CWE-362
Allowed-with-ReviewConcurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product contains a concurrent code sequence that requires temporary, exclusive access to a shared resource, but a timing window exists in which the shared resource can be modified by another code sequence operating concurrently.
2900 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-7W99-5WM4-3G79
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-07 20:56 – Updated: 2026-07-07 20:56Am I affected?
Users are affected if all of the following are true:
- Their project depends on
@better-auth/oauth-providerat a version>= 1.6.0, < 1.6.11, or uses the embedded plugin inbetter-auth >= 1.4.8-beta.7, < 1.6.0, or enables the legacyoidc-providerormcpplugins frombetter-auth/plugins. - Their application exposes
/api/auth/oauth2/token(or the legacy plugins'/oauth2/tokenand/mcp/token) as a token endpoint to OAuth/OIDC clients, including internal MCP clients (Claude Desktop, custom MCP tool callers, AI agents). - Their application has not implemented an external mitigation: a load-balancer-level idempotency cache keyed by
code, a database trigger that rejects duplicate token issuance for the same authorization code, or a custom adapter override that performs an atomic compare-and-delete.
Fix:
- Upgrade to
@better-auth/oauth-provider@1.6.11or later. If developers use the legacy plugin paths frombetter-auth/plugins, upgradebetter-authto1.6.11or later. - If developers cannot upgrade, see workarounds below.
Summary
The OAuth provider's POST /oauth2/token endpoint, on the authorization_code grant, redeems a single-use authorization code through a non-atomic find-then-delete sequence. Two concurrent requests with the same code value both pass the read step before either delete completes, then both proceed to PKCE verification and createUserTokens. Each surviving request mints a fresh access token, refresh token, and id token. RFC 6749 §4.1.2 requires authorization codes to be single-use; this primitive does not enforce that under concurrency.
Details
The same architectural primitive (find a single-use verification row, then delete it, then trust the row to authorize) is used in 20 other call sites across the codebase. The deletion primitive returns Promise<void>, discarding the row count surfaced by adapter.deleteMany, so no call site can detect "another caller already claimed this row". The fix lands at the primitive layer rather than at any individual call site.
The fix introduces a claimVerificationByIdentifier primitive at the internal-adapter layer that performs an atomic claim-and-return, replaces the find-then-delete pair at this call site, and migrates the highest-impact variant sites in the same release.
Patches
Fixed in @better-auth/oauth-provider@1.6.11 and better-auth@1.6.11 for the legacy oidc-provider and mcp plugin paths. All three token-exchange call sites now consume the verification row through internalAdapter.consumeVerificationValue, an atomic claim primitive that deletes the row and returns its prior value in one operation. The first request to arrive takes the row and mints tokens; concurrent racers observe an empty result and return invalid_grant.
Error-code consistency is also tightened on the @better-auth/oauth-provider token endpoint: the malformed-verification-value branches previously returned a project-specific invalid_verification code, which is not part of RFC 6749 §5.2's response error set. Both branches now return invalid_grant so spec-compliant clients can branch on the standard code without a special case.
Workarounds
None of these close the bug fully without a code patch. Upgrading is the only good path.
- Network-layer: deploy an authorization-server-aware reverse proxy (Envoy, NGINX with Lua, custom Cloudflare Worker) that holds an in-flight registry keyed by the
codeparameter and serializes concurrent requests for the same code. Fragile under multi-instance deployments unless the registry is shared (Redis-backed). - Database-layer: add a SQL or Mongo uniqueness constraint that prevents two
oauthAccessTokenrows from being created with the same upstream code reference. Adapter-specific and not always feasible since the schema does not currently store the source code. - Application-layer: wrap
deleteVerificationByIdentifierwith a custom hook that usesadapter.deleteManyand surfaces the count, then injects aninvalid_grantrejection when the count is zero. Requires forking the internal adapter.
Impact
- Multiple independent token sets from a single authorization: forked access tokens, refresh tokens, and id tokens issued from the same code, all valid for the original user's authorization scope.
- Detection bypass: standard OAuth single-use enforcement does not fire for the second redemption when both requests interleave through the read step.
- Legacy-plugin reach:
oidc-providerandmcpplugins share the primitive on the same surface, so deployments using them inherit the same impact.
Credit
Reported by @chdanielmueller.
Resources
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@better-auth/oauth-provider"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.6.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.6.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "better-auth"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.6.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-53518"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-294",
"CWE-362",
"CWE-367"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-07T20:56:35Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Am I affected?\n\nUsers are affected if all of the following are true:\n\n- Their project depends on `@better-auth/oauth-provider` at a version `\u003e= 1.6.0, \u003c 1.6.11`, or uses the embedded plugin in `better-auth \u003e= 1.4.8-beta.7, \u003c 1.6.0`, or enables the legacy `oidc-provider` or `mcp` plugins from `better-auth/plugins`.\n- Their application exposes `/api/auth/oauth2/token` (or the legacy plugins\u0027 `/oauth2/token` and `/mcp/token`) as a token endpoint to OAuth/OIDC clients, including internal MCP clients (Claude Desktop, custom MCP tool callers, AI agents).\n- Their application has not implemented an external mitigation: a load-balancer-level idempotency cache keyed by `code`, a database trigger that rejects duplicate token issuance for the same authorization code, or a custom adapter override that performs an atomic compare-and-delete.\n\nFix:\n\n1. Upgrade to `@better-auth/oauth-provider@1.6.11` or later. If developers use the legacy plugin paths from `better-auth/plugins`, upgrade `better-auth` to `1.6.11` or later.\n2. If developers cannot upgrade, see workarounds below.\n\n### Summary\n\nThe OAuth provider\u0027s `POST /oauth2/token` endpoint, on the `authorization_code` grant, redeems a single-use authorization code through a non-atomic find-then-delete sequence. Two concurrent requests with the same `code` value both pass the read step before either delete completes, then both proceed to PKCE verification and `createUserTokens`. Each surviving request mints a fresh access token, refresh token, and id token. RFC 6749 \u00a74.1.2 requires authorization codes to be single-use; this primitive does not enforce that under concurrency.\n\n### Details\n\nThe same architectural primitive (find a single-use verification row, then delete it, then trust the row to authorize) is used in 20 other call sites across the codebase. The deletion primitive returns `Promise\u003cvoid\u003e`, discarding the row count surfaced by `adapter.deleteMany`, so no call site can detect \"another caller already claimed this row\". The fix lands at the primitive layer rather than at any individual call site.\n\nThe fix introduces a `claimVerificationByIdentifier` primitive at the internal-adapter layer that performs an atomic claim-and-return, replaces the find-then-delete pair at this call site, and migrates the highest-impact variant sites in the same release.\n\n### Patches\n\nFixed in `@better-auth/oauth-provider@1.6.11` and `better-auth@1.6.11` for the legacy `oidc-provider` and `mcp` plugin paths. All three token-exchange call sites now consume the verification row through `internalAdapter.consumeVerificationValue`, an atomic claim primitive that deletes the row and returns its prior value in one operation. The first request to arrive takes the row and mints tokens; concurrent racers observe an empty result and return `invalid_grant`.\n\nError-code consistency is also tightened on the `@better-auth/oauth-provider` token endpoint: the malformed-verification-value branches previously returned a project-specific `invalid_verification` code, which is not part of RFC 6749 \u00a75.2\u0027s response error set. Both branches now return `invalid_grant` so spec-compliant clients can branch on the standard code without a special case.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nNone of these close the bug fully without a code patch. Upgrading is the only good path.\n\n- **Network-layer**: deploy an authorization-server-aware reverse proxy (Envoy, NGINX with Lua, custom Cloudflare Worker) that holds an in-flight registry keyed by the `code` parameter and serializes concurrent requests for the same code. Fragile under multi-instance deployments unless the registry is shared (Redis-backed).\n- **Database-layer**: add a SQL or Mongo uniqueness constraint that prevents two `oauthAccessToken` rows from being created with the same upstream code reference. Adapter-specific and not always feasible since the schema does not currently store the source code.\n- **Application-layer**: wrap `deleteVerificationByIdentifier` with a custom hook that uses `adapter.deleteMany` and surfaces the count, then injects an `invalid_grant` rejection when the count is zero. Requires forking the internal adapter.\n\n### Impact\n\n- **Multiple independent token sets from a single authorization**: forked access tokens, refresh tokens, and id tokens issued from the same code, all valid for the original user\u0027s authorization scope.\n- **Detection bypass**: standard OAuth single-use enforcement does not fire for the second redemption when both requests interleave through the read step.\n- **Legacy-plugin reach**: `oidc-provider` and `mcp` plugins share the primitive on the same surface, so deployments using them inherit the same impact.\n\n### Credit\n\nReported by @chdanielmueller.\n\n### Resources\n\n- [CWE-362: Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization (Race Condition)](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/362.html)\n- [CWE-367: Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/367.html)\n- [CWE-294: Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/294.html)\n- [RFC 6749 \u00a74.1.2: Authorization Response](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6749#section-4.1.2)\n- [OAuth 2.1 \u00a74.1: Authorization Code Grant](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-oauth-v2-1#section-4.1)",
"id": "GHSA-7w99-5wm4-3g79",
"modified": "2026-07-07T20:56:35Z",
"published": "2026-07-07T20:56:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth/security/advisories/GHSA-7w99-5wm4-3g79"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth/releases/tag/v1.6.11"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "@better-auth/oauth-provider\u0027s OAuth authorization-code grant allows concurrent redemption when two token requests race the find-then-delete primitive"
}
GHSA-7WR8-6FW9-MW29
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:49 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:11deepin-clone before 1.1.3 uses a predictable path /tmp/.deepin-clone/mount/ in the Helper::temporaryMountDevice() function to temporarily mount a file system as root. An unprivileged user can prepare a symlink at this location to have the file system mounted in an arbitrary location. By winning a race condition, the attacker can also enter the mount point, thereby preventing a subsequent unmount of the file system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-13226"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362",
"CWE-59"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-07-04T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "deepin-clone before 1.1.3 uses a predictable path /tmp/.deepin-clone/mount/\u003cblock-dev-basename\u003e in the Helper::temporaryMountDevice() function to temporarily mount a file system as root. An unprivileged user can prepare a symlink at this location to have the file system mounted in an arbitrary location. By winning a race condition, the attacker can also enter the mount point, thereby preventing a subsequent unmount of the file system.",
"id": "GHSA-7wr8-6fw9-mw29",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:11:24Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:49:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-13226"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/linuxdeepin/deepin-clone/commit/e079f3e2712b4f8c28e3e63e71ba1a1f90fce1ab"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.suse.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1130388"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/TCHGRJV5CWTMYEE5B5C2FNMCFVP45S7H"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/TCHGRJV5CWTMYEE5B5C2FNMCFVP45S7H"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2019/07/04/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7X8W-8VG8-6722
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-11 00:32 – Updated: 2026-06-11 03:30A malicious application may cause unexpected changes in memory shared between processes. A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue is fixed in macOS Monterey 12.4.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-26758"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-06-10T22:16:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A malicious application may cause unexpected changes in memory shared between processes. A memory corruption issue was addressed with improved state management. This issue is fixed in macOS Monterey 12.4.",
"id": "GHSA-7x8w-8vg8-6722",
"modified": "2026-06-11T03:30:23Z",
"published": "2026-06-11T00:32:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-26758"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/102871"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/213257"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7XM2-2JX6-89VP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-13 18:31 – Updated: 2026-01-13 18:31Use after free in Windows Management Services allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-20877"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-13T18:16:17Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Use after free in Windows Management Services allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.",
"id": "GHSA-7xm2-2jx6-89vp",
"modified": "2026-01-13T18:31:10Z",
"published": "2026-01-13T18:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-20877"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-20877"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7XM9-6WPP-XV56
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:15 – Updated: 2025-01-16 21:30Race condition in the kernel in Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and SP3, Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2, R2, and R2 SP1, Windows 7 Gold and SP1, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, and Windows RT allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application that leverages improper handling of objects in memory, aka "Kernel Race Condition Vulnerability."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-1294"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2013-04-09T22:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Race condition in the kernel in Microsoft Windows XP SP2 and SP3, Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP2, Windows Server 2008 SP2, R2, and R2 SP1, Windows 7 Gold and SP1, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, and Windows RT allows local users to gain privileges via a crafted application that leverages improper handling of objects in memory, aka \"Kernel Race Condition Vulnerability.\"",
"id": "GHSA-7xm9-6wpp-xv56",
"modified": "2025-01-16T21:30:55Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:15:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-1294"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2013/ms13-031"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://oval.cisecurity.org/repository/search/definition/oval%3Aorg.mitre.oval%3Adef%3A16257"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA13-100A"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-7XQP-2C7M-R2MF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:10 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:10Multiple race conditions in WANPIPE before 3.3.6 have unknown impact and attack vectors related to "bri restart logic."
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2008-6598"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2009-04-03T18:30:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple race conditions in WANPIPE before 3.3.6 have unknown impact and attack vectors related to \"bri restart logic.\"",
"id": "GHSA-7xqp-2c7m-r2mf",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:10:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:10:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-6598"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/49828"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://freshmeat.net/projects/wanpipe/releases/276026"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://osvdb.org/48840"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-7XRV-RHF6-8WP9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:24 – Updated: 2025-04-11 04:01Race condition in Comodo Internet Security before 4.1.149672.916 on Windows XP allows local users to bypass kernel-mode hook handlers, and execute dangerous code that would otherwise be blocked by a handler but not blocked by signature-based malware detection, via certain user-space memory changes during hook-handler execution, aka an argument-switch attack or a KHOBE attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2010-5157"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-08-25T21:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Race condition in Comodo Internet Security before 4.1.149672.916 on Windows XP allows local users to bypass kernel-mode hook handlers, and execute dangerous code that would otherwise be blocked by a handler but not blocked by signature-based malware detection, via certain user-space memory changes during hook-handler execution, aka an argument-switch attack or a KHOBE attack.",
"id": "GHSA-7xrv-rhf6-8wp9",
"modified": "2025-04-11T04:01:11Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:24:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-5157"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2010-05/0026.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/fulldisclosure/2010-05/0066.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://countermeasures.trendmicro.eu/you-just-cant-trust-a-drunk"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://forums.comodo.com/news-announcements-feedback-cis/comodo-internet-security-41149672916-released-t57051.0.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://matousec.com/info/advisories/khobe-8.0-earthquake-for-windows-desktop-security-software.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://matousec.com/info/articles/khobe-8.0-earthquake-for-windows-desktop-security-software.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00001949.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/65254"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.osvdb.org/67660"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/39924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/07/argument_switch_av_bypass"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-7XXJ-9P5P-Q5RJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-21 12:31 – Updated: 2025-10-21 12:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
rcu-tasks: Fix race in schedule and flush work
While booting secondary CPUs, cpus_read_[lock/unlock] is not keeping online cpumask stable. The transient online mask results in below calltrace.
[ 0.324121] CPU1: Booted secondary processor 0x0000000001 [0x410fd083] [ 0.346652] Detected PIPT I-cache on CPU2 [ 0.347212] CPU2: Booted secondary processor 0x0000000002 [0x410fd083] [ 0.377255] Detected PIPT I-cache on CPU3 [ 0.377823] CPU3: Booted secondary processor 0x0000000003 [0x410fd083] [ 0.379040] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 0.383662] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 10 at kernel/workqueue.c:3084 __flush_work+0x12c/0x138 [ 0.384850] Modules linked in: [ 0.385403] CPU: 0 PID: 10 Comm: rcu_tasks_rude_ Not tainted 5.17.0-rc3-v8+ #13 [ 0.386473] Hardware name: Raspberry Pi 4 Model B Rev 1.4 (DT) [ 0.387289] pstate: 20000005 (nzCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--) [ 0.388308] pc : __flush_work+0x12c/0x138 [ 0.388970] lr : __flush_work+0x80/0x138 [ 0.389620] sp : ffffffc00aaf3c60 [ 0.390139] x29: ffffffc00aaf3d20 x28: ffffffc009c16af0 x27: ffffff80f761df48 [ 0.391316] x26: 0000000000000004 x25: 0000000000000003 x24: 0000000000000100 [ 0.392493] x23: ffffffffffffffff x22: ffffffc009c16b10 x21: ffffffc009c16b28 [ 0.393668] x20: ffffffc009e53861 x19: ffffff80f77fbf40 x18: 00000000d744fcc9 [ 0.394842] x17: 000000000000000b x16: 00000000000001c2 x15: ffffffc009e57550 [ 0.396016] x14: 0000000000000000 x13: ffffffffffffffff x12: 0000000100000000 [ 0.397190] x11: 0000000000000462 x10: ffffff8040258008 x9 : 0000000100000000 [ 0.398364] x8 : 0000000000000000 x7 : ffffffc0093c8bf4 x6 : 0000000000000000 [ 0.399538] x5 : 0000000000000000 x4 : ffffffc00a976e40 x3 : ffffffc00810444c [ 0.400711] x2 : 0000000000000004 x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : 0000000000000000 [ 0.401886] Call trace: [ 0.402309] __flush_work+0x12c/0x138 [ 0.402941] schedule_on_each_cpu+0x228/0x278 [ 0.403693] rcu_tasks_rude_wait_gp+0x130/0x144 [ 0.404502] rcu_tasks_kthread+0x220/0x254 [ 0.405264] kthread+0x174/0x1ac [ 0.405837] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20 [ 0.406456] irq event stamp: 102 [ 0.406966] hardirqs last enabled at (101): [] _raw_spin_unlock_irq+0x78/0xb4 [ 0.408304] hardirqs last disabled at (102): [] el1_dbg+0x24/0x5c [ 0.409410] softirqs last enabled at (54): [] local_bh_enable+0xc/0x2c [ 0.410645] softirqs last disabled at (50): [] local_bh_disable+0xc/0x2c [ 0.411890] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]--- [ 0.413000] smp: Brought up 1 node, 4 CPUs [ 0.413762] SMP: Total of 4 processors activated. [ 0.414566] CPU features: detected: 32-bit EL0 Support [ 0.415414] CPU features: detected: 32-bit EL1 Support [ 0.416278] CPU features: detected: CRC32 instructions [ 0.447021] Callback from call_rcu_tasks_rude() invoked. [ 0.506693] Callback from call_rcu_tasks() invoked.
This commit therefore fixes this issue by applying a single-CPU optimization to the RCU Tasks Rude grace-period process. The key point here is that the purpose of this RCU flavor is to force a schedule on each online CPU since some past event. But the rcu_tasks_rude_wait_gp() function runs in the context of the RCU Tasks Rude's grace-period kthread, so there must already have been a context switch on the current CPU since the call to either synchronize_rcu_tasks_rude() or call_rcu_tasks_rude(). So if there is only a single CPU online, RCU Tasks Rude's grace-period kthread does not need to anything at all.
It turns out that the rcu_tasks_rude_wait_gp() function's call to schedule_on_each_cpu() causes problems during early boot. During that time, there is only one online CPU, namely the boot CPU. Therefore, applying this single-CPU optimization fixes early-boot instances of this problem.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-49540"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-26T07:01:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nrcu-tasks: Fix race in schedule and flush work\n\nWhile booting secondary CPUs, cpus_read_[lock/unlock] is not keeping\nonline cpumask stable. The transient online mask results in below\ncalltrace.\n\n[ 0.324121] CPU1: Booted secondary processor 0x0000000001 [0x410fd083]\n[ 0.346652] Detected PIPT I-cache on CPU2\n[ 0.347212] CPU2: Booted secondary processor 0x0000000002 [0x410fd083]\n[ 0.377255] Detected PIPT I-cache on CPU3\n[ 0.377823] CPU3: Booted secondary processor 0x0000000003 [0x410fd083]\n[ 0.379040] ------------[ cut here ]------------\n[ 0.383662] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 10 at kernel/workqueue.c:3084 __flush_work+0x12c/0x138\n[ 0.384850] Modules linked in:\n[ 0.385403] CPU: 0 PID: 10 Comm: rcu_tasks_rude_ Not tainted 5.17.0-rc3-v8+ #13\n[ 0.386473] Hardware name: Raspberry Pi 4 Model B Rev 1.4 (DT)\n[ 0.387289] pstate: 20000005 (nzCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)\n[ 0.388308] pc : __flush_work+0x12c/0x138\n[ 0.388970] lr : __flush_work+0x80/0x138\n[ 0.389620] sp : ffffffc00aaf3c60\n[ 0.390139] x29: ffffffc00aaf3d20 x28: ffffffc009c16af0 x27: ffffff80f761df48\n[ 0.391316] x26: 0000000000000004 x25: 0000000000000003 x24: 0000000000000100\n[ 0.392493] x23: ffffffffffffffff x22: ffffffc009c16b10 x21: ffffffc009c16b28\n[ 0.393668] x20: ffffffc009e53861 x19: ffffff80f77fbf40 x18: 00000000d744fcc9\n[ 0.394842] x17: 000000000000000b x16: 00000000000001c2 x15: ffffffc009e57550\n[ 0.396016] x14: 0000000000000000 x13: ffffffffffffffff x12: 0000000100000000\n[ 0.397190] x11: 0000000000000462 x10: ffffff8040258008 x9 : 0000000100000000\n[ 0.398364] x8 : 0000000000000000 x7 : ffffffc0093c8bf4 x6 : 0000000000000000\n[ 0.399538] x5 : 0000000000000000 x4 : ffffffc00a976e40 x3 : ffffffc00810444c\n[ 0.400711] x2 : 0000000000000004 x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : 0000000000000000\n[ 0.401886] Call trace:\n[ 0.402309] __flush_work+0x12c/0x138\n[ 0.402941] schedule_on_each_cpu+0x228/0x278\n[ 0.403693] rcu_tasks_rude_wait_gp+0x130/0x144\n[ 0.404502] rcu_tasks_kthread+0x220/0x254\n[ 0.405264] kthread+0x174/0x1ac\n[ 0.405837] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20\n[ 0.406456] irq event stamp: 102\n[ 0.406966] hardirqs last enabled at (101): [\u003cffffffc0093c8468\u003e] _raw_spin_unlock_irq+0x78/0xb4\n[ 0.408304] hardirqs last disabled at (102): [\u003cffffffc0093b8270\u003e] el1_dbg+0x24/0x5c\n[ 0.409410] softirqs last enabled at (54): [\u003cffffffc0081b80c8\u003e] local_bh_enable+0xc/0x2c\n[ 0.410645] softirqs last disabled at (50): [\u003cffffffc0081b809c\u003e] local_bh_disable+0xc/0x2c\n[ 0.411890] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---\n[ 0.413000] smp: Brought up 1 node, 4 CPUs\n[ 0.413762] SMP: Total of 4 processors activated.\n[ 0.414566] CPU features: detected: 32-bit EL0 Support\n[ 0.415414] CPU features: detected: 32-bit EL1 Support\n[ 0.416278] CPU features: detected: CRC32 instructions\n[ 0.447021] Callback from call_rcu_tasks_rude() invoked.\n[ 0.506693] Callback from call_rcu_tasks() invoked.\n\nThis commit therefore fixes this issue by applying a single-CPU\noptimization to the RCU Tasks Rude grace-period process. The key point\nhere is that the purpose of this RCU flavor is to force a schedule on\neach online CPU since some past event. But the rcu_tasks_rude_wait_gp()\nfunction runs in the context of the RCU Tasks Rude\u0027s grace-period kthread,\nso there must already have been a context switch on the current CPU since\nthe call to either synchronize_rcu_tasks_rude() or call_rcu_tasks_rude().\nSo if there is only a single CPU online, RCU Tasks Rude\u0027s grace-period\nkthread does not need to anything at all.\n\nIt turns out that the rcu_tasks_rude_wait_gp() function\u0027s call to\nschedule_on_each_cpu() causes problems during early boot. During that\ntime, there is only one online CPU, namely the boot CPU. Therefore,\napplying this single-CPU optimization fixes early-boot instances of\nthis problem.",
"id": "GHSA-7xxj-9p5p-q5rj",
"modified": "2025-10-21T12:31:27Z",
"published": "2025-10-21T12:31:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-49540"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/1c6c3f2336642fb3074593911f5176565f47ec41"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/230bf5878af6038dfb63d9184272a58475236580"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8f49a8758b5cd541bd7aa9a0d0d11c7426141c0e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ba722d061bc4b54802d701fc63fc2fd988934603"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f75fd4b9221d93177c50dcfde671b2e907f53e86"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-826H-P4C3-477P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-16 09:31 – Updated: 2024-12-16 19:27Mattermost versions 10.1.x <= 10.1.2, 10.0.x <= 10.0.2, 9.11.x <= 9.11.4, and 9.5.x <= 9.5.12 fail to prevent concurrently checking and updating the failed login attempts. which allows an attacker to bypass of "Max failed attempts" restriction and send a big number of login attempts before being blocked via simultaneously sending multiple login requests
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost/server/v8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.1.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost/server/v8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.0.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost/server/v8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.11.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.11.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/mattermost/mattermost/server/v8"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.5.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.5.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-48872"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-12-16T19:25:10Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-16T08:15:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Mattermost versions 10.1.x \u003c= 10.1.2, 10.0.x \u003c= 10.0.2, 9.11.x \u003c= 9.11.4, and 9.5.x \u003c= 9.5.12 fail to prevent\u00a0concurrently checking and updating the failed login attempts. which allows an attacker to bypass of \"Max failed attempts\" restriction and send a big number of login attempts before being blocked via simultaneously sending multiple login requests",
"id": "GHSA-826h-p4c3-477p",
"modified": "2024-12-16T19:27:56Z",
"published": "2024-12-16T09:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-48872"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/mattermost/mattermost"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://mattermost.com/security-updates"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Mattermost Race Condition vulnerability"
}
GHSA-82MQ-C3X3-CPP9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-03 15:30 – Updated: 2025-03-17 18:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
KVM: s390: vsie: fix race during shadow creation
Right now it is possible to see gmap->private being zero in kvm_s390_vsie_gmap_notifier resulting in a crash. This is due to the fact that we add gmap->private == kvm after creation:
static int acquire_gmap_shadow(struct kvm_vcpu vcpu, struct vsie_page vsie_page) { [...] gmap = gmap_shadow(vcpu->arch.gmap, asce, edat); if (IS_ERR(gmap)) return PTR_ERR(gmap); gmap->private = vcpu->kvm;
Let children inherit the private field of the parent.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-52639"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-03T15:15:51Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nKVM: s390: vsie: fix race during shadow creation\n\nRight now it is possible to see gmap-\u003eprivate being zero in\nkvm_s390_vsie_gmap_notifier resulting in a crash. This is due to the\nfact that we add gmap-\u003eprivate == kvm after creation:\n\nstatic int acquire_gmap_shadow(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,\n struct vsie_page *vsie_page)\n{\n[...]\n gmap = gmap_shadow(vcpu-\u003earch.gmap, asce, edat);\n if (IS_ERR(gmap))\n return PTR_ERR(gmap);\n gmap-\u003eprivate = vcpu-\u003ekvm;\n\nLet children inherit the private field of the parent.",
"id": "GHSA-82mq-c3x3-cpp9",
"modified": "2025-03-17T18:31:38Z",
"published": "2024-04-03T15:30:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-52639"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/28bb27824f25f36e5f80229a358d66ee09244082"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5df3b81a567eb565029563f26f374ae3803a1dfc"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f5572c0323cf8b4f1f0618178648a25b8fb8a380"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fe752331d4b361d43cfd0b89534b4b2176057c32"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
In languages that support it, use synchronization primitives. Only wrap these around critical code to minimize the impact on performance.
Mitigation
Use thread-safe capabilities such as the data access abstraction in Spring.
Mitigation
- Minimize the usage of shared resources in order to remove as much complexity as possible from the control flow and to reduce the likelihood of unexpected conditions occurring.
- Additionally, this will minimize the amount of synchronization necessary and may even help to reduce the likelihood of a denial of service where an attacker may be able to repeatedly trigger a critical section (CWE-400).
Mitigation
When using multithreading and operating on shared variables, only use thread-safe functions.
Mitigation
Use atomic operations on shared variables. Be wary of innocent-looking constructs such as "x++". This may appear atomic at the code layer, but it is actually non-atomic at the instruction layer, since it involves a read, followed by a computation, followed by a write.
Mitigation
Use a mutex if available, but be sure to avoid related weaknesses such as CWE-412.
Mitigation
Avoid double-checked locking (CWE-609) and other implementation errors that arise when trying to avoid the overhead of synchronization.
Mitigation
Disable interrupts or signals over critical parts of the code, but also make sure that the code does not go into a large or infinite loop.
Mitigation
Use the volatile type modifier for critical variables to avoid unexpected compiler optimization or reordering. This does not necessarily solve the synchronization problem, but it can help.
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
CAPEC-26: Leveraging Race Conditions
The adversary targets a race condition occurring when multiple processes access and manipulate the same resource concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place. The adversary can leverage a race condition by "running the race", modifying the resource and modifying the normal execution flow. For instance, a race condition can occur while accessing a file: the adversary can trick the system by replacing the original file with their version and cause the system to read the malicious file.
CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions
This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.