support/security-advisories/en/2026-001"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-GM3P-P24R-4WXQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:08 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:08Vulnerability in the Advanced Networking Option component of Oracle Database Server. Supported versions that are affected are 12.1.0.2, 12.2.0.1 and 19c. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via Oracle Net to compromise Advanced Networking Option. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in Advanced Networking Option, attacks may significantly impact additional products. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Advanced Networking Option. Note: The July 2021 Critical Patch Update introduces a number of Native Network Encryption changes to deal with vulnerability CVE-2021-2351 and prevent the use of weaker ciphers. Customers should review: "Changes in Native Network Encryption with the July 2021 Critical Patch Update" (Doc ID 2791571.1). CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.3 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-2351"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-21T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Advanced Networking Option component of Oracle Database Server. Supported versions that are affected are 12.1.0.2, 12.2.0.1 and 19c. Difficult to exploit vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via Oracle Net to compromise Advanced Networking Option. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in Advanced Networking Option, attacks may significantly impact additional products. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in takeover of Advanced Networking Option. Note: The July 2021 Critical Patch Update introduces a number of Native Network Encryption changes to deal with vulnerability CVE-2021-2351 and prevent the use of weaker ciphers. Customers should review: \"Changes in Native Network Encryption with the July 2021 Critical Patch Update\" (Doc ID 2791571.1). CVSS 3.1 Base Score 8.3 (Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H).",
"id": "GHSA-gm3p-p24r-4wxq",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:08:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:08:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-2351"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2022.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2022.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2023.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2021.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2022.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuoct2021.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/165255/Oracle-Database-Protection-Mechanism-Bypass.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/165258/Oracle-Database-Weak-NNE-Integrity-Key-Derivation.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2021/Dec/19"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2021/Dec/20"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GMF5-784H-MPJP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:04 – Updated: 2022-07-13 00:00An insufficiently protected credentials issue was discovered in Intland codeBeamer ALM 10.x through 10.1.SP4. The remember-me cookie (CB_LOGIN) issued by the application contains the encrypted user's credentials. However, due to a bug in the application code, those credentials are encrypted using a NULL encryption key.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-26515"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327",
"CWE-522"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-08T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An insufficiently protected credentials issue was discovered in Intland codeBeamer ALM 10.x through 10.1.SP4. The remember-me cookie (CB_LOGIN) issued by the application contains the encrypted user\u0027s credentials. However, due to a bug in the application code, those credentials are encrypted using a NULL encryption key.",
"id": "GHSA-gmf5-784h-mpjp",
"modified": "2022-07-13T00:00:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:04:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-26515"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://intland.com/codebeamer/application-lifecycle-management"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.compass-security.com/fileadmin/Research/Advisories/2021-09_CSNC-2020-010-codebeamer_ALM_Insecure-RememberMe.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GPQC-RG6H-MQQ7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 04:01 – Updated: 2022-05-14 04:01FusionSphere OpenStack V100R006C00SPC102(NFV)has a week cryptographic algorithm vulnerability. Attackers may exploit the vulnerability to crack the cipher text and cause information leak on the transmission links.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-8191"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-11-22T19:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "FusionSphere OpenStack V100R006C00SPC102(NFV)has a week cryptographic algorithm vulnerability. Attackers may exploit the vulnerability to crack the cipher text and cause information leak on the transmission links.",
"id": "GHSA-gpqc-rg6h-mqq7",
"modified": "2022-05-14T04:01:56Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T04:01:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-8191"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20171018-01-fusionsphere-en"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102282"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GQC5-FQ98-6V4Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:12 – Updated: 2023-02-14 18:30IBM Sterling Secure Proxy 6.0.1, 6.0.2, 2.4.3.2, and 3.4.3.2 uses weaker than expected cryptographic algorithms that could allow an attacker to decrypt highly sensitive information. IBM X-Force ID: 201095.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-29722"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-30T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM Sterling Secure Proxy 6.0.1, 6.0.2, 2.4.3.2, and 3.4.3.2 uses weaker than expected cryptographic algorithms that could allow an attacker to decrypt highly sensitive information. IBM X-Force ID: 201095.",
"id": "GHSA-gqc5-fq98-6v4q",
"modified": "2023-02-14T18:30:22Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:12:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-29722"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/201095"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6484681"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/6484685"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GRCC-X5CC-59X5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:08 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:08Amazon Ring Doorbell before 3.4.7 mishandles encryption, which allows attackers to obtain audio and video data, or insert spoofed video that does not correspond to the actual person at the door.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-9483"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-01T05:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Amazon Ring Doorbell before 3.4.7 mishandles encryption, which allows attackers to obtain audio and video data, or insert spoofed video that does not correspond to the actual person at the door.",
"id": "GHSA-grcc-x5cc-59x5",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:08:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:08:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-9483"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://dojo.bullguard.com/dojo-by-bullguard/blog/ring"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/27/18243296/ring-doorbell-hacked-fake-images-security-experts"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GRX9-GV2G-JQX5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-01 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:27Dell SCG 5.14 contains an information disclosure vulnerability during the SRS to SCG upgrade path. A remote low privileged malicious user could potentially exploit this vulnerability to retrieve the plain text.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-28043"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-01T16:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "\nDell SCG 5.14 contains an information disclosure vulnerability during the SRS to SCG upgrade path. A remote low privileged malicious user could potentially exploit this vulnerability to retrieve the plain text.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-grx9-gv2g-jqx5",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:27:49Z",
"published": "2023-06-01T18:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28043"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/000214205/dsa-2023-164-dell-secure-connect-gateway-security-update-for-multiple-vulnerabilities"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GV29-2VCQ-F68M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-08-24 15:31 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:10IBM AIX 7.2, 7.3, VIOS 3.1's OpenSSH implementation could allow a non-privileged local user to access files outside of those allowed due to improper access controls. IBM X-Force ID: 263476.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-40371"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-08-24T14:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM AIX 7.2, 7.3, VIOS 3.1\u0027s OpenSSH implementation could allow a non-privileged local user to access files outside of those allowed due to improper access controls. IBM X-Force ID: 263476.",
"id": "GHSA-gv29-2vcq-f68m",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:10:34Z",
"published": "2023-08-24T15:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40371"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/263476"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7028420"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GW3G-78VP-6J8F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 22:28 – Updated: 2022-08-07 00:00A vulnerability has been identified in SICAM A8000 CP-8000 (All versions < V16), SICAM A8000 CP-8021 (All versions < V16), SICAM A8000 CP-8022 (All versions < V16). A web server misconfiguration of the affected device can cause insecure ciphers usage by a user´s browser. An attacker in a privileged position could decrypt the communication and compromise confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-28396"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327",
"CWE-693"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-12-14T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in SICAM A8000 CP-8000 (All versions \u003c V16), SICAM A8000 CP-8021 (All versions \u003c V16), SICAM A8000 CP-8022 (All versions \u003c V16). A web server misconfiguration of the affected device can cause insecure ciphers usage by a user\u00b4s browser. An attacker in a privileged position could decrypt the communication and compromise confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted information.",
"id": "GHSA-gw3g-78vp-6j8f",
"modified": "2022-08-07T00:00:29Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T22:28:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-28396"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-415783.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-21-062"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-GW93-27CV-RC7M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:44 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:44Cavium Nitrox SSL, Nitrox V SSL, and TurboSSL software development kits (SDKs) allow remote attackers to decrypt TLS ciphertext data by leveraging a Bleichenbacher RSA padding oracle, aka a ROBOT attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-17428"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-327"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-03-05T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Cavium Nitrox SSL, Nitrox V SSL, and TurboSSL software development kits (SDKs) allow remote attackers to decrypt TLS ciphertext data by leveraging a Bleichenbacher RSA padding oracle, aka a ROBOT attack.",
"id": "GHSA-gw93-27cv-rc7m",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:44:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:44:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-17428"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20171212-bleichenbacher"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cavium.com/security-advisory-cve-2017-17428.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/144389"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102170"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1039984"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-24
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- When there is a need to store or transmit sensitive data, use strong, up-to-date cryptographic algorithms to encrypt that data. Select a well-vetted algorithm that is currently considered to be strong by experts in the field, and use well-tested implementations. As with all cryptographic mechanisms, the source code should be available for analysis.
- For example, US government systems require FIPS 140-2 certification [REF-1192].
- Do not develop custom or private cryptographic algorithms. They will likely be exposed to attacks that are well-understood by cryptographers. Reverse engineering techniques are mature. If the algorithm can be compromised if attackers find out how it works, then it is especially weak.
- Periodically ensure that the cryptography has not become obsolete. Some older algorithms, once thought to require a billion years of computing time, can now be broken in days or hours. This includes MD4, MD5, SHA1, DES, and other algorithms that were once regarded as strong. [REF-267]
Mitigation MIT-52
Ensure that the design allows one cryptographic algorithm to be replaced with another in the next generation or version. Where possible, use wrappers to make the interfaces uniform. This will make it easier to upgrade to stronger algorithms. With hardware, design the product at the Intellectual Property (IP) level so that one cryptographic algorithm can be replaced with another in the next generation of the hardware product.
Mitigation
Carefully manage and protect cryptographic keys (see CWE-320). If the keys can be guessed or stolen, then the strength of the cryptography itself is irrelevant.
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Industry-standard implementations will save development time and may be more likely to avoid errors that can occur during implementation of cryptographic algorithms. Consider the ESAPI Encryption feature.
Mitigation MIT-25
When using industry-approved techniques, use them correctly. Don't cut corners by skipping resource-intensive steps (CWE-325). These steps are often essential for preventing common attacks.
CAPEC-20: Encryption Brute Forcing
An attacker, armed with the cipher text and the encryption algorithm used, performs an exhaustive (brute force) search on the key space to determine the key that decrypts the cipher text to obtain the plaintext.
CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate
An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.
CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof
An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.
CAPEC-475: Signature Spoofing by Improper Validation
An adversary exploits a cryptographic weakness in the signature verification algorithm implementation to generate a valid signature without knowing the key.
CAPEC-608: Cryptanalysis of Cellular Encryption
The use of cryptanalytic techniques to derive cryptographic keys or otherwise effectively defeat cellular encryption to reveal traffic content. Some cellular encryption algorithms such as A5/1 and A5/2 (specified for GSM use) are known to be vulnerable to such attacks and commercial tools are available to execute these attacks and decrypt mobile phone conversations in real-time. Newer encryption algorithms in use by UMTS and LTE are stronger and currently believed to be less vulnerable to these types of attacks. Note, however, that an attacker with a Cellular Rogue Base Station can force the use of weak cellular encryption even by newer mobile devices.
CAPEC-614: Rooting SIM Cards
SIM cards are the de facto trust anchor of mobile devices worldwide. The cards protect the mobile identity of subscribers, associate devices with phone numbers, and increasingly store payment credentials, for example in NFC-enabled phones with mobile wallets. This attack leverages over-the-air (OTA) updates deployed via cryptographically-secured SMS messages to deliver executable code to the SIM. By cracking the DES key, an attacker can send properly signed binary SMS messages to a device, which are treated as Java applets and are executed on the SIM. These applets are allowed to send SMS, change voicemail numbers, and query the phone location, among many other predefined functions. These capabilities alone provide plenty of potential for abuse.
CAPEC-97: Cryptanalysis
Cryptanalysis is a process of finding weaknesses in cryptographic algorithms and using these weaknesses to decipher the ciphertext without knowing the secret key (instance deduction). Sometimes the weakness is not in the cryptographic algorithm itself, but rather in how it is applied that makes cryptanalysis successful. An attacker may have other goals as well, such as: Total Break (finding the secret key), Global Deduction (finding a functionally equivalent algorithm for encryption and decryption that does not require knowledge of the secret key), Information Deduction (gaining some information about plaintexts or ciphertexts that was not previously known) and Distinguishing Algorithm (the attacker has the ability to distinguish the output of the encryption (ciphertext) from a random permutation of bits).