Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-362
Weakness Allowed-with-ReviewConcurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product contains a concurrent code sequence that requires temporary, exclusive access to a shared resource, but a timing window exists in which the shared resource can be modified by another code sequence operating concurrently.
Technical nuance
A race condition violates these properties, which are closely related:
Exclusivity: the code sequence is given exclusive access to the shared resource, i.e., no other code sequence can modify properties of the shared resource before the original sequence has completed execution.
Atomicity: the code sequence is behaviorally atomic, i.e., no other thread or process can concurrently execute the same sequence of instructions (or a subset) against the same resource.
A race condition exists when an "interfering code sequence" can still access the shared resource, violating exclusivity.
The interfering code sequence could be "trusted" or "untrusted." A trusted interfering code sequence occurs within the product; it cannot be modified by the attacker, and it can only be invoked indirectly. An untrusted interfering code sequence can be authored directly by the attacker, and typically it is external to the vulnerable product.
Mapping guidance
This CWE entry is a Class and might have Base-level children that would be more appropriate
Examine children of this entry to see if there is a better fit
Relationships and members
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Programmers may assume that certain code sequences execute too quickly to be affected by an interfering code sequence; when they are not, this violates atomicity. For example, the single "x++" statement may appear atomic at the code layer, but it is actually non-atomic at the instruction layer, since it involves a read (the original value of x), followed by a computation (x+1), followed by a write (save the result to x).
Detection methods
Black Box
Black box methods may be able to identify evidence of race conditions via methods such as multiple simultaneous connections, which may cause the software to become instable or crash. However, race conditions with very narrow timing windows would not be detectable.
White Box
Common idioms are detectable in white box analysis, such as time-of-check-time-of-use (TOCTOU) file operations (CWE-367), or double-checked locking (CWE-609).
Automated Dynamic Analysis
This weakness can be detected using dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the software using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The software's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
Race conditions may be detected with a stress-test by calling the software simultaneously from a large number of threads or processes, and look for evidence of any unexpected behavior.
Insert breakpoints or delays in between relevant code statements to artificially expand the race window so that it will be easier to detect.
Effectiveness: Moderate
Automated Static Analysis - Binary or Bytecode
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Bytecode Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Binary Weakness Analysis - including disassembler + source code weakness analysis
Effectiveness: High
Dynamic Analysis with Automated Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Web Application Scanner
Web Services Scanner
Database Scanners
Effectiveness: SOAR Partial
Dynamic Analysis with Manual Results Interpretation
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Framework-based Fuzzer
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Fuzz Tester
Monitored Virtual Environment - run potentially malicious code in sandbox / wrapper / virtual machine, see if it does anything suspicious
Effectiveness: High
Manual Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Manual Source Code Review (not inspections)
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Focused Manual Spotcheck - Focused manual analysis of source
Effectiveness: High
Automated Static Analysis - Source Code
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Source code Weakness Analyzer
Context-configured Source Code Weakness Analyzer
Effectiveness: High
Architecture or Design Review
According to SOAR [REF-1479], the following detection techniques may be useful:
Highly cost effective:
Formal Methods / Correct-By-Construction
Cost effective for partial coverage:
Inspection (IEEE 1028 standard) (can apply to requirements, design, source code, etc.)
Effectiveness: High
Notes
Maintenance
The relationship between race conditions and synchronization problems (CWE-662) needs to be further developed. They are not necessarily two perspectives of the same core concept, since synchronization is only one technique for avoiding race conditions, and synchronization can be used for other purposes besides race condition prevention.
Research Gap
Race conditions in web applications are under-studied and probably under-reported. However, in 2008 there has been growing interest in this area.
Research Gap
Much of the focus of race condition research has been in Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) variants (CWE-367), but many race conditions are related to synchronization problems that do not necessarily require a time-of-check.
Research Gap
From a classification/taxonomy perspective, the relationships between concurrency and program state need closer investigation and may be useful in organizing related issues.
Content history
Submission: PLOVER
· 2006-07-19
· CWE Draft 3
Contribution: Martin Sebor
· Cisco Systems, Inc.
· 2010-04-30
· CWE 1.13
Provided Demonstrative Example
Contribution: Abhi Balakrishnan
· 2024-02-29
· CWE 4.16
Provided diagram to improve CWE usability
Modification: Eric Dalci
· Cigital
· 2008-07-01
· CWE 1.0
updated Time_of_Introduction
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-09-08
· CWE 1.0
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-10-14
· CWE 1.0.1
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2008-11-24
· CWE 1.1
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-01-12
· CWE 1.2
updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Likelihood_of_Exploit, Maintenance_Notes, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships, Research_Gaps
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-03-10
· CWE 1.3
updated Demonstrative_Examples, Potential_Mitigations
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2009-05-27
· CWE 1.4
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-02-16
· CWE 1.8
updated Detection_Factors, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-06-21
· CWE 1.9
updated Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Detection_Factors, Potential_Mitigations, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-09-27
· CWE 1.10
updated Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2010-12-13
· CWE 1.11
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Name, Potential_Mitigations, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-01
· CWE 1.13
updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-06-27
· CWE 2.0
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2011-09-13
· CWE 2.1
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2012-05-11
· CWE 2.2
updated Potential_Mitigations, References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2014-07-30
· CWE 2.8
updated Detection_Factors, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2015-12-07
· CWE 2.9
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2017-11-08
· CWE 3.0
updated Demonstrative_Examples, References, Research_Gaps, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-01-03
· CWE 3.2
updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2019-06-20
· CWE 3.3
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-02-24
· CWE 4.0
updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2020-08-20
· CWE 4.2
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-03-15
· CWE 4.4
updated Demonstrative_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2021-10-28
· CWE 4.6
updated Observed_Examples, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-04-28
· CWE 4.7
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-06-28
· CWE 4.8
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2022-10-13
· CWE 4.9
updated Observed_Examples, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-01-31
· CWE 4.10
updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Description
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-04-27
· CWE 4.11
updated References, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2023-06-29
· CWE 4.12
updated Mapping_Notes, Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2024-07-16
· CWE 4.15
updated Relationships
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2024-11-19
· CWE 4.16
updated Alternate_Terms, Common_Consequences, Description, Diagram, Modes_of_Introduction
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-04-03
· CWE 4.17
updated Affected_Resources
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-09-09
· CWE 4.18
updated Detection_Factors, References
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2025-12-11
· CWE 4.19
updated Observed_Examples, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-04-30
· CWE 4.20
updated Observed_Examples
Modification: CWE Content Team
· MITRE
· 2026-10-28
· CWE 5.0
updated Applicable_Platforms, Background_Details, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Name, Observed_Examples, References, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings, Technical_Nuance
3636 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-121963 (GCVE-0-2026-121963)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 15:33 – Updated: 2026-11-04 18:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FreeRDP before 3.32.2 Use-After-Free via Dynamic rdpsnd Channel Close
Summary
FreeRDP before 3.32.2 contains a use-after-free vulnerability in the asynchronous dynamic rdpsnd channel that allows malicious RDP servers to trigger freed callback access by closing the channel with queued audio PDUs. Attackers can send a training PDU then close the channel so the playback thread reads the freed callback in rdpsnd_virtual_channel_write, crashing the client.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 18:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-362 - Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FreeRDP/FreeRDP/security/advis… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/freerdp-befo… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-20 00:00
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CVE-2026-121961 (GCVE-0-2026-121961)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 15:33 – Updated: 2026-11-04 18:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FreeRDP before 3.32.2 Use-After-Free via DRDYNVC Tracker Race
Summary
FreeRDP before 3.32.2 contains a use-after-free vulnerability in the freerdp-proxy DRDYNVC tracker when intercepting the drdynvc channel. A malicious target server can repeatedly send CREATE_REQUEST_PDU for an active channel id, racing front DATA handling to free a borrowed context and crash the proxy process.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 18:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-362 - Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FreeRDP/FreeRDP/security/advis… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/freerdp-befo… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-20 00:00
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CVE-2026-121957 (GCVE-0-2026-121957)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-04 15:33 – Updated: 2026-11-04 18:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FreeRDP before 3.32.2 Use-After-Free via RDPGFX ResetGraphics Race
Summary
FreeRDP before 3.32.2 contains a use-after-free vulnerability that allows malicious RDP servers to corrupt client memory by racing the RDPGFX ResetGraphics handler against the planar bitmap decoder. Attackers can send ResetGraphics while concurrently sending compressed bitmaps of 32 bpp or more to trigger heap use-after-free or out-of-bounds read/write on shared planar buffers.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 18:29 UTC
CWE
- CWE-362 - Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FreeRDP/FreeRDP/security/advis… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/freerdp-befo… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-20 00:00
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CVE-2026-121628 (GCVE-0-2026-121628)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 17:13 – Updated: 2026-11-03 22:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Bagisto before 2.3.16 and 2.4.x before 2.4.1 Race Condition in Coupon Usage Accounting
Summary
Bagisto before 2.3.16 and 2.4.x before 2.4.1 contains a race condition vulnerability in manageCartRule() that allows attackers to redeem single-use coupons multiple times. Attackers can submit concurrent order requests to the onepage orders checkout endpoint, bypassing unlocked times_used checks to apply discounts repeatedly.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-03 22:38 UTC
CWE
- CWE-362 - Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/bagisto/bagisto/commit/81cb2a2… | patch |
| https://github.com/bagisto/bagisto/commit/1f57c10… | patch |
| https://github.com/bagisto/bagisto/releases/tag/v2.3.16 | release-notes |
| https://github.com/bagisto/bagisto/releases/tag/v2.4.1 | release-notes |
| https://gist.github.com/Ayxpp/5358d9fff045e94e0dd… | exploit |
| https://github.com/bagisto/bagisto/blob/v2.4.0/pa… | technical-description |
| https://github.com/bagisto/bagisto | product |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/bagisto-befo… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-03-18 00:00
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CVE-2026-121408 (GCVE-0-2026-121408)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 14:28 – Updated: 2026-11-03 18:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FreeRDP before 3.32.2 Use-After-Free via USB Redirection Control Channel
Summary
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Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-03 17:22 UTC
CWE
- CWE-362 - Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FreeRDP/FreeRDP/security/advis… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/freerdp-befo… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-19 00:00
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CVE-2026-118128 (GCVE-0-2026-118128)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 22:15 – Updated: 2026-10-28 16:12 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
a2aproject a2a-js Task Status Update result_manager.ts ResultManager.applyStatusUpdate race condition
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in a2aproject a2a-js up to 1.1.0. Impacted is the function ResultManager.applyStatusUpdate of the file src/server/result_manager.ts of the component Task Status Update Handler. Such manipulation leads to race condition. The attack may be launched remotely. Upgrading to version 1.2.0 is recommended to address this issue. The name of the patch is 7b87c9480bfa643f9d2b2eaf06988b3d3a95de25. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-28 15:54 UTC
CWE
- CWE-362 - Race Condition
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/427455 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/427455/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-118128 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1015057 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-js/pull/636 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-js/commit/7b87c… | patch |
| https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-js/releases/tag… | patch |
| https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-js/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a2aproject | a2a-js |
Affected:
1.0
Affected: 1.1.0 Unaffected: 1.2.0 cpe:2.3:a:a2aproject:a2a-js:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-118030 (GCVE-0-2026-118030)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-29 06:22 – Updated: 2026-10-29 14:18
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Keycloak-services: keycloak-services: hotp race condition allows single otp code reuse across concurrent logins
Summary
A flaw was found in the HOTP authentication mechanism of the keycloak-services component, which provides identity and access management services. The issue occurs because the system validates a one-time password and updates its internal counter in two separate steps without proper locking. An attacker with a users password could exploit this timing gap to use a single one-time code to log in multiple times simultaneously.
Severity
4.2 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-29 14:18 UTC
CWE
- CWE-362 - Concurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-118030 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2562005 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Build of Keycloak |
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Single Sign-On 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_single_sign_on:7
|
Date Public
2026-10-26 13:54
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CVE-2026-117507 (GCVE-0-2026-117507)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 15:00 – Updated: 2026-11-02 19:21 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
a2aproject a2a-java TaskManager.saveTaskEvent race condition
Summary
A security vulnerability has been detected in a2aproject a2a-java up to 1.2.0.Final. This impacts the function TaskManager.saveTaskEvent. The manipulation leads to race condition. The attack may be initiated remotely. Upgrading to version 1.3.0.Final will fix this issue. The identifier of the patch is 6b8e1e085c35e970ef0048901cd25850e4791ec2. The affected component should be upgraded.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 19:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-362 - Race Condition
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/427074 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/427074/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-117507 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1015060 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-java/pull/1045 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-java/commit/6b8… | patch |
| https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-java/releases/t… | patch |
| https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-java/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a2aproject | a2a-java |
Affected:
1.2.0.Final
Unaffected: 1.3.0.Final cpe:2.3:a:a2aproject:a2a-java:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-117499 (GCVE-0-2026-117499)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 11:19 – Updated: 2026-11-04 17:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
@fastify/session vulnerable to session revocation bypass via a logout race condition
Summary
@fastify/session is a session plugin for Fastify. In all releases before 11.1.6, with the default rolling session behavior, a request that restored a session before a logout could save its own copy after another request had completed the session destroy call, recreating the destroyed session identifier with its authenticated data. An attacker who already holds a victim's valid signed session cookie and keeps a request in flight across the logout can replay that cookie to restore the session after it was meant to be revoked, without any cookie theft or signature forgery. The issue is fixed in @fastify/session 11.1.6, which adds a per session generation marker and a conditional store write so a session restored before a logout or regeneration cannot recreate or overwrite the current entry, and users should upgrade to 11.1.6 or later. There is no workaround, and custom session stores must implement the new conditional write.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 17:09 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| @fastify/session | @fastify/session |
Affected:
0 , < 11.1.6
(semver)
Unaffected: 11.1.6 (semver) |
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CVE-2026-116476 (GCVE-0-2026-116476)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 18:45 – Updated: 2026-11-02 18:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
a2aproject a2a-dotnet TaskProjection TaskProjection.ApplyStatus race condition
Summary
A weakness has been identified in a2aproject a2a-dotnet up to 1.0.0-preview3. The affected element is the function TaskProjection.ApplyStatus of the component TaskProjection. Executing a manipulation can lead to race condition. The attack may be performed from remote. The pull request to fix this issue awaits acceptance.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 18:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-362 - Race Condition
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/426389 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/426389/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-116476 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1014886 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-dotnet/pull/453 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/a2aproject/a2a-dotnet/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a2aproject | a2a-dotnet |
Affected:
1.0.0-preview3
cpe:2.3:a:a2aproject:a2a-dotnet:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
In languages that support it, use synchronization primitives. Only wrap these around critical code to minimize the impact on performance.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use thread-safe capabilities such as the data access abstraction in Spring.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
- Minimize the usage of shared resources in order to remove as much complexity as possible from the control flow and to reduce the likelihood of unexpected conditions occurring.
- Additionally, this will minimize the amount of synchronization necessary and may even help to reduce the likelihood of a denial of service where an attacker may be able to repeatedly trigger a critical section (CWE-400).
Mitigation
Implementation
When using multithreading and operating on shared variables, only use thread-safe functions.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use atomic operations on shared variables. Be wary of innocent-looking constructs such as "x++". This may appear atomic at the code layer, but it is actually non-atomic at the instruction layer, since it involves a read, followed by a computation, followed by a write.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use a mutex if available, but be sure to avoid related weaknesses such as CWE-412.
Mitigation
Implementation
Avoid double-checked locking (CWE-609) and other implementation errors that arise when trying to avoid the overhead of synchronization.
Mitigation
Implementation
Disable interrupts or signals over critical parts of the code, but also make sure that the code does not go into a large or infinite loop.
Mitigation
Implementation
Use the volatile type modifier for critical variables to avoid unexpected compiler optimization or reordering. This does not necessarily solve the synchronization problem, but it can help.
Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design
Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
CAPEC-26: Leveraging Race Conditions
The adversary targets a race condition occurring when multiple processes access and manipulate the same resource concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place. The adversary can leverage a race condition by "running the race", modifying the resource and modifying the normal execution flow. For instance, a race condition can occur while accessing a file: the adversary can trick the system by replacing the original file with their version and cause the system to read the malicious file.
CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions
This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.