CWE-346
Allowed-with-ReviewOrigin Validation Error
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product does not properly verify that the source of data or communication is valid.
789 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-6FWX-J832-VVW6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 12:32 – Updated: 2025-03-20 12:32GPT Academy version 3.83 in the binary-husky/gpt_academic repository is vulnerable to Cross-Site WebSocket Hijacking (CSWSH). This vulnerability allows an attacker to hijack an existing WebSocket connection between the victim's browser and the server, enabling unauthorized actions such as deleting conversation history without the victim's consent. The issue arises due to insufficient WebSocket authentication and lack of origin validation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10956"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:22Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "GPT Academy version 3.83 in the binary-husky/gpt_academic repository is vulnerable to Cross-Site WebSocket Hijacking (CSWSH). This vulnerability allows an attacker to hijack an existing WebSocket connection between the victim\u0027s browser and the server, enabling unauthorized actions such as deleting conversation history without the victim\u0027s consent. The issue arises due to insufficient WebSocket authentication and lack of origin validation.",
"id": "GHSA-6fwx-j832-vvw6",
"modified": "2025-03-20T12:32:41Z",
"published": "2025-03-20T12:32:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10956"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/0f8403ad-5f60-4eb9-9f51-8fbd2e41eda4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6GRJ-H983-99RG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-23 21:30 – Updated: 2025-05-30 15:30An origin validation vulnerability in the Trend Micro Apex One security agent could allow a local attacker to escalate privileges on affected installations.
Please note: an attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.
This vulnerability is similar to, but not identical to, CVE-2023-47193.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-47199"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-23T21:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An origin validation vulnerability in the Trend Micro Apex One security agent could allow a local attacker to escalate privileges on affected installations.\n\nPlease note: an attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.\n\nThis vulnerability is similar to, but not identical to, CVE-2023-47193.",
"id": "GHSA-6grj-h983-99rg",
"modified": "2025-05-30T15:30:25Z",
"published": "2024-01-23T21:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47199"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://success.trendmicro.com/dcx/s/solution/000295652?language=en_US"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1620"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6H7P-W66V-F7VW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:44 – Updated: 2024-04-04 00:13The Upgrade-Insecure-Requests (UIR) specification states that if UIR is enabled through Content Security Policy (CSP), navigation to a same-origin URL must be upgraded to HTTPS. Firefox will incorrectly navigate to an HTTP URL rather than perform the security upgrade requested by the CSP in some circumstances, allowing for potential man-in-the-middle attacks on the linked resources. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 66.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-9803"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-04-26T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Upgrade-Insecure-Requests (UIR) specification states that if UIR is enabled through Content Security Policy (CSP), navigation to a same-origin URL must be upgraded to HTTPS. Firefox will incorrectly navigate to an HTTP URL rather than perform the security upgrade requested by the CSP in some circumstances, allowing for potential man-in-the-middle attacks on the linked resources. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 66.",
"id": "GHSA-6h7p-w66v-f7vw",
"modified": "2024-04-04T00:13:14Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:44:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-9803"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1437009"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1515863"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-upgrade-insecure-requests"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2019-07"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6HF3-MHGC-CM65
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-18 22:43 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:47Vulnerability
In some shared-agent deployments, OpenClaw session tools (sessions_list, sessions_history, sessions_send) allowed broader session targeting than some operators intended. This is primarily a configuration/visibility-scoping issue in multi-user environments where peers are not equally trusted.
In Telegram webhook mode, monitor startup also did not fall back to per-account webhookSecret when only the account-level secret was configured.
Typical Use Case Context
Most regular OpenClaw deployments run a single agent, or run in trusted environments. In those setups, practical risk from this issue is generally low.
Impact
- Shared-agent, multi-user, less-trusted environments: session-tool access could expose transcript content across peer sessions.
- Single-agent or trusted environments: practical impact is limited.
- Telegram webhook mode: account-level secret wiring could be missed unless an explicit monitor webhook secret override was provided.
Affected Packages / Versions
- Package: npm
openclaw - Affected versions:
<= 2026.2.14 - Patched version:
2026.2.15(planned next release)
Remediation
- Add and enforce
tools.sessions.visibility(self | tree | agent | all) across session tools, defaulting totree. - Keep sandbox clamping behavior so sandboxed runs can be restricted to spawned/session-tree visibility.
- Resolve Telegram webhook secret from account config fallback in monitor webhook startup.
Fix Commit(s)
c6c53437f7da033b94a01d492e904974e7bda74c
Thanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.2.15"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-27004"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-209",
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-18T22:43:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T00:16:17Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Vulnerability\n\nIn some shared-agent deployments, OpenClaw session tools (`sessions_list`, `sessions_history`, `sessions_send`) allowed broader session targeting than some operators intended. This is primarily a configuration/visibility-scoping issue in multi-user environments where peers are not equally trusted.\n\nIn Telegram webhook mode, monitor startup also did not fall back to per-account `webhookSecret` when only the account-level secret was configured.\n\n## Typical Use Case Context\n\nMost regular OpenClaw deployments run a single agent, or run in trusted environments. In those setups, practical risk from this issue is generally low.\n\n## Impact\n\n- Shared-agent, multi-user, less-trusted environments: session-tool access could expose transcript content across peer sessions.\n- Single-agent or trusted environments: practical impact is limited.\n- Telegram webhook mode: account-level secret wiring could be missed unless an explicit monitor webhook secret override was provided.\n\n## Affected Packages / Versions\n\n- Package: npm `openclaw`\n- Affected versions: `\u003c= 2026.2.14`\n- Patched version: `2026.2.15` (planned next release)\n\n## Remediation\n\n- Add and enforce `tools.sessions.visibility` (`self | tree | agent | all`) across session tools, defaulting to `tree`.\n- Keep sandbox clamping behavior so sandboxed runs can be restricted to spawned/session-tree visibility.\n- Resolve Telegram webhook secret from account config fallback in monitor webhook startup.\n\n## Fix Commit(s)\n\n- `c6c53437f7da033b94a01d492e904974e7bda74c`\n\nThanks @aether-ai-agent for reporting.",
"id": "GHSA-6hf3-mhgc-cm65",
"modified": "2026-02-20T16:47:17Z",
"published": "2026-02-18T22:43:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-6hf3-mhgc-cm65"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27004"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/c6c53437f7da033b94a01d492e904974e7bda74c"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "OpenClaw session tool visibility hardening and Telegram webhook secret fallback"
}
GHSA-6J26-X548-MH3C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-07 12:31 – Updated: 2026-05-07 12:31Origin Validation Error vulnerability in TUBITAK BILGEM Software Technologies Research Institute Liderahenk allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.
This issue affects Liderahenk: from 2.0.1 before 2.0.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-6508"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-07T12:16:18Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Origin Validation Error vulnerability in TUBITAK BILGEM Software Technologies Research Institute Liderahenk allows Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs.\n\nThis issue affects Liderahenk: from 2.0.1 before 2.0.2.",
"id": "GHSA-6j26-x548-mh3c",
"modified": "2026-05-07T12:31:23Z",
"published": "2026-05-07T12:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6508"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://siberguvenlik.gov.tr/guvenlik-bildirimleri/detay/tr-26-0181"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6J2Q-J3C7-4W55
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-20 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-20 18:31A vulnerability was found in ericc-ch copilot-api up to 0.7.0. The impacted element is the function cors of the file src/server.ts of the component Token Endpoint. Performing a manipulation results in permissive cross-domain policy with untrusted domains. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-6662"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-20T17:16:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in ericc-ch copilot-api up to 0.7.0. The impacted element is the function cors of the file src/server.ts of the component Token Endpoint. Performing a manipulation results in permissive cross-domain policy with untrusted domains. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used.",
"id": "GHSA-6j2q-j3c7-4w55",
"modified": "2026-04-20T18:31:49Z",
"published": "2026-04-20T18:31:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-6662"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/August829/CVEP/issues/31"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/794601"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/358300"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/358300/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-6J6M-GQWX-34J8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-10 21:30 – Updated: 2025-05-10 21:30A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in Zylon PrivateGPT up to 0.6.2. This affects an unknown part of the file settings.yaml. The manipulation of the argument allow_origins leads to permissive cross-domain policy with untrusted domains. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-4515"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-10T21:15:52Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in Zylon PrivateGPT up to 0.6.2. This affects an unknown part of the file settings.yaml. The manipulation of the argument allow_origins leads to permissive cross-domain policy with untrusted domains. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-6j6m-gqwx-34j8",
"modified": "2025-05-10T21:30:29Z",
"published": "2025-05-10T21:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4515"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/superboy-zjc/2a727cb0c1d468f21a91e0416d006ffe"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.308235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.308235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.564451"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-6JHR-XFQR-826M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-23 21:30 – Updated: 2025-05-30 15:30A plug-in manager origin validation vulnerability in the Trend Micro Apex One security agent could allow a local attacker to escalate privileges on affected installations.
Please note: an attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.
This vulnerability is similar to, but not identical to, CVE-2023-47201.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-47200"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-23T21:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A plug-in manager origin validation vulnerability in the Trend Micro Apex One security agent could allow a local attacker to escalate privileges on affected installations.\n\nPlease note: an attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability.\n\nThis vulnerability is similar to, but not identical to, CVE-2023-47201.",
"id": "GHSA-6jhr-xfqr-826m",
"modified": "2025-05-30T15:30:25Z",
"published": "2024-01-23T21:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-47200"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://success.trendmicro.com/dcx/s/solution/000295652?language=en_US"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-23-1618"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6MXP-RJ69-JR2P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-13 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-17 00:05Inappropriate implementation in Passwords in Google Chrome prior to 97.0.4692.71 allowed a remote attacker to potentially leak cross-origin data via a malicious website.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-0120"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-12T00:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Inappropriate implementation in Passwords in Google Chrome prior to 97.0.4692.71 allowed a remote attacker to potentially leak cross-origin data via a malicious website.",
"id": "GHSA-6mxp-rj69-jr2p",
"modified": "2022-03-17T00:05:35Z",
"published": "2022-02-13T00:00:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0120"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2022/01/stable-channel-update-for-desktop.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://crbug.com/1262953"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/5PAGL5M2KGYPN3VEQCRJJE6NA7D5YG5X"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/KQJB6ZPRLKV6WCMX2PRRRQBFAOXFBK6B"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/MRWRAXAFR3JR7XCFWTHC2KALSZKWACCE"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-6PGJ-W687-9C8C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-21 18:30 – Updated: 2025-10-21 20:26Improper Authentication in Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.132, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.4, 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 35, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to send malicious data to the Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.132, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.4, 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 35, and older unsupported versions that will treat it as trusted data via unauthenticated cluster messages.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay:com.liferay.portal.cluster.multiple"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.35"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-62250"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-346"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-21T20:26:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-21T16:15:38Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Improper Authentication in Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.132, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.4, 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 35, and older unsupported versions allows remote attackers to send malicious data to the Liferay Portal 7.4.0 through 7.4.3.132, and older unsupported versions, and Liferay DXP 2023.Q4.0, 2023.Q3.1 through 2023.Q3.4, 7.4 GA through update 92, 7.3 GA through update 35, and older unsupported versions that will treat it as trusted data via unauthenticated cluster messages.",
"id": "GHSA-6pgj-w687-9c8c",
"modified": "2025-10-21T20:26:48Z",
"published": "2025-10-21T18:30:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-62250"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liferay/liferay-portal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://liferay.atlassian.net/browse/LPE-17901"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://liferay.dev/portal/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/jekt/content/CVE-2025-62250"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Liferay Portal fails to verify messages from the cluster network is trusted"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)
An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.
CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning
An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.
CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning
A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.
CAPEC-160: Exploit Script-Based APIs
Some APIs support scripting instructions as arguments. Methods that take scripted instructions (or references to scripted instructions) can be very flexible and powerful. However, if an attacker can specify the script that serves as input to these methods they can gain access to a great deal of functionality. For example, HTML pages support <script> tags that allow scripting languages to be embedded in the page and then interpreted by the receiving web browser. If the content provider is malicious, these scripts can compromise the client application. Some applications may even execute the scripts under their own identity (rather than the identity of the user providing the script) which can allow attackers to perform activities that would otherwise be denied to them.
CAPEC-21: Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers
An adversary guesses, obtains, or "rides" a trusted identifier (e.g. session ID, resource ID, cookie, etc.) to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
CAPEC-510: SaaS User Request Forgery
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, performs malicious actions against a third-party Software as a Service (SaaS) application (also known as a cloud based application) by leveraging the persistent and implicit trust placed on a trusted user's session. This attack is executed after a trusted user is authenticated into a cloud service, "piggy-backing" on the authenticated session, and exploiting the fact that the cloud service believes it is only interacting with the trusted user. If successful, the actions embedded in the malicious application will be processed and accepted by the targeted SaaS application and executed at the trusted user's privilege level.
CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction
This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.
CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)
This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.
CAPEC-89: Pharming
A pharming attack occurs when the victim is fooled into entering sensitive data into supposedly trusted locations, such as an online bank site or a trading platform. An attacker can impersonate these supposedly trusted sites and have the victim be directed to their site rather than the originally intended one. Pharming does not require script injection or clicking on malicious links for the attack to succeed.