Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-405
Allowed-with-ReviewAsymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not properly control situations in which an adversary can cause the product to consume or produce excessive resources without requiring the adversary to invest equivalent work or otherwise prove authorization, i.e., the adversary's influence is "asymmetric."
101 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2019-11479 (GCVE-0-2019-11479)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2019-06-18 23:34 – Updated: 2024-09-16 23:22
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Jonathan Looney discovered that the Linux kernel default MSS is hard-coded to 48 bytes. This allows a remote peer to fragment TCP resend queues significantly more than if a larger MSS were enforced. A remote attacker could use this to cause a denial of service. This has been fixed in stable kernel releases 4.4.182, 4.9.182, 4.14.127, 4.19.52, 5.1.11, and is fixed in commits 967c05aee439e6e5d7d805e195b3a20ef5c433d6 and 5f3e2bf008c2221478101ee72f5cb4654b9fc363.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-405 - Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
Assigner
References
28 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux kernel |
Affected:
4.4 , < 4.4.182
(custom)
Affected: 4.9 , < 4.9.182 (custom) Affected: 4.14 , < 4.14.127 (custom) Affected: 4.19 , < 4.19.52 (custom) Affected: 5.1 , < 5.1.11 (custom) |
Date Public
2019-06-17 00:00
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"name": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net.git/commit/?id=967c05aee439e6e5d7d805e195b3a20ef5c433d6",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net.git/commit/?id=967c05aee439e6e5d7d805e195b3a20ef5c433d6"
},
{
"name": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K35421172",
"refsource": "CONFIRM",
"url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K35421172"
},
{
"name": "https://psirt.global.sonicwall.com/vuln-detail/SNWLID-2019-0008",
"refsource": "CONFIRM",
"url": "https://psirt.global.sonicwall.com/vuln-detail/SNWLID-2019-0008"
},
{
"name": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K35421172?utm_source=f5support\u0026amp;utm_medium=RSS",
"refsource": "CONFIRM",
"url": "https://support.f5.com/csp/article/K35421172?utm_source=f5support\u0026amp;utm_medium=RSS"
},
{
"name": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ics/advisories/icsma-20-170-06",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ics/advisories/icsma-20-170-06"
}
]
},
"source": {
"defect": [
"https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/1832286"
],
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
}
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "cc1ad9ee-3454-478d-9317-d3e869d708bc",
"assignerShortName": "canonical",
"cveId": "CVE-2019-11479",
"datePublished": "2019-06-18T23:34:51.124Z",
"dateReserved": "2019-04-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-09-16T23:22:00.170Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
GHSA-23W6-3W8W-8484
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-01 21:28 – Updated: 2026-09-01 21:28
VLAI
Summary
pypdf: Possible long runtimes/large memory usage when retrieving outlines
Details
Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to long runtimes and large memory consumption. This requires accessing the outlines of a document with either lots of entries or nested outlines with long re-used nesting paths.
Patches
This has been fixed in pypdf==6.16.1.
Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR #3966.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "pypdf"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.16.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-84310"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-405",
"CWE-834"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-01T21:28:37Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nAn attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to long runtimes and large memory consumption. This requires accessing the outlines of a document with either lots of entries or nested outlines with long re-used nesting paths.\n\n### Patches\n\nThis has been fixed in [pypdf==6.16.1](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.16.1).\n\n### Workarounds\n\nIf you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3966](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3966).",
"id": "GHSA-23w6-3w8w-8484",
"modified": "2026-09-01T21:28:38Z",
"published": "2026-09-01T21:28:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/security/advisories/GHSA-23w6-3w8w-8484"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3966"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/commit/d91ab705fd81ed1a9cec175c6958600dea1a4942"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.16.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "pypdf: Possible long runtimes/large memory usage when retrieving outlines"
}
GHSA-25MP-9VJG-J5G4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-30 18:30 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:37
VLAI
Details
An issue in The Document Foundation Libreoffice v.7.4.7 allows a remote attacker to cause a denial of service via a crafted .ppt file.
Severity
5.7 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-36268"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-405"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-30T18:15:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue in The Document Foundation Libreoffice v.7.4.7 allows a remote attacker to cause a denial of service via a crafted .ppt file.",
"id": "GHSA-25mp-9vjg-j5g4",
"modified": "2024-07-03T18:37:46Z",
"published": "2024-04-30T18:30:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-36268"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kfx-N/test1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-36CP-MH65-X882
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-10 00:30 – Updated: 2026-04-10 20:18
VLAI
Summary
Duplicate Advisory: OpenClaw is vulnerable to unauthenticated resource exhaustion through its voice call webhook handling
Details
Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-rm59-992w-x2mv. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
OpenClaw before 2026.3.22 contains an unauthenticated resource exhaustion vulnerability in voice call webhook handling that buffers request bodies before provider signature checks. Attackers can send large or malicious webhook requests to exhaust server resources without authentication by bypassing signature validation.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.3.22"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-405"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-10T20:18:58Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-09T22:16:31Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-rm59-992w-x2mv. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n### Original Description\nOpenClaw before 2026.3.22 contains an unauthenticated resource exhaustion vulnerability in voice call webhook handling that buffers request bodies before provider signature checks. Attackers can send large or malicious webhook requests to exhaust server resources without authentication by bypassing signature validation.",
"id": "GHSA-36cp-mh65-x882",
"modified": "2026-04-10T20:18:58Z",
"published": "2026-04-10T00:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-rm59-992w-x2mv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-35626"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/630f1479c44f78484dfa21bb407cbe6f171dac87"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/651dc7450b68a5396a009db78ef9382633707ead"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-unauthenticated-resource-exhaustion-via-voice-call-webhook"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: OpenClaw is vulnerable to unauthenticated resource exhaustion through its voice call webhook handling",
"withdrawn": "2026-04-10T20:18:58Z"
}
GHSA-3G9Q-V48F-HH9W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-10 22:44 – Updated: 2026-09-10 22:44
VLAI
Summary
Open WebUI: Unauthenticated requests can stall the server via uncached OIDC fetches in back-channel logout
Details
Summary
The OIDC back-channel logout endpoint is unauthenticated by design, because the identity provider calls it without a browser session. Before checking whether the submitted logout token was genuine, the handler fetched the provider's discovery document and its signing keys over the network, and repeated both fetches on every request because nothing was cached. The signing-key fetch also ran as a blocking call inside the async event loop. A small number of requests carrying a worthless token was therefore enough to make the whole instance stop answering.
Preconditions
ENABLE_OAUTH_BACKCHANNEL_LOGOUT=true. The default isFalse, so a stock deployment is not affected. This setting is recommended in the Open WebUI hardening documentation, which is why the issue is treated as in scope.- At least one OIDC provider configured (
OAUTH_CLIENT_ID,OAUTH_CLIENT_SECRET,OPENID_PROVIDER_URL). - No account, credential, session or secret identifier is required. The attacker needs network access to the instance and the configured issuer string, which is published in the provider's own discovery document.
Impact
Against 0.11.0, with the identity provider answering in 150 ms, 60 concurrent requests carrying a token whose signature was four characters long stalled the async event loop for 8.3 seconds, measured against an idle baseline of 10.8 ms. For the length of that stall the process answers nothing: no chat requests, no API calls, no health check. Open WebUI runs a single worker by default, so the effect is instance-wide rather than per-connection, and no rate limit sits in front of the endpoint.
The same traffic is also amplified outward: 20 sequential requests produced 20 discovery fetches and 40 key-set fetches at the identity provider, so an attacker can drive load onto the provider through the instance.
No data is read, modified or exposed, and the forged token is still rejected. The cost is paid before the rejection.
Fix
Fixed in 0.11.1. The handler now resolves both the discovery document and the signing keys through the already-configured OAuth client, so each is fetched once per provider and reused afterwards, and both fetches are asynchronous rather than blocking the event loop. A token carrying no kid header is rejected before any key lookup happens. Upgrading is sufficient, and no configuration change is required.
Root cause
Affected component: the OIDC back-channel logout handler in backend/open_webui/utils/oauth.py, reached through POST /oauth/backchannel-logout. Affected setups: releases 0.9.0 through 0.11.0 with back-channel logout enabled and an OIDC provider configured.
The handler treated its network work as cheap preparation rather than as work worth protecting. For every request it opened a new HTTP session per configured provider to re-read the discovery document, then constructed a fresh JWKS client, whose own cache consequently started empty each time, and asked that client for the signing key through a synchronous call issued directly on the event loop. All of this ran before the token signature was verified, so an attacker unable to produce a valid token still cost the server two network round trips and a blocked loop per request. Both fetches used the library default timeout of five minutes.
Proof of concept
Reproduced by running the unmodified handler from the 0.11.0 and 0.11.1 backends against a loopback identity provider that counted every inbound request and could answer with a configured delay. The submitted token carried a valid issuer and audience, a kid naming a key the provider does not hold, and AAAA as its signature.
20 sequential requests, provider answering immediately:
| Version | Discovery fetches | Key-set fetches | Response |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.11.0 | 20 | 40 | 400 |
| 0.11.1 | 1 | 1 | 400 |
60 concurrent requests, provider answering in 150 ms:
| Version | Wall time | Discovery fetches | Key-set fetches | Worst event-loop stall |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.11.0 | 18.6 s | 60 | 120 | 8255 ms |
| 0.11.1 | under 0.01 s | 0 | 0 | none measurable |
Idle event-loop stall was 10.8 ms in both cases. On 0.11.1 the first request an instance receives warms both caches, and every request after that reaches the signature check without any outbound network call.
Credits
@galanko, for reporting the issue and identifying both the missing caching and the blocking call.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.11.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "open-webui"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.9.0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.11.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-87011"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-405",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-10T22:44:42Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-09T21:17:05Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nThe OIDC back-channel logout endpoint is unauthenticated by design, because the identity provider calls it without a browser session. Before checking whether the submitted logout token was genuine, the handler fetched the provider\u0027s discovery document and its signing keys over the network, and repeated both fetches on every request because nothing was cached. The signing-key fetch also ran as a blocking call inside the async event loop. A small number of requests carrying a worthless token was therefore enough to make the whole instance stop answering.\n\n## Preconditions\n\n- `ENABLE_OAUTH_BACKCHANNEL_LOGOUT=true`. The default is `False`, so a stock deployment is not affected. This setting is recommended in the Open WebUI hardening documentation, which is why the issue is treated as in scope.\n- At least one OIDC provider configured (`OAUTH_CLIENT_ID`, `OAUTH_CLIENT_SECRET`, `OPENID_PROVIDER_URL`).\n- No account, credential, session or secret identifier is required. The attacker needs network access to the instance and the configured issuer string, which is published in the provider\u0027s own discovery document.\n\n## Impact\n\nAgainst 0.11.0, with the identity provider answering in 150 ms, 60 concurrent requests carrying a token whose signature was four characters long stalled the async event loop for 8.3 seconds, measured against an idle baseline of 10.8 ms. For the length of that stall the process answers nothing: no chat requests, no API calls, no health check. Open WebUI runs a single worker by default, so the effect is instance-wide rather than per-connection, and no rate limit sits in front of the endpoint.\n\nThe same traffic is also amplified outward: 20 sequential requests produced 20 discovery fetches and 40 key-set fetches at the identity provider, so an attacker can drive load onto the provider through the instance.\n\nNo data is read, modified or exposed, and the forged token is still rejected. The cost is paid before the rejection.\n\n## Fix\n\nFixed in 0.11.1. The handler now resolves both the discovery document and the signing keys through the already-configured OAuth client, so each is fetched once per provider and reused afterwards, and both fetches are asynchronous rather than blocking the event loop. A token carrying no `kid` header is rejected before any key lookup happens. Upgrading is sufficient, and no configuration change is required.\n\n## Root cause\n\nAffected component: the OIDC back-channel logout handler in `backend/open_webui/utils/oauth.py`, reached through `POST /oauth/backchannel-logout`. Affected setups: releases 0.9.0 through 0.11.0 with back-channel logout enabled and an OIDC provider configured.\n\nThe handler treated its network work as cheap preparation rather than as work worth protecting. For every request it opened a new HTTP session per configured provider to re-read the discovery document, then constructed a fresh JWKS client, whose own cache consequently started empty each time, and asked that client for the signing key through a synchronous call issued directly on the event loop. All of this ran before the token signature was verified, so an attacker unable to produce a valid token still cost the server two network round trips and a blocked loop per request. Both fetches used the library default timeout of five minutes.\n\n## Proof of concept\n\nReproduced by running the unmodified handler from the 0.11.0 and 0.11.1 backends against a loopback identity provider that counted every inbound request and could answer with a configured delay. The submitted token carried a valid issuer and audience, a `kid` naming a key the provider does not hold, and `AAAA` as its signature.\n\n20 sequential requests, provider answering immediately:\n\n| Version | Discovery fetches | Key-set fetches | Response |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.11.0 | 20 | 40 | 400 |\n| 0.11.1 | 1 | 1 | 400 |\n\n60 concurrent requests, provider answering in 150 ms:\n\n| Version | Wall time | Discovery fetches | Key-set fetches | Worst event-loop stall |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 0.11.0 | 18.6 s | 60 | 120 | 8255 ms |\n| 0.11.1 | under 0.01 s | 0 | 0 | none measurable |\n\nIdle event-loop stall was 10.8 ms in both cases. On 0.11.1 the first request an instance receives warms both caches, and every request after that reaches the signature check without any outbound network call.\n\n## Credits\n\n@galanko, for reporting the issue and identifying both the missing caching and the blocking call.",
"id": "GHSA-3g9q-v48f-hh9w",
"modified": "2026-09-10T22:44:42Z",
"published": "2026-09-10T22:44:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/security/advisories/GHSA-3g9q-v48f-hh9w"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-87011"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/commit/aeda6ff13a25d3b3ba1b303609f35382db22142c"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/releases/tag/v0.11.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open WebUI: Unauthenticated requests can stall the server via uncached OIDC fetches in back-channel logout"
}
GHSA-3JGV-277J-G3M7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-19 21:31 – Updated: 2025-09-19 21:31
VLAI
Details
StorageGRID (formerly StorageGRID Webscale) versions prior to 11.8.0.15 and 11.9.0.8 are susceptible to a Denial of Service vulnerability. Successful exploit could allow an unauthenticated attacker to cause a Denial of Service on the Admin node.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-26516"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-405"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-19T19:15:38Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "StorageGRID (formerly \nStorageGRID Webscale) versions prior to 11.8.0.15 and 11.9.0.8 are \nsusceptible to a Denial of Service vulnerability. Successful exploit \ncould allow an unauthenticated attacker to cause a Denial of Service on \nthe Admin node.",
"id": "GHSA-3jgv-277j-g3m7",
"modified": "2025-09-19T21:31:17Z",
"published": "2025-09-19T21:31:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-26516"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/NTAP-20250910-0003"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-3V8X-282W-FMJ2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 18:30 – Updated: 2025-12-09 18:30
VLAI
Details
SAP NetWeaver remote service for Xcelsius allows an attacker with network access and high privileges to execute arbitrary code on the affected system due to insufficient input validation and improper handling of remote method calls. Exploitation does not require user interaction and could lead to service disruption or unauthorized system control. This has high impact on integrity and availability, with no impact on confidentiality.
Severity
7.9 (High)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-42874"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-405"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-09T16:17:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "SAP NetWeaver remote service for Xcelsius allows an attacker with network access and high privileges to execute arbitrary code on the affected system due to insufficient input validation and improper handling of remote method calls. Exploitation does not require user interaction and could lead to service disruption or unauthorized system control. This has high impact on integrity and availability, with no impact on confidentiality.",
"id": "GHSA-3v8x-282w-fmj2",
"modified": "2025-12-09T18:30:37Z",
"published": "2025-12-09T18:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-42874"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3640185"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-428G-F7CQ-PGP5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-22 20:20 – Updated: 2025-12-23 16:01
VLAI
Summary
Marshmallow has DoS in Schema.load(many)
Details
Impact
Schema.load(data, many=True) is vulnerable to denial of service attacks. A moderately sized request can consume a disproportionate amount of CPU time.
Patches
4.1.2, 3.26.2
Workarounds
# Fail fast
def load_many(schema, data, **kwargs):
if not isinstance(data, list):
raise ValidationError(['Invalid input type.'])
return [schema.load(item, **kwargs) for item in data]
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "marshmallow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.0.0rc1"
},
{
"fixed": "3.26.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "marshmallow"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-68480"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-405"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-22T20:20:07Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-22T22:16:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\n`Schema.load(data, many=True)` is vulnerable to denial of service attacks. A moderately sized request can consume a disproportionate amount of CPU time.\n\n### Patches\n\n4.1.2, 3.26.2\n\n### Workarounds\n\n```py\n# Fail fast\ndef load_many(schema, data, **kwargs):\n if not isinstance(data, list):\n raise ValidationError([\u0027Invalid input type.\u0027])\n return [schema.load(item, **kwargs) for item in data]\n```",
"id": "GHSA-428g-f7cq-pgp5",
"modified": "2025-12-23T16:01:21Z",
"published": "2025-12-22T20:20:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/marshmallow-code/marshmallow/security/advisories/GHSA-428g-f7cq-pgp5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-68480"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/marshmallow-code/marshmallow/commit/d24a0c9df061c4daa92f71cf85aca25b83eee508"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/marshmallow-code/marshmallow"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Marshmallow has DoS in Schema.load(many)"
}
GHSA-4P9G-QGX9-397P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-03-23 01:54 – Updated: 2024-02-07 18:50
VLAI
Summary
Denial of Service in Page Error Handling
Details
Meta
- CVSS:
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H/E:F/RL:O/RC:C(5.5)- CWE-405, CWE-674
- Status: DRAFT
Problem
Requesting invalid or non-existing resources via HTTP triggers the page error handler which again could retrieve content to be shown as error message from another page. This leads to a scenario in which the application is calling itself recursively - amplifying the impact of the initial attack until the limits of the web server are exceeded.
Solution
Update to TYPO3 versions 9.5.25, 10.4.14, 11.1.1 that fix the problem described.
Credits
Thanks to Paul Keller, Mathias Bolt Lesniak and Kay Strobach who reported this issue and to TYPO3 framework merger Frank Nägler and to TYPO3 security team member Torben Hansen who fixed the issue.
References
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.4.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "11.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.5.25"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "10.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "10.4.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "11.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "11.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "typo3/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "9.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "9.5.25"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21359"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-405",
"CWE-674"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-03-23T01:42:10Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-23T02:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "\u003e ### Meta\n\u003e * CVSS: `CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H/E:F/RL:O/RC:C` (5.5)\n\u003e * CWE-405, CWE-674\n\u003e * Status: **DRAFT**\n\n### Problem\nRequesting invalid or non-existing resources via HTTP triggers the page error handler which again could retrieve content to be shown as error message from another page. This leads to a scenario in which the application is calling itself recursively - amplifying the impact of the initial attack until the limits of the web server are exceeded.\n\n### Solution\nUpdate to TYPO3 versions 9.5.25, 10.4.14, 11.1.1 that fix the problem described.\n\n### Credits\nThanks to Paul Keller, Mathias Bolt Lesniak and Kay Strobach who reported this issue and to TYPO3 framework merger Frank N\u00e4gler and to TYPO3 security team member Torben Hansen who fixed the issue.\n\n### References\n* [TYPO3-CORE-SA-2021-005](https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-core-sa-2021-005)",
"id": "GHSA-4p9g-qgx9-397p",
"modified": "2024-02-07T18:50:34Z",
"published": "2021-03-23T01:54:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TYPO3/TYPO3.CMS/security/advisories/GHSA-4p9g-qgx9-397p"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21359"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/typo3/cms-core/CVE-2021-21359.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/typo3/cms/CVE-2021-21359.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://packagist.org/packages/typo3/cms-core"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://typo3.org/security/advisory/typo3-core-sa-2021-005"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H/E:F/RL:O/RC:C",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Denial of Service in Page Error Handling"
}
GHSA-4QG8-FJ49-PXJH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-05 18:19 – Updated: 2025-12-05 18:19
VLAI
Summary
Sigstore Timestamp Authority allocates excessive memory during request parsing
Details
Impact
Excessive memory allocation
Function api.ParseJSONRequest currently splits (via a call to strings.Split) an optionally-provided OID (which is untrusted data) on periods. Similarly, function api.getContentType splits the Content-Type header (which is also untrusted data) on an application string.
As a result, in the face of a malicious request with either an excessively long OID in the payload containing many period characters or a malformed Content-Type header, a call to api.ParseJSONRequest or api.getContentType incurs allocations of O(n) bytes (where n stands for the length of the function's argument). Relevant weakness: CWE-405: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)
Patches
Upgrade to v2.0.3.
Workarounds
There are no workarounds with the service itself. If the service is behind a load balancer, configure the load balancer to reject excessively large requests.
Severity
7.5 (High)
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.0.2"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/sigstore/timestamp-authority"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-66564"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-405"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-12-05T18:19:00Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-04T23:15:47Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\n**Excessive memory allocation**\n\nFunction [api.ParseJSONRequest](https://github.com/sigstore/timestamp-authority/blob/26d7d426d3000abdbdf2df34de56bb92246c0365/pkg/api/timestamp.go#L63) currently splits (via a call to [strings.Split](https://pkg.go.dev/strings#Split)) an optionally-provided OID (which is untrusted data) on periods. Similarly, function [api.getContentType](https://github.com/sigstore/timestamp-authority/blob/26d7d426d3000abdbdf2df34de56bb92246c0365/pkg/api/timestamp.go#L114) splits the `Content-Type` header (which is also untrusted data) on an `application` string.\n\nAs a result, in the face of a malicious request with either an excessively long OID in the payload containing many period characters or a malformed `Content-Type` header, a call to `api.ParseJSONRequest` or `api.getContentType` incurs allocations of O(n) bytes (where n stands for the length of the function\u0027s argument). Relevant weakness: [CWE-405: Asymmetric Resource Consumption (Amplification)](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/405.html)\n\n### Patches\n\nUpgrade to v2.0.3.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nThere are no workarounds with the service itself. If the service is behind a load balancer, configure the load balancer to reject excessively large requests.",
"id": "GHSA-4qg8-fj49-pxjh",
"modified": "2025-12-05T18:19:00Z",
"published": "2025-12-05T18:19:00Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sigstore/timestamp-authority/security/advisories/GHSA-4qg8-fj49-pxjh"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66564"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sigstore/timestamp-authority/commit/0cae34e197d685a14904e0bad135b89d13b69421"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/sigstore/timestamp-authority"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Sigstore Timestamp Authority allocates excessive memory during request parsing"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
An application must make resources available to a client commensurate with the client's access level.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
An application must, at all times, keep track of allocated resources and meter their usage appropriately.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Consider disabling resource-intensive algorithms on the server side, such as Diffie-Hellman key exchange.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.