CWE-352
AllowedCross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
Abstraction: Compound · Status: Stable
The web application does not, or cannot, sufficiently verify whether a request was intentionally provided by the user who sent the request, which could have originated from an unauthorized actor.
14261 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-3JJ9-9287-PJ45
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-16 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Pearlbells Flash News / Post (Responsive) allows Privilege Escalation.This issue affects Flash News / Post (Responsive): from n/a through 4.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-56012"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-16T15:15:27Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in Pearlbells Flash News / Post (Responsive) allows Privilege Escalation.This issue affects Flash News / Post (Responsive): from n/a through 4.1.",
"id": "GHSA-3jj9-9287-pj45",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:52Z",
"published": "2024-12-16T15:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-56012"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/flashnews-fading-effect-pearlbells/vulnerability/wordpress-flash-news-post-responsive-plugin-4-1-csrf-to-privilege-escalation-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/flashnews-typewriter-pearlbells/vulnerability/wordpress-post-title-typewriter-plugin-4-1-csrf-to-privilege-escalation-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3JM4-C6QF-JRH3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-24 17:58 – Updated: 2024-12-04 22:18Summary
Lack of CSRF protection on the preview-expression command means that visiting a malicious website could cause an attacker-controlled expression to be executed. The expression can contain arbitrary Clojure or Python code.
The attacker must know a valid project ID of a project that contains at least one row.
Details
The com.google.refine.commands.expr.PreviewExpressionCommand class contains the following comment:
/**
* The command uses POST but does not actually modify any state so it does not require CSRF.
*/
However, this appears to be false (or no longer true). The expression being previewed (executed) can be written in GREL, Python, or Clojure. Since there are no restrictions on what code can be executed, the expression can do anything the user running OpenRefine can do. For instance, the following expressions start a calculator:
clojure:(.exec (Runtime/getRuntime) "gnome-calculator")
jython:import os;os.system("gnome-calculator")
The lack of restrictions on expressions is arguably not a problem if the user is typing their own expressions into OpenRefine: they could have just as well typed them into Clojure or Python directly. However, since the preview-expression command does not check for a CSRF token, the expression can actually come from a HTML form submitted by a different origin, including arbitrary websites.
Issue #2164 suggested adding CSRF protection to all endpoints, but this endpoint was skipped (and the above comment added) in the associated PR #2182.
PoC
An example "malicious" page is at https://wandernauta.nl/or/ (of course, actual malicious pages would not wait for the victim to press the submit button).
The following curl command (substituting the project ID) also demonstrates the issue:
curl -d project=123456789 -d cellIndex=1 -d rowIndices='[0]' -d 'expression=clojure:(.exec (Runtime/getRuntime) "gnome-calculator")' http://localhost:3333/command/core/preview-expression/
Impact
CSRF into remote code execution, provided the attacker knows at least one project ID in the victim's workspace and can convince the victim to open a malicious webpage.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.openrefine:main"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.8.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47879"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352",
"CWE-94"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-10-24T17:58:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-24T21:15:12Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nLack of CSRF protection on the `preview-expression` command means that visiting a malicious website could cause an attacker-controlled expression to be executed. The expression can contain arbitrary Clojure or Python code.\n\nThe attacker must know a valid project ID of a project that contains at least one row.\n\n### Details\n\nThe `com.google.refine.commands.expr.PreviewExpressionCommand` class contains the following comment:\n```\n/**\n * The command uses POST but does not actually modify any state so it does not require CSRF.\n */\n```\n\nHowever, this appears to be false (or no longer true). The expression being previewed (executed) can be written in GREL, Python, or Clojure. Since there are no restrictions on what code can be executed, the expression can do anything the user running OpenRefine can do. For instance, the following expressions start a calculator:\n\n```\nclojure:(.exec (Runtime/getRuntime) \"gnome-calculator\")\n```\n\n```\njython:import os;os.system(\"gnome-calculator\")\n```\n\nThe lack of restrictions on expressions is arguably not a problem if the user is typing their own expressions into OpenRefine: they could have just as well typed them into Clojure or Python directly. However, since the `preview-expression` command does not check for a CSRF token, the expression can actually come from a HTML form submitted by a different origin, including arbitrary websites.\n\nIssue #2164 suggested adding CSRF protection to all endpoints, but this endpoint was skipped (and the above comment added) in the associated PR #2182.\n\n### PoC\n\nAn example \"malicious\" page is at https://wandernauta.nl/or/ (of course, actual malicious pages would not wait for the victim to press the submit button).\n\nThe following curl command (substituting the project ID) also demonstrates the issue:\n\n```sh\ncurl -d project=123456789 -d cellIndex=1 -d rowIndices=\u0027[0]\u0027 -d \u0027expression=clojure:(.exec (Runtime/getRuntime) \"gnome-calculator\")\u0027 http://localhost:3333/command/core/preview-expression/\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nCSRF into remote code execution, provided the attacker knows at least one project ID in the victim\u0027s workspace and can convince the victim to open a malicious webpage.",
"id": "GHSA-3jm4-c6qf-jrh3",
"modified": "2024-12-04T22:18:02Z",
"published": "2024-10-24T17:58:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine/security/advisories/GHSA-3jm4-c6qf-jrh3"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47879"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine/commit/090924ca923489b6c94397cf1f5df7f7f78f0126"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "OpenRefine\u0027s PreviewExpressionCommand, which is eval, lacks protection against cross-site request forgery (CSRF)"
}
GHSA-3JMW-C69H-426C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-09-01 18:26 – Updated: 2021-08-30 22:03Impact
A user with admin access to the system resource type is potentially vulnerable to a CSRF attack that could cause the server to run untrusted code on all Rundeck editions.
Patches
Available in Rundeck 3.4.3 and 3.3.14
Workarounds
Please visit https://rundeck.com/security for information about specific workarounds.
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Email us at security@rundeck.com
To report security issues to Rundeck please use the form at https://rundeck.com/security
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.rundeck:rundeck-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.4.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.rundeck:rundeck-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.3.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-39133"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-30T22:03:39Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-30T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nA user with `admin` access to the `system` resource type is potentially vulnerable to a CSRF attack that could cause the server to run untrusted code on all Rundeck editions.\n\n### Patches\nAvailable in Rundeck 3.4.3 and 3.3.14\n\n\n### Workarounds\n\nPlease visit [https://rundeck.com/security](https://rundeck.com/security) for information about specific workarounds.\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Email us at [security@rundeck.com](mailto:security@rundeck.com)\n\nTo report security issues to Rundeck please use the form at [https://rundeck.com/security](https://rundeck.com/security)",
"id": "GHSA-3jmw-c69h-426c",
"modified": "2021-08-30T22:03:39Z",
"published": "2021-09-01T18:26:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rundeck/rundeck/security/advisories/GHSA-3jmw-c69h-426c"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-39133"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rundeck/rundeck/commit/67c4eedeaf9509fc0b255aff15977a5229ef13b9"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/rundeck/rundeck"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) can run untrusted code on Rundeck server"
}
GHSA-3JPC-C4HR-JCPH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:57 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:57Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in LOCKON EC-CUBE 2.11.0 through 2.13.0 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users via unspecified vectors related to refusals.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-5993"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-11-21T04:40:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in LOCKON EC-CUBE 2.11.0 through 2.13.0 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users via unspecified vectors related to refusals.",
"id": "GHSA-3jpc-c4hr-jcph",
"modified": "2022-05-17T04:57:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:57:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-5993"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN11221613/index.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://jvndb.jvn.jp/jvndb/JVNDB-2013-000097"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://svn.ec-cube.net/open_trac/changeset/23277"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ec-cube.net/info/weakness/weakness.php?id=53"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3JPV-XHVH-4638
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:26 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:26Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the INSERT page in Cisco Prime Infrastructure (PI) allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users, aka Bug ID CSCun21868.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-2152"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2015-02-12T01:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the INSERT page in Cisco Prime Infrastructure (PI) allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users, aka Bug ID CSCun21868.",
"id": "GHSA-3jpv-xhvh-4638",
"modified": "2022-05-17T01:26:46Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T01:26:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-2152"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/100747"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityNotice/CVE-2014-2152"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/72558"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1031715"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3JQ8-4X2X-FR2H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:09 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:09Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in gui/password-wadmin.apl in CacheGuard OS 5.7.7 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-4865"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2014-09-10T18:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in gui/password-wadmin.apl in CacheGuard OS 5.7.7 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users.",
"id": "GHSA-3jq8-4x2x-fr2h",
"modified": "2022-05-17T04:09:01Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:09:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-4865"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2014/Sep/38"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/241508"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-3JQV-9JVM-W5M3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-27 09:31 – Updated: 2026-05-27 09:31The Search Simple Fields plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in versions up to, and including, 0.2. This is due to missing or incorrect nonce validation on the search_simple_fields_options() function in functions_admin.php. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to modify the plugin's settings — including post types to search in, custom fields, media fields and the custom media function name — via a forged request granted they can trick a site administrator into performing an action such as clicking on a link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-8939"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-27T07:16:18Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Search Simple Fields plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Cross-Site Request Forgery in versions up to, and including, 0.2. This is due to missing or incorrect nonce validation on the search_simple_fields_options() function in functions_admin.php. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to modify the plugin\u0027s settings \u2014 including post types to search in, custom fields, media fields and the custom media function name \u2014 via a forged request granted they can trick a site administrator into performing an action such as clicking on a link.",
"id": "GHSA-3jqv-9jvm-w5m3",
"modified": "2026-05-27T09:31:14Z",
"published": "2026-05-27T09:31:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8939"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/search-simple-fields/tags/0.2/functions_admin.php#L16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/search-simple-fields/tags/0.2/functions_admin.php#L21"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/1d7ffc0b-2706-4707-9b8f-edcb418058ca?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3JRJ-HCQP-MF49
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-24 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-30 00:01An issue was discovered in xiaohuanxiong CMS 5.0.17. There is a CSRF vulnerability that can that can add the administrator account.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-43738"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-23T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in xiaohuanxiong CMS 5.0.17. There is a CSRF vulnerability that can that can add the administrator account.",
"id": "GHSA-3jrj-hcqp-mf49",
"modified": "2022-03-30T00:01:04Z",
"published": "2022-03-24T00:00:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-43738"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hiliqi/xiaohuanxiong/issues/28"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3JRJ-X6CJ-97CP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:21 – Updated: 2023-07-11 18:35A flaw was found in Moodle in versions 3.11 to 3.11.3, 3.10 to 3.10.7, 3.9 to 3.9.10 and earlier unsupported versions. The "delete related badge" functionality did not include the necessary token check to prevent a CSRF risk.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.11.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.11"
},
{
"fixed": "3.11.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.10.7"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.10"
},
{
"fixed": "3.10.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.9.10"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.9"
},
{
"fixed": "3.9.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-43559"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-11T18:35:18Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-11-22T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in Moodle in versions 3.11 to 3.11.3, 3.10 to 3.10.7, 3.9 to 3.9.10 and earlier unsupported versions. The \"delete related badge\" functionality did not include the necessary token check to prevent a CSRF risk.",
"id": "GHSA-3jrj-x6cj-97cp",
"modified": "2023-07-11T18:35:18Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:21:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-43559"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle/commit/20d41ebae4eb28269298504c68db511a05ec4969"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2021517"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://moodle.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=429099"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Moodle contains CSRF vulnerability"
}
GHSA-3JW2-5HJG-HC2C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-29 15:31 – Updated: 2025-11-05 20:52Jenkins Extensible Choice Parameter Plugin 239.v5f5c278708cf and earlier does not require POST requests for an HTTP endpoint, resulting in a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability.
This vulnerability allows attackers to execute sandboxed Groovy code.
As of publication of this advisory, there is no fix.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "jp.ikedam.jenkins.plugins:extensible-choice-parameter"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "239.v5f5c278708cf"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-64133"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-352"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-29T21:49:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-29T14:15:57Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins Extensible Choice Parameter Plugin 239.v5f5c278708cf and earlier does not require POST requests for an HTTP endpoint, resulting in a cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability.\n\nThis vulnerability allows attackers to execute sandboxed Groovy code.\n\nAs of publication of this advisory, there is no fix.",
"id": "GHSA-3jw2-5hjg-hc2c",
"modified": "2025-11-05T20:52:04Z",
"published": "2025-10-29T15:31:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64133"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/extensible-choice-parameter-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2025-10-29/#SECURITY-3583"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2025/10/29/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Jenkins Extensible Choice Parameter Plugin vulnerable to cross-site request forgery"
}
Mitigation MIT-4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- For example, use anti-CSRF packages such as the OWASP CSRFGuard. [REF-330]
- Another example is the ESAPI Session Management control, which includes a component for CSRF. [REF-45]
Mitigation
Ensure that the application is free of cross-site scripting issues (CWE-79), because most CSRF defenses can be bypassed using attacker-controlled script.
Mitigation
Generate a unique nonce for each form, place the nonce into the form, and verify the nonce upon receipt of the form. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330). [REF-332]
Mitigation
Identify especially dangerous operations. When the user performs a dangerous operation, send a separate confirmation request to ensure that the user intended to perform that operation.
Mitigation
- Use the "double-submitted cookie" method as described by Felten and Zeller:
- When a user visits a site, the site should generate a pseudorandom value and set it as a cookie on the user's machine. The site should require every form submission to include this value as a form value and also as a cookie value. When a POST request is sent to the site, the request should only be considered valid if the form value and the cookie value are the same.
- Because of the same-origin policy, an attacker cannot read or modify the value stored in the cookie. To successfully submit a form on behalf of the user, the attacker would have to correctly guess the pseudorandom value. If the pseudorandom value is cryptographically strong, this will be prohibitively difficult.
- This technique requires Javascript, so it may not work for browsers that have Javascript disabled. [REF-331]
Mitigation
Do not use the GET method for any request that triggers a state change.
Mitigation
Check the HTTP Referer header to see if the request originated from an expected page. This could break legitimate functionality, because users or proxies may have disabled sending the Referer for privacy reasons.
CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)
An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.
CAPEC-462: Cross-Domain Search Timing
An attacker initiates cross domain HTTP / GET requests and times the server responses. The timing of these responses may leak important information on what is happening on the server. Browser's same origin policy prevents the attacker from directly reading the server responses (in the absence of any other weaknesses), but does not prevent the attacker from timing the responses to requests that the attacker issued cross domain.
CAPEC-467: Cross Site Identification
An attacker harvests identifying information about a victim via an active session that the victim's browser has with a social networking site. A victim may have the social networking site open in one tab or perhaps is simply using the "remember me" feature to keep their session with the social networking site active. An attacker induces a payload to execute in the victim's browser that transparently to the victim initiates a request to the social networking site (e.g., via available social network site APIs) to retrieve identifying information about a victim. While some of this information may be public, the attacker is able to harvest this information in context and may use it for further attacks on the user (e.g., spear phishing).
CAPEC-62: Cross Site Request Forgery
An attacker crafts malicious web links and distributes them (via web pages, email, etc.), typically in a targeted manner, hoping to induce users to click on the link and execute the malicious action against some third-party application. If successful, the action embedded in the malicious link will be processed and accepted by the targeted application with the users' privilege level. This type of attack leverages the persistence and implicit trust placed in user session cookies by many web applications today. In such an architecture, once the user authenticates to an application and a session cookie is created on the user's system, all following transactions for that session are authenticated using that cookie including potential actions initiated by an attacker and simply "riding" the existing session cookie.