CWE-362
Allowed-with-ReviewConcurrent Execution using Shared Resource with Improper Synchronization ('Race Condition')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product contains a concurrent code sequence that requires temporary, exclusive access to a shared resource, but a timing window exists in which the shared resource can be modified by another code sequence operating concurrently.
2899 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-XH2X-3MRM-FWQM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-10 22:04 – Updated: 2025-01-21 17:18Impact
What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?
This vulnerability involves a race condition in the update_root_in_config function, allowing an attacker to modify the root URL used by the Gradio frontend to communicate with the backend. By exploiting this flaw, an attacker can redirect user traffic to a malicious server. This could lead to the interception of sensitive data such as authentication credentials or uploaded files. This impacts all users who connect to a Gradio server, especially those exposed to the internet, where malicious actors could exploit this race condition.
Patches
Yes, please upgrade to gradio>=5 to address this issue.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "gradio"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47870"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-10-10T22:04:21Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-10T23:15:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact \n**What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?**\n\nThis vulnerability involves a **race condition** in the `update_root_in_config` function, allowing an attacker to modify the `root` URL used by the Gradio frontend to communicate with the backend. By exploiting this flaw, an attacker can redirect user traffic to a malicious server. This could lead to the interception of sensitive data such as authentication credentials or uploaded files. This impacts all users who connect to a Gradio server, especially those exposed to the internet, where malicious actors could exploit this race condition.\n\n### Patches \nYes, please upgrade to `gradio\u003e=5` to address this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-xh2x-3mrm-fwqm",
"modified": "2025-01-21T17:18:30Z",
"published": "2024-10-10T22:04:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gradio-app/gradio/security/advisories/GHSA-xh2x-3mrm-fwqm"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47870"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/gradio-app/gradio"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/gradio/PYSEC-2024-218.yaml"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Gradio has a race condition in update_root_in_config may redirect user traffic"
}
GHSA-XH36-8Q3W-G243
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-21 12:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 21:31A use-after-free flaw was found in the Linux Kernel due to a race problem in the unix garbage collector's deletion of SKB races with unix_stream_read_generic() on the socket that the SKB is queued on.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-6531"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362",
"CWE-416"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-21T10:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A use-after-free flaw was found in the Linux Kernel due to a race problem in the unix garbage collector\u0027s deletion of SKB races with unix_stream_read_generic() on the socket that the SKB is queued on.",
"id": "GHSA-xh36-8q3w-g243",
"modified": "2025-11-04T21:31:04Z",
"published": "2024-01-21T12:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6531"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:2394"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-6531"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2253034"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/01/msg00005.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lore.kernel.org/all/c716c88321939156909cfa1bd8b0faaf1c804103.1701868795.git.asml.silence@gmail.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/176533/Linux-Broken-Unix-GC-Interaction-Use-After-Free.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XH92-7747-9M8G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-12 12:00 – Updated: 2025-01-03 00:31Windows Storage Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-38027"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-11T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Windows Storage Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-xh92-7747-9m8g",
"modified": "2025-01-03T00:31:07Z",
"published": "2022-10-12T12:00:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-38027"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2022-38027"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/en-US/security-guidance/advisory/CVE-2022-38027"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XHF3-PP4Q-GXH5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-17 18:31 – Updated: 2025-11-04 00:30A defect was discovered in the Python “ssl” module where there is a memory race condition with the ssl.SSLContext methods “cert_store_stats()” and “get_ca_certs()”. The race condition can be triggered if the methods are called at the same time as certificates are loaded into the SSLContext, such as during the TLS handshake with a certificate directory configured. This issue is fixed in CPython 3.10.14, 3.11.9, 3.12.3, and 3.13.0a5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0397"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-17T16:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A defect was discovered in the Python \u201cssl\u201d module where there is a memory\nrace condition with the ssl.SSLContext methods \u201ccert_store_stats()\u201d and\n\u201cget_ca_certs()\u201d. The race condition can be triggered if the methods are\ncalled at the same time as certificates are loaded into the SSLContext,\nsuch as during the TLS handshake with a certificate directory configured.\nThis issue is fixed in CPython 3.10.14, 3.11.9, 3.12.3, and 3.13.0a5.",
"id": "GHSA-xhf3-pp4q-gxh5",
"modified": "2025-11-04T00:30:49Z",
"published": "2024-06-17T18:31:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0397"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/114572"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/114573"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/01c37f1d0714f5822d34063ca7180b595abf589d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/29c97287d205bf2f410f4895ebce3f43b5160524"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/37324b421b72b7bc9934e27aba85d48d4773002e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/542f3272f56f31ed04e74c40635a913fbc12d286"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/b228655c227b2ca298a8ffac44d14ce3d22f6faa"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/bce693111bff906ccf9281c22371331aaff766ab"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2024/12/msg00000.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://mail.python.org/archives/list/security-announce@python.org/thread/BMAK5BCGKYWNJOACVUSLUF6SFGBIM4VP"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20250411-0006"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2024/06/17/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XHMM-RP2Q-VM34
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:05 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:05In wrapUserThread of AudioStream.cpp, there is a possible use after free due to a race condition. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-11Android ID: A-174801970
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-0565"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-22T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In wrapUserThread of AudioStream.cpp, there is a possible use after free due to a race condition. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.Product: AndroidVersions: Android-11Android ID: A-174801970",
"id": "GHSA-xhmm-rp2q-vm34",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:05:56Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:05:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-0565"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/pixel/2021-06-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-XHW3-H8GQ-2W23
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-29 15:32 – Updated: 2024-10-29 18:30Potential race conditions in IndexedDB could have caused memory corruption, leading to a potentially exploitable crash. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 132 and Thunderbird < 132.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10468"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-29T13:15:04Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Potential race conditions in IndexedDB could have caused memory corruption, leading to a potentially exploitable crash. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 132 and Thunderbird \u003c 132.",
"id": "GHSA-xhw3-h8gq-2w23",
"modified": "2024-10-29T18:30:36Z",
"published": "2024-10-29T15:32:04Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10468"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1914982"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-55"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-59"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XJ3V-8P9P-J8Q5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-12 00:31 – Updated: 2025-03-12 00:31In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ip: Fix a data-race around sysctl_fwmark_reflect.
While reading sysctl_fwmark_reflect, it can be changed concurrently. Thus, we need to add READ_ONCE() to its reader.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-49602"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-26T07:01:35Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nip: Fix a data-race around sysctl_fwmark_reflect.\n\nWhile reading sysctl_fwmark_reflect, it can be changed concurrently.\nThus, we need to add READ_ONCE() to its reader.",
"id": "GHSA-xj3v-8p9p-j8q5",
"modified": "2025-03-12T00:31:46Z",
"published": "2025-03-12T00:31:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-49602"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0ee76fe01ff3c0b4efaa500aecc90d7c8d3a8860"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/25a635a67c830766110410fea88ec4e6ee29684b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5e7a1be3e68deef250ad43cc91f7bb8d7d758b48"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/85d0b4dbd74b95cc492b1f4e34497d3f894f5d9a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9096edcf4854289f92252e086cf6e498c7f8c21d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a475ecc9ad919aa3ebdd4e4a6ee612b793bf74b3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/dccf8a67f30e18980d13f07006e5a536bbd1e136"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fc92e3b4bebfdd986ef1d2c5019f236837b0b982"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XJX8-665X-J9WH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-22 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-28 00:00A race condition in the Linux kernel before 5.6.2 between the VT_DISALLOCATE ioctl and closing/opening of ttys could lead to a use-after-free.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36557"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-21T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A race condition in the Linux kernel before 5.6.2 between the VT_DISALLOCATE ioctl and closing/opening of ttys could lead to a use-after-free.",
"id": "GHSA-xjx8-665x-j9wh",
"modified": "2022-07-28T00:00:41Z",
"published": "2022-07-22T00:00:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36557"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/ChangeLog-5.6.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=ca4463bf8438b403596edd0ec961ca0d4fbe0220"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-XM6W-HHCM-7V7G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-02 06:15 – Updated: 2022-05-02 06:15gdk/gdkwindow.c in GTK+ before 2.18.5, as used in gnome-screensaver before 2.28.1, performs implicit paints on windows of type GDK_WINDOW_FOREIGN, which triggers an X error in certain circumstances and consequently allows physically proximate attackers to bypass screen locking and access an unattended workstation by pressing the Enter key many times.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2010-0732"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2010-03-19T19:30:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "gdk/gdkwindow.c in GTK+ before 2.18.5, as used in gnome-screensaver before 2.28.1, performs implicit paints on windows of type GDK_WINDOW_FOREIGN, which triggers an X error in certain circumstances and consequently allows physically proximate attackers to bypass screen locking and access an unattended workstation by pressing the Enter key many times.",
"id": "GHSA-xm6w-hhcm-7v7g",
"modified": "2022-05-02T06:15:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-02T06:15:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-0732"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2010-0732"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugs.edge.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-screensaver/+bug/446395"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=598476"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=565527"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/sources/gtk+/2.18/gtk+-2.18.5.news"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://git.gnome.org/browse/gnome-screensaver/commit/?h=gnome-2-28\u0026id=98f8a22412cf388217fd5b88915eadd274d68520"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://git.gnome.org/browse/gnome-screensaver/commit/?id=ab08cc93f2dc6223c8c00bfa1ca4f2d89069dbe0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://git.gnome.org/browse/gtk+/commit/?id=0748cf563d0d0d03001a62589f13be16a8ec06c1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2010-04/msg00001.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/39317"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gnome-Bildschirmsperre-in-OpenSuse-Linux-wirkungslos-2-Update-928580.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2010:109"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/02/12/1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/03/05/2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2010/03/16/9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/38211"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-XMHH-M2J3-CR44
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-14 18:30 – Updated: 2026-04-14 18:30Concurrent execution using shared resource with improper synchronization ('race condition') in Windows Projected File System allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-27927"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-14T18:17:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Concurrent execution using shared resource with improper synchronization (\u0027race condition\u0027) in Windows Projected File System allows an authorized attacker to elevate privileges locally.",
"id": "GHSA-xmhh-m2j3-cr44",
"modified": "2026-04-14T18:30:39Z",
"published": "2026-04-14T18:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27927"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-27927"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
In languages that support it, use synchronization primitives. Only wrap these around critical code to minimize the impact on performance.
Mitigation
Use thread-safe capabilities such as the data access abstraction in Spring.
Mitigation
- Minimize the usage of shared resources in order to remove as much complexity as possible from the control flow and to reduce the likelihood of unexpected conditions occurring.
- Additionally, this will minimize the amount of synchronization necessary and may even help to reduce the likelihood of a denial of service where an attacker may be able to repeatedly trigger a critical section (CWE-400).
Mitigation
When using multithreading and operating on shared variables, only use thread-safe functions.
Mitigation
Use atomic operations on shared variables. Be wary of innocent-looking constructs such as "x++". This may appear atomic at the code layer, but it is actually non-atomic at the instruction layer, since it involves a read, followed by a computation, followed by a write.
Mitigation
Use a mutex if available, but be sure to avoid related weaknesses such as CWE-412.
Mitigation
Avoid double-checked locking (CWE-609) and other implementation errors that arise when trying to avoid the overhead of synchronization.
Mitigation
Disable interrupts or signals over critical parts of the code, but also make sure that the code does not go into a large or infinite loop.
Mitigation
Use the volatile type modifier for critical variables to avoid unexpected compiler optimization or reordering. This does not necessarily solve the synchronization problem, but it can help.
Mitigation MIT-17
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
CAPEC-26: Leveraging Race Conditions
The adversary targets a race condition occurring when multiple processes access and manipulate the same resource concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place. The adversary can leverage a race condition by "running the race", modifying the resource and modifying the normal execution flow. For instance, a race condition can occur while accessing a file: the adversary can trick the system by replacing the original file with their version and cause the system to read the malicious file.
CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions
This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.