Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-400

Discouraged

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not properly control the allocation and maintenance of a limited resource.

5603 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-2X79-GWQ3-VXXM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-14 23:41 – Updated: 2026-06-08 23:17
VLAI
Summary
Uncontrolled resource consumption and loop with unreachable exit condition in facil.io and downstream iodine ruby gem
Details

Summary

fio_json_parse can enter an infinite loop when it encounters a nested JSON value starting with i or I. The process spins in user space and pegs one CPU core at ~100% instead of returning a parse error. Because iodine vendors the same parser code, the issue also affects iodine when it parses attacker-controlled JSON.

The smallest reproducer found is [i. The quoted-value form that originally exposed the issue, [""i, reaches the same bug because the parser tolerates missing commas and then treats the trailing i as the start of another value.

Details

The vulnerable logic is in lib/facil/fiobj/fio_json_parser.h around the numeral handling block (0.7.5 / 0.7.6: lines 434-468; master: lines 434-468 in the current tree as tested).

This parser is reached from real library entry points, not just the header in isolation:

  • facil.io: lib/facil/fiobj/fiobj_json.c:377-387 (fiobj_json2obj) and 402-411 (fiobj_hash_update_json)
  • iodine: ext/iodine/iodine_json.c:161-177 (iodine_json_convert)
  • iodine: ext/iodine/fiobj_json.c:377-387 and 402-411

Relevant flow:

  1. Inside an array or object, the parser sees i or I and jumps to the numeral: label.
  2. It calls fio_atol((char **)&tmp).
  3. For a bare i / I, fio_atol consumes zero characters and leaves tmp == pos.
  4. The current code only falls back to float parsing when JSON_NUMERAL[*tmp] is true.
  5. JSON_NUMERAL['i'] == 0, so the parser incorrectly accepts the value as an integer and sets pos = tmp without advancing.
  6. Because parsing is still nested (parser->depth > 0), the outer loop continues forever with the same pos.

The same logic exists in iodine's vendored copy at ext/iodine/fio_json_parser.h lines 434-468.

Why the [""i form hangs:

  1. The parser accepts the empty string "" as the first array element.
  2. It does not require a comma before the next token.
  3. The trailing i is then parsed as a new nested value.
  4. The zero-progress numeral path above causes the infinite loop.

Examples that trigger the bug:

  • Array form, minimal: [i
  • Object form: {"a":i
  • After a quoted value in an array: [""i
  • After a quoted value in an object: {"a":""i

PoC

Environment used for verification:

  • facil.io commit: 162df84001d66789efa883eebb0567426d00148e
  • iodine commit: 5bebba698d69023cf47829afe51052f8caa6c7f8
  • standalone compile against fio_json_parser.h

Minimal standalone program

Use the normal HTTP stack. The following server calls http_parse_body(h), which reaches fiobj_json2obj and then fio_json_parse for Content-Type: application/json.

#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L

#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <fio.h>
#include <http.h>

static void on_request(http_s *h) {
  fprintf(stderr, "calling http_parse_body\n");
  fflush(stderr);
  http_parse_body(h);
  fprintf(stderr, "returned from http_parse_body\n");
  http_send_body(h, "ok\n", 3);
}

int main(void) {
  if (http_listen("3000", "127.0.0.1",
                  .on_request = on_request,
                  .max_body_size = (1024 * 1024),
                  .log = 1) == -1) {
    perror("http_listen");
    return 1;
  }
  fio_start(.threads = 1, .workers = 1);
  return 0;
}

http_parse_body(h) is the higher-level entry point and, for Content-Type: application/json, it reaches fiobj_json2obj in lib/facil/http/http.c:1947-1953.

Save it as src/main.c in a vulnerable facil.io checkout and build it with the repo makefile:

git checkout 0.7.6
mkdir -p src
make NAME=http_json_poc

Run:

./tmp/http_json_poc

Then in another terminal send one of these payloads:

printf '[i' | curl --http1.1 -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/
printf '{"a":i' | curl --http1.1 -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/
printf '[""i' | curl --http1.1 -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/
printf '{"a":""i' | curl --http1.1 -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/

Observed result on a vulnerable build:

  • The server prints calling http_parse_body and never reaches returned from http_parse_body.
  • The request never completes.
  • One worker thread spins until the process is killed.

Downstream impact in iodine

iodine vendors the same parser implementation in ext/iodine/fio_json_parser.h, so any iodine code path that parses attacker-controlled JSON through this parser inherits the same hang / CPU exhaustion behavior.

Single-file iodine HTTP server repro:

require "iodine"

APP = proc do |env|
  body = env["rack.input"].read.to_s
  warn "calling Iodine::JSON.parse on: #{body.inspect}"
  Iodine::JSON.parse(body)
  warn "returned from Iodine::JSON.parse"
  [200, { "Content-Type" => "text/plain", "Content-Length" => "3" }, ["ok\n"]]
end

Iodine.listen service: :http,
              address: "127.0.0.1",
              port: "3000",
              handler: APP

Iodine.threads = 1
Iodine.workers = 1
Iodine.start

Run:

ruby iodine_json_parse_http_poc.rb

Then in a second terminal:

printf '[i' | curl --http1.1 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/
printf '{"a":i' | curl --http1.1 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/
printf '[""i' | curl --http1.1 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/
printf '{"a":""i' | curl --http1.1 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/

On a vulnerable build, the server prints the calling Iodine::JSON.parse... line but never prints the returned from Iodine::JSON.parse line for these payloads.

Impact

This is a denial-of-service issue. An attacker who can supply JSON to an affected parser path can cause the process to spin indefinitely and consume CPU at roughly 100% of one core. In practice, the impact depends on whether an application exposes parser access to untrusted clients, but for services that do, a single crafted request can tie up a worker or thread until it is killed or restarted.

I would describe the impact as:

  • Availability impact: high for affected parser entry points
  • Confidentiality impact: none observed
  • Integrity impact: none observed

Suggested Patch

Treat zero-consumption numeric parses as failures before accepting the token.

diff --git a/lib/facil/fiobj/fio_json_parser.h b/lib/facil/fiobj/fio_json_parser.h
@@
       uint8_t *tmp = pos;
       long long i = fio_atol((char **)&tmp);
       if (tmp > limit)
         goto stop;
-      if (!tmp || JSON_NUMERAL[*tmp]) {
+      if (!tmp || tmp == pos || JSON_NUMERAL[*tmp]) {
         tmp = pos;
         double f = fio_atof((char **)&tmp);
         if (tmp > limit)
           goto stop;
-        if (!tmp || JSON_NUMERAL[*tmp])
+        if (!tmp || tmp == pos || JSON_NUMERAL[*tmp])
           goto error;
         fio_json_on_float(parser, f);
         pos = tmp;

This preserves permissive inf / nan handling when the float parser actually consumes input, but rejects bare i / I tokens that otherwise leave the cursor unchanged.

The same change should be mirrored to iodine's vendored copy:

  • ext/iodine/fio_json_parser.h

Impact

  • facil.io
  • Verified on master commit 162df84001d66789efa883eebb0567426d00148e (git describe: 0.7.5-24-g162df840)
  • Verified on tagged releases 0.7.5 and 0.7.6
  • iodine Ruby gem
  • Verified on repo commit 5bebba698d69023cf47829afe51052f8caa6c7f8
  • Verified on tag / gem version v0.7.58
  • The gem vendors a copy of the vulnerable parser in ext/iodine/fio_json_parser.h
Severity
8.7 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "iodine"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "0.7.58"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-41146"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-835"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-14T23:41:06Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-22T02:16:02Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n`fio_json_parse` can enter an infinite loop when it encounters a nested JSON value starting with `i` or `I`. The process spins in user space and pegs one CPU core at ~100% instead of returning a parse error. Because `iodine` vendors the same parser code, the issue also affects `iodine` when it parses attacker-controlled JSON.\n\nThe smallest reproducer found is `[i`. The quoted-value form that originally exposed the issue, `[\"\"i`, reaches the same bug because the parser tolerates missing commas and then treats the trailing `i` as the start of another value.\n\n### Details\nThe vulnerable logic is in `lib/facil/fiobj/fio_json_parser.h` around the numeral handling block (`0.7.5` / `0.7.6`: lines `434-468`; `master`: lines `434-468` in the current tree as tested).\n\nThis parser is reached from real library entry points, not just the header in isolation:\n\n- `facil.io`: `lib/facil/fiobj/fiobj_json.c:377-387` (`fiobj_json2obj`) and `402-411` (`fiobj_hash_update_json`)\n- `iodine`: `ext/iodine/iodine_json.c:161-177` (`iodine_json_convert`)\n- `iodine`: `ext/iodine/fiobj_json.c:377-387` and `402-411`\n\nRelevant flow:\n\n1. Inside an array or object, the parser sees `i` or `I` and jumps to the `numeral:` label.\n2. It calls `fio_atol((char **)\u0026tmp)`.\n3. For a bare `i` / `I`, `fio_atol` consumes zero characters and leaves `tmp == pos`.\n4. The current code only falls back to float parsing when `JSON_NUMERAL[*tmp]` is true.\n5. `JSON_NUMERAL[\u0027i\u0027] == 0`, so the parser incorrectly accepts the value as an integer and sets `pos = tmp` without advancing.\n6. Because parsing is still nested (`parser-\u003edepth \u003e 0`), the outer loop continues forever with the same `pos`.\n\nThe same logic exists in `iodine`\u0027s vendored copy at `ext/iodine/fio_json_parser.h` lines `434-468`.\n\nWhy the `[\"\"i` form hangs:\n\n1. The parser accepts the empty string `\"\"` as the first array element.\n2. It does not require a comma before the next token.\n3. The trailing `i` is then parsed as a new nested value.\n4. The zero-progress numeral path above causes the infinite loop.\n\nExamples that trigger the bug:\n\n- Array form, minimal: `[i`\n- Object form: `{\"a\":i`\n- After a quoted value in an array: `[\"\"i`\n- After a quoted value in an object: `{\"a\":\"\"i`\n\n## PoC\nEnvironment used for verification:\n\n- `facil.io` commit: `162df84001d66789efa883eebb0567426d00148e`\n- `iodine` commit: `5bebba698d69023cf47829afe51052f8caa6c7f8`\n- standalone compile against `fio_json_parser.h`\n\n### Minimal standalone program\n\nUse the normal HTTP stack. The following server calls `http_parse_body(h)`, which reaches `fiobj_json2obj` and then `fio_json_parse` for `Content-Type: application/json`.\n\n```c\n#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L\n\n#include \u003cstdio.h\u003e\n#include \u003ctime.h\u003e\n#include \u003cfio.h\u003e\n#include \u003chttp.h\u003e\n\nstatic void on_request(http_s *h) {\n  fprintf(stderr, \"calling http_parse_body\\n\");\n  fflush(stderr);\n  http_parse_body(h);\n  fprintf(stderr, \"returned from http_parse_body\\n\");\n  http_send_body(h, \"ok\\n\", 3);\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n  if (http_listen(\"3000\", \"127.0.0.1\",\n                  .on_request = on_request,\n                  .max_body_size = (1024 * 1024),\n                  .log = 1) == -1) {\n    perror(\"http_listen\");\n    return 1;\n  }\n  fio_start(.threads = 1, .workers = 1);\n  return 0;\n}\n```\n\n`http_parse_body(h)` is the higher-level entry point and, for `Content-Type: application/json`, it reaches `fiobj_json2obj` in `lib/facil/http/http.c:1947-1953`.\n\nSave it as `src/main.c` in a vulnerable `facil.io` checkout and build it with the repo `makefile`:\n\n```bash\ngit checkout 0.7.6\nmkdir -p src\nmake NAME=http_json_poc\n```\n\nRun:\n\n```bash\n./tmp/http_json_poc\n```\n\nThen in another terminal send one of these payloads:\n\n```bash\nprintf \u0027[i\u0027 | curl --http1.1 -H \u0027Content-Type: application/json\u0027 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/\nprintf \u0027{\"a\":i\u0027 | curl --http1.1 -H \u0027Content-Type: application/json\u0027 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/\nprintf \u0027[\"\"i\u0027 | curl --http1.1 -H \u0027Content-Type: application/json\u0027 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/\nprintf \u0027{\"a\":\"\"i\u0027 | curl --http1.1 -H \u0027Content-Type: application/json\u0027 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/\n```\n\nObserved result on a vulnerable build:\n\n- The server prints `calling http_parse_body` and never reaches `returned from http_parse_body`.\n- The request never completes.\n- One worker thread spins until the process is killed.\n\n### Downstream impact in `iodine`\n\n`iodine` vendors the same parser implementation in `ext/iodine/fio_json_parser.h`, so any `iodine` code path that parses attacker-controlled JSON through this parser inherits the same hang / CPU exhaustion behavior.\n\nSingle-file `iodine` HTTP server repro:\n\n```ruby\nrequire \"iodine\"\n\nAPP = proc do |env|\n  body = env[\"rack.input\"].read.to_s\n  warn \"calling Iodine::JSON.parse on: #{body.inspect}\"\n  Iodine::JSON.parse(body)\n  warn \"returned from Iodine::JSON.parse\"\n  [200, { \"Content-Type\" =\u003e \"text/plain\", \"Content-Length\" =\u003e \"3\" }, [\"ok\\n\"]]\nend\n\nIodine.listen service: :http,\n              address: \"127.0.0.1\",\n              port: \"3000\",\n              handler: APP\n\nIodine.threads = 1\nIodine.workers = 1\nIodine.start\n```\n\nRun:\n\n```bash\nruby iodine_json_parse_http_poc.rb\n```\n\nThen in a second terminal:\n\n```bash\nprintf \u0027[i\u0027 | curl --http1.1 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/\nprintf \u0027{\"a\":i\u0027 | curl --http1.1 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/\nprintf \u0027[\"\"i\u0027 | curl --http1.1 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/\nprintf \u0027{\"a\":\"\"i\u0027 | curl --http1.1 -X POST --data-binary @- http://127.0.0.1:3000/\n```\n\nOn a vulnerable build, the server prints the `calling Iodine::JSON.parse...` line but never prints the `returned from Iodine::JSON.parse` line for these payloads.\n\n## Impact\nThis is a denial-of-service issue. An attacker who can supply JSON to an affected parser path can cause the process to spin indefinitely and consume CPU at roughly 100% of one core. In practice, the impact depends on whether an application exposes parser access to untrusted clients, but for services that do, a single crafted request can tie up a worker or thread until it is killed or restarted.\n\nI would describe the impact as:\n\n- Availability impact: high for affected parser entry points\n- Confidentiality impact: none observed\n- Integrity impact: none observed\n\n## Suggested Patch\nTreat zero-consumption numeric parses as failures before accepting the token.\n\n```diff\ndiff --git a/lib/facil/fiobj/fio_json_parser.h b/lib/facil/fiobj/fio_json_parser.h\n@@\n       uint8_t *tmp = pos;\n       long long i = fio_atol((char **)\u0026tmp);\n       if (tmp \u003e limit)\n         goto stop;\n-      if (!tmp || JSON_NUMERAL[*tmp]) {\n+      if (!tmp || tmp == pos || JSON_NUMERAL[*tmp]) {\n         tmp = pos;\n         double f = fio_atof((char **)\u0026tmp);\n         if (tmp \u003e limit)\n           goto stop;\n-        if (!tmp || JSON_NUMERAL[*tmp])\n+        if (!tmp || tmp == pos || JSON_NUMERAL[*tmp])\n           goto error;\n         fio_json_on_float(parser, f);\n         pos = tmp;\n```\n\nThis preserves permissive `inf` / `nan` handling when the float parser actually consumes input, but rejects bare `i` / `I` tokens that otherwise leave the cursor unchanged.\n\nThe same change should be mirrored to `iodine`\u0027s vendored copy:\n\n- `ext/iodine/fio_json_parser.h`\n\n\n## Impact\n- `facil.io`\n  - Verified on `master` commit `162df84001d66789efa883eebb0567426d00148e` (`git describe`: `0.7.5-24-g162df840`)\n  - Verified on tagged releases `0.7.5` and `0.7.6`\n- `iodine` Ruby gem\n  - Verified on repo commit `5bebba698d69023cf47829afe51052f8caa6c7f8`\n  - Verified on tag / gem version `v0.7.58`\n  - The gem vendors a copy of the vulnerable parser in `ext/iodine/fio_json_parser.h`",
  "id": "GHSA-2x79-gwq3-vxxm",
  "modified": "2026-06-08T23:17:40Z",
  "published": "2026-04-14T23:41:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/boazsegev/facil.io/security/advisories/GHSA-2x79-gwq3-vxxm"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41146"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/boazsegev/facil.io/commit/5128747363055201d3ecf0e29bf0a961703c9fa0"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/boazsegev/facil.io"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/iodine/CVE-2026-41146.yml"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Uncontrolled resource consumption and loop with unreachable exit condition in facil.io and downstream iodine ruby gem"
}

GHSA-2X7Q-2HQ7-J42J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:29 – Updated: 2023-05-22 21:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in the implementation of Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol (MP-BGP) for the Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) Ethernet VPN (EVPN) address family in Cisco IOS Software and Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition. The vulnerability is due to incorrect processing of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) update messages that contain crafted EVPN attributes. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending BGP update messages with specific, malformed attributes to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause an affected device to crash, resulting in a DoS condition.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-3479"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-20",
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-09-24T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the implementation of Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol (MP-BGP) for the Layer 2 VPN (L2VPN) Ethernet VPN (EVPN) address family in Cisco IOS Software and Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition. The vulnerability is due to incorrect processing of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) update messages that contain crafted EVPN attributes. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending BGP update messages with specific, malformed attributes to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause an affected device to crash, resulting in a DoS condition.",
  "id": "GHSA-2x7q-2hq7-j42j",
  "modified": "2023-05-22T21:30:18Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:29:28Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-3479"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-ios-bgp-evpn-dos-LNfYJxfF"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2XH4-PF7V-VH6H

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-06 18:30 – Updated: 2025-11-05 00:31
VLAI
Details

The DNS protocol in RFC 1035 and updates allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (resource consumption) by arranging for DNS queries to be accumulated for seconds, such that responses are later sent in a pulsing burst (which can be considered traffic amplification in some cases), aka the "DNSBomb" issue.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-33655"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-06T17:15:51Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The DNS protocol in RFC 1035 and updates allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (resource consumption) by arranging for DNS queries to be accumulated for seconds, such that responses are later sent in a pulsing burst (which can be considered traffic amplification in some cases), aka the \"DNSBomb\" issue.",
  "id": "GHSA-2xh4-pf7v-vh6h",
  "modified": "2025-11-05T00:31:18Z",
  "published": "2024-06-06T18:30:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-33655"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/NLnetLabs/unbound/commit/c3206f4568f60c486be6d165b1f2b5b254fea3de"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://alas.aws.amazon.com/ALAS-2024-1934.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1035"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TechnitiumSoftware/DnsServer/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md#version-120"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.isc.org/isc-projects/bind9/-/issues/4398"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/08/msg00019.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/3TBXPRJ2Q235YUZKYDRWOSYNDFBJQWJ3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/QITY2QBX2OCBTZIXD2A5ES62STFIA4AL"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/3TBXPRJ2Q235YUZKYDRWOSYNDFBJQWJ3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/QITY2QBX2OCBTZIXD2A5ES62STFIA4AL"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://meterpreter.org/researchers-uncover-dnsbomb-a-new-pdos-attack-exploiting-legitimate-dns-features"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://nlnetlabs.nl/downloads/unbound/CVE-2024-33655.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://nlnetlabs.nl/projects/unbound/security-advisories"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://sp2024.ieee-security.org/accepted-papers.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.isc.org/blogs/2024-dnsbomb"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2XHQ-GV6C-P224

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-31 00:21 – Updated: 2024-01-31 00:21
VLAI
Summary
Etcd Gateway can include itself as an endpoint resulting in resource exhaustion
Details

Vulnerability type

Denial of Service

Detail

The etcd gateway is a simple TCP proxy to allow for basic service discovery and access. However, it is possible to include the gateway address as an endpoint. This results in a denial of service, since the endpoint can become stuck in a loop of requesting itself until there are no more available file descriptors to accept connections on the gateway.

References

Find out more on this vulnerability in the security audit report

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Contact the etcd security committee

Severity
7.7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.4.9"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "go.etcd.io/etcd"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.4.0-rc.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.4.10"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "go.etcd.io/etcd"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.3.23"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-15114"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-772"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-31T00:21:52Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-08-06T23:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Vulnerability type\nDenial of Service\n\n### Detail\nThe etcd gateway is a simple TCP proxy to allow for basic service discovery and access. However, it is possible to include the gateway address as an endpoint. This results in a denial of service, since the endpoint can become stuck in a loop of requesting itself until there are no more available file descriptors to accept connections on the gateway.\n\n### References\nFind out more on this vulnerability in the [security audit report](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/master/security/SECURITY_AUDIT.pdf)\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Contact the [etcd security committee](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/master/security/security-release-process.md#product-security-committee-psc)",
  "id": "GHSA-2xhq-gv6c-p224",
  "modified": "2024-01-31T00:21:52Z",
  "published": "2024-01-31T00:21:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/security/advisories/GHSA-2xhq-gv6c-p224"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-15114"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/L6B6R43Y7M3DCHWK3L3UVGE2K6WWECMP"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Etcd Gateway can include itself as an endpoint resulting in resource exhaustion"
}

GHSA-2XWM-F2V4-92VH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-12 06:30 – Updated: 2023-02-21 18:30
VLAI
Details

Transient DOS due to uncontrolled resource consumption in WLAN firmware when peer is freed in non qos state.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-40513"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-02-12T04:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Transient DOS due to uncontrolled resource consumption in WLAN firmware when peer is freed in non qos state.",
  "id": "GHSA-2xwm-f2v4-92vh",
  "modified": "2023-02-21T18:30:17Z",
  "published": "2023-02-12T06:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-40513"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/february-2023-bulletin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-3244-J874-RHC2

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-08 19:01 – Updated: 2026-06-12 19:27
VLAI
Summary
Netty: Memory Exhaustion in RedisArrayAggregator due to Deeply Nested Arrays
Details

Summary

An attacker can cause DoS by sending a crafted Redis payload with deeply nested arrays. This forces the server to allocate a massive number of state objects and collections, leading to memory exhaustion and an OutOfMemoryError.

Details

io.netty.handler.codec.redis.RedisArrayAggregator aggregates RedisMessage parts into ArrayRedisMessage. It uses a Deque<AggregateState> to keep track of nested arrays. However, it does not limit the maximum depth of nested arrays. When an attacker sends a continuous stream of nested array headers (e.g., *1\r\n*1\r\n*1\r\n...), RedisArrayAggregator pushes a new AggregateState onto the stack and allocates a new ArrayList for each header. Because there is no depth limit, an attacker can send millions of such headers. This consumes a massive amount of heap memory for the AggregateState instances and their backing ArrayLists, eventually resulting in an OutOfMemoryError.

Impact

Denial of Service due to memory exhaustion. Any application using Netty's RedisArrayAggregator to handle untrusted Redis traffic is vulnerable.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.2.14.Final"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-codec-redis"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.2.0.Final"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.2.15.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.1.134.Final"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "io.netty:netty-codec-redis"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "4.1.135.Final"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-44250"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-08T19:01:52Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-06-11T22:16:56Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nAn attacker can cause DoS by sending a crafted Redis payload with deeply nested arrays. This forces the server to allocate a massive number of state objects and collections, leading to memory exhaustion and an OutOfMemoryError.\n\n### Details\nio.netty.handler.codec.redis.RedisArrayAggregator aggregates RedisMessage parts into ArrayRedisMessage. It uses a `Deque\u003cAggregateState\u003e` to keep track of nested arrays. However, it does not limit the maximum depth of nested arrays. When an attacker sends a continuous stream of nested array headers (e.g., `*1\\r\\n*1\\r\\n*1\\r\\n...`), RedisArrayAggregator pushes a `new AggregateState` onto the stack and allocates a `new ArrayList` for each header. Because there is no depth limit, an attacker can send millions of such headers. This consumes a massive amount of heap memory for the AggregateState instances and their backing ArrayLists, eventually resulting in an OutOfMemoryError.\n\n### Impact\nDenial of Service due to memory exhaustion. Any application using Netty\u0027s RedisArrayAggregator to handle untrusted Redis traffic is vulnerable.",
  "id": "GHSA-3244-j874-rhc2",
  "modified": "2026-06-12T19:27:12Z",
  "published": "2026-06-08T19:01:52Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-3244-j874-rhc2"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44250"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/releases/tag/netty-4.1.135.Final"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/netty/netty/releases/tag/netty-4.2.15.Final"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Netty: Memory Exhaustion in RedisArrayAggregator due to Deeply Nested Arrays"
}

GHSA-325F-J5C3-CHXM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-29 18:33 – Updated: 2025-10-28 21:30
VLAI
Details

Openindiana, kernel SunOS 5.11 has a denial of service vulnerability. For the processing of TCP packets with RST or SYN flag set, Openindiana has a wide acceptable range of sequence numbers. It does not require the sequence number to exactly match the next expected sequence value, just to be within the current receive window, which violates RFC5961. This flaw allows attackers to send multiple random TCP RST/SYN packets to hit the acceptable range of sequence numbers, thereby interrupting normal connections and causing a denial of service attack.

Severity
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-56233"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-29T17:15:31Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Openindiana, kernel SunOS 5.11 has a denial of service vulnerability. For the processing of TCP packets with RST or SYN flag set, Openindiana has a wide acceptable range of sequence numbers. It does not require the sequence number to exactly match the next expected sequence value, just to be within the current receive window, which violates RFC5961. This flaw allows attackers to send multiple random TCP RST/SYN packets to hit the acceptable range of sequence numbers, thereby interrupting normal connections and causing a denial of service attack.",
  "id": "GHSA-325f-j5c3-chxm",
  "modified": "2025-10-28T21:30:29Z",
  "published": "2025-09-29T18:33:13Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-56233"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/zq-star/TCP-Vuln-Report/blob/master/Openindiana%20minimal/tcp-rst-syn/openindiana-minimal-tcp-rst-syn.md"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-325J-24F4-QV5X

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-03-07 22:22 – Updated: 2021-08-31 20:21
VLAI
Summary
Regular Expression Denial of Service in ssri
Details

Version of ssri prior to 5.2.2 are vulnerable to regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) when using strict mode.

Recommendation

Update to version 5.2.2 or later.

Severity
5.9 (Medium)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "ssri"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.2.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-7651"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T20:53:37Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Version of `ssri` prior to 5.2.2 are vulnerable to regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) when using strict mode.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpdate to version 5.2.2 or later.",
  "id": "GHSA-325j-24f4-qv5x",
  "modified": "2021-08-31T20:21:06Z",
  "published": "2018-03-07T22:22:20Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-7651"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/zkat/ssri/issues/10"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/zkat/ssri/commit/d0ebcdc22cb5c8f47f89716d08b3518b2485d65d"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-325j-24f4-qv5x"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/zkat/ssri"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/565"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Regular Expression Denial of Service in ssri"
}

GHSA-326P-894X-J8C7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-01 15:33 – Updated: 2023-11-01 15:33
VLAI
Details

A regression was introduced in the Red Hat build of python-eventlet due to a change in the patch application strategy, resulting in a patch for CVE-2021-21419 not being applied for all builds of all products.

Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-5625"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400",
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-11-01T14:15:38Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A regression was introduced in the Red Hat build of python-eventlet due to a change in the patch application strategy, resulting in a patch for CVE-2021-21419 not being applied for all builds of all products.",
  "id": "GHSA-326p-894x-j8c7",
  "modified": "2023-11-01T15:33:29Z",
  "published": "2023-11-01T15:33:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5625"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2023:6128"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0188"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2024:0213"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2023-5625"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2244717"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-326X-92J6-Q56J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:15 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:15
VLAI
Details

When issuing IOCTL calls to ION, Memory leak can occur due to failure in unassign pages under certain conditions in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Consumer Electronics Connectivity, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Voice & Music, Snapdragon Wearables, Snapdragon Wired Infrastructure and Networking in APQ8009, APQ8053, APQ8096AU, APQ8098, IPQ8074, MDM9206, MDM9207C, MDM9607, MDM9640, MDM9650, MSM8909W, MSM8953, MSM8996AU, Nicobar, QCN7605, QCS605, Rennell, Saipan, SC8180X, SDA660, SDA845, SDM429, SDM429W, SDM439, SDM450, SDM632, SDM710, SDX24, SDX55, SM7150, SM8150, SM8250, SXR2130

Show details on source website
To clipboard 

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-10547"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-400"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-04-16T11:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "When issuing IOCTL calls to ION, Memory leak can occur due to failure in unassign pages under certain conditions in Snapdragon Auto, Snapdragon Compute, Snapdragon Consumer Electronics Connectivity, Snapdragon Consumer IOT, Snapdragon Industrial IOT, Snapdragon Mobile, Snapdragon Voice \u0026 Music, Snapdragon Wearables, Snapdragon Wired Infrastructure and Networking in APQ8009, APQ8053, APQ8096AU, APQ8098, IPQ8074, MDM9206, MDM9207C, MDM9607, MDM9640, MDM9650, MSM8909W, MSM8953, MSM8996AU, Nicobar, QCN7605, QCS605, Rennell, Saipan, SC8180X, SDA660, SDA845, SDM429, SDM429W, SDM439, SDM450, SDM632, SDM710, SDX24, SDX55, SM7150, SM8150, SM8250, SXR2130",
  "id": "GHSA-326x-92j6-q56j",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:15:19Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:15:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-10547"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.qualcomm.com/company/product-security/bulletins/april-2020-bulletin"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Design throttling mechanisms into the system architecture. The best protection is to limit the amount of resources that an unauthorized user can cause to be expended. A strong authentication and access control model will help prevent such attacks from occurring in the first place. The login application should be protected against DoS attacks as much as possible. Limiting the database access, perhaps by caching result sets, can help minimize the resources expended. To further limit the potential for a DoS attack, consider tracking the rate of requests received from users and blocking requests that exceed a defined rate threshold.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Mitigation of resource exhaustion attacks requires that the target system either:
  • The first of these solutions is an issue in itself though, since it may allow attackers to prevent the use of the system by a particular valid user. If the attacker impersonates the valid user, they may be able to prevent the user from accessing the server in question.
  • The second solution is simply difficult to effectively institute -- and even when properly done, it does not provide a full solution. It simply makes the attack require more resources on the part of the attacker.
  • recognizes the attack and denies that user further access for a given amount of time, or
  • uniformly throttles all requests in order to make it more difficult to consume resources more quickly than they can again be freed.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that protocols have specific limits of scale placed on them.

Mitigation
Implementation

Ensure that all failures in resource allocation place the system into a safe posture.

CAPEC-147: XML Ping of the Death

An attacker initiates a resource depletion attack where a large number of small XML messages are delivered at a sufficiently rapid rate to cause a denial of service or crash of the target. Transactions such as repetitive SOAP transactions can deplete resources faster than a simple flooding attack because of the additional resources used by the SOAP protocol and the resources necessary to process SOAP messages. The transactions used are immaterial as long as they cause resource utilization on the target. In other words, this is a normal flooding attack augmented by using messages that will require extra processing on the target.

CAPEC-227: Sustained Client Engagement

An adversary attempts to deny legitimate users access to a resource by continually engaging a specific resource in an attempt to keep the resource tied up as long as possible. The adversary's primary goal is not to crash or flood the target, which would alert defenders; rather it is to repeatedly perform actions or abuse algorithmic flaws such that a given resource is tied up and not available to a legitimate user. By carefully crafting a requests that keep the resource engaged through what is seemingly benign requests, legitimate users are limited or completely denied access to the resource.

CAPEC-492: Regular Expression Exponential Blowup

An adversary may execute an attack on a program that uses a poor Regular Expression(Regex) implementation by choosing input that results in an extreme situation for the Regex. A typical extreme situation operates at exponential time compared to the input size. This is due to most implementations using a Nondeterministic Finite Automaton(NFA) state machine to be built by the Regex algorithm since NFA allows backtracking and thus more complex regular expressions.

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