CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-8FR3-HFG3-GPGP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-01-21 23:36 – Updated: 2023-09-11 22:42parseUrl functionality in node-forge mishandles certain uses of backslash such as https:/\/\/\ and interprets the URI as a relative path.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "node-forge"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-0122"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-01-13T18:49:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-01-06T05:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "parseUrl functionality in node-forge mishandles certain uses of backslash such as `https:/\\/\\/\\` and interprets the URI as a relative path. ",
"id": "GHSA-8fr3-hfg3-gpgp",
"modified": "2023-09-11T22:42:40Z",
"published": "2022-01-21T23:36:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/db8016c805371e72b06d8e2edfe0ace0df934a5e"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/41852c50-3c6d-4703-8c55-4db27164a4ae"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in node-forge"
}
GHSA-8G72-GQ68-6GQH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:49 – Updated: 2024-10-17 20:58When you visit a page where you need to login, Plone 2.5-5.1rc1 sends you to the login form with a 'came_from' parameter set to the previous url. After you login, you get redirected to the page you tried to view before. An attacker might try to abuse this by letting you click on a specially crafted link. You would login, and get redirected to the site of the attacker, letting you think that you are still on the original Plone site. Or some javascript of the attacker could be executed. Most of these types of attacks are already blocked by Plone, using the isURLInPortal check to make sure we only redirect to a page on the same Plone site. But a few more ways of tricking Plone into accepting a malicious link were discovered, and fixed with this hotfix.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Products.CMFPlone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.3.17"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Products.CMFPlone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.0.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Products.CMFPlone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.1a1"
},
{
"fixed": "5.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Plone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.5"
},
{
"fixed": "4.3.16"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Plone"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5"
},
{
"fixed": "5.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1000481"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-26T21:54:46Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2018-01-03T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "When you visit a page where you need to login, Plone 2.5-5.1rc1 sends you to the login form with a \u0027came_from\u0027 parameter set to the previous url. After you login, you get redirected to the page you tried to view before. An attacker might try to abuse this by letting you click on a specially crafted link. You would login, and get redirected to the site of the attacker, letting you think that you are still on the original Plone site. Or some javascript of the attacker could be executed. Most of these types of attacks are already blocked by Plone, using the `isURLInPortal` check to make sure we only redirect to a page on the same Plone site. But a few more ways of tricking Plone into accepting a malicious link were discovered, and fixed with this hotfix.",
"id": "GHSA-8g72-gq68-6gqh",
"modified": "2024-10-17T20:58:40Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:49:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1000481"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Products.CMFPlone/issues/2232"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Products.CMFPlone/pull/2233"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Products.CMFPlone/pull/2234"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Products.CMFPlone/pull/2235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Products.CMFPlone/pull/2236"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Products.CMFPlone/commit/05a943ecbcdda56bacc93b55c9e2e908d8a7dfab"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Products.CMFPlone/commit/0e50e1e67ea3b6d3187f78cb1a1628081f654d3b"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Products.CMFPlone/commit/236b62b756ff46a92783b3897e717dfb15eb07d8"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Products.CMFPlone/commit/7db5b2c8fb684055987b8c4fdedc29289bd26373"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/plone/Products.CMFPlone"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/plone/PYSEC-2018-70.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plone.org/security/hotfix/20171128/open-redirection-on-login-form"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Products.CMFPlone Open Redirect Vulnerability"
}
GHSA-8G8P-FJX7-326C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:49 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:49Due to insufficient URL Validation in forums in SAP NetWeaver versions 7.30, 7.31, 7.40, an attacker can redirect users to a malicious site.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-2476"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-11-13T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Due to insufficient URL Validation in forums in SAP NetWeaver versions 7.30, 7.31, 7.40, an attacker can redirect users to a malicious site.",
"id": "GHSA-8g8p-fjx7-326c",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:49:23Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:49:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-2476"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/2658755"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=503809832"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105898"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8G9M-VV69-7J99
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-10 19:00 – Updated: 2024-11-22 20:17A lack of user input validation leads to an open redirect vulnerability in rdiffweb prior to 2.5.0a4.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "rdiffweb"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.5.0a4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-3438"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-10-10T21:35:54Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-10-10T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A lack of user input validation leads to an open redirect vulnerability in rdiffweb prior to 2.5.0a4.",
"id": "GHSA-8g9m-vv69-7j99",
"modified": "2024-11-22T20:17:47Z",
"published": "2022-10-10T19:00:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-3438"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ikus060/rdiffweb/commit/4d464b467f14b8eb9103d7f5f0774e49995527c7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/ikus060/rdiffweb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/rdiffweb/PYSEC-2022-43158.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/bc5689e4-221a-4200-a8ab-42c659f89f67"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "rdiffweb vulnerable to Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-8GH5-X56F-9QH9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-11 12:30 – Updated: 2025-02-11 12:30A vulnerability has been identified in Teamcenter (All versions < V14.3.0.0). The SSO login service of affected applications accepts user-controlled input that could specify a link to an external site. This could allow an attacker to redirect the legitimate user to an attacker-chosen URL to steal valid session data. For a successful exploit, the legitimate user must actively click on an attacker-crafted link.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-23363"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-11T11:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been identified in Teamcenter (All versions \u003c V14.3.0.0). The SSO login service of affected applications accepts user-controlled input that could specify a link to an external site. This could allow an attacker to redirect the legitimate user to an attacker-chosen URL to steal valid session data. For a successful exploit, the legitimate user must actively click on an attacker-crafted link.",
"id": "GHSA-8gh5-x56f-9qh9",
"modified": "2025-02-11T12:30:54Z",
"published": "2025-02-11T12:30:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-23363"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/html/ssa-656895.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-8H2F-7JC4-7M3M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-07 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-14 21:10urijs prior to version 1.19.10 is vulnerable to open redirect. This is the result of a bypass for the fix to CVE-2022-0613.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "urijs"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.19.10"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-0868"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-07T16:50:02Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-06T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "urijs prior to version 1.19.10 is vulnerable to open redirect. This is the result of a bypass for the fix to CVE-2022-0613.",
"id": "GHSA-8h2f-7jc4-7m3m",
"modified": "2022-03-14T21:10:46Z",
"published": "2022-03-07T00:00:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0868"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/medialize/uri.js/commit/a8166fe02f3af6dc1b2b888dcbb807155aad9509"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/medialize/URI.js/releases/tag/v1.19.10"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/medialize/uri.js"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/5f4db013-64bd-4a6b-9dad-870c296b0b02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in urijs"
}
GHSA-8HGG-XXM5-3873
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-14 21:30 – Updated: 2023-11-15 20:11DOMPurify before 1.0.11 allows reverse tabnabbing in demos/hooks-target-blank-demo.html because links lack a 'rel="noopener noreferrer"' attribute.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "dompurify"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.11"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-25155"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-11-15T20:11:02Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-07T03:09:22Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "DOMPurify before 1.0.11 allows reverse tabnabbing in demos/hooks-target-blank-demo.html because links lack a \u0027rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u0027 attribute.",
"id": "GHSA-8hgg-xxm5-3873",
"modified": "2023-11-15T20:11:02Z",
"published": "2023-11-14T21:30:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-25155"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cure53/DOMPurify/pull/337"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cure53/DOMPurify/commit/7601c33a57e029cce51d910eda5179a3f1b51c83"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/cure53/DOMPurify"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cure53/DOMPurify/compare/1.0.10...1.0.11"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "DOMPurify Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-8HMV-92WM-39CH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-06 00:31 – Updated: 2025-03-06 19:23Various features in Jenkins redirect users to partially user-controlled URLs inside Jenkins. To prevent open redirect vulnerabilities, Jenkins limits redirections to safe URLs (neither absolute nor scheme-relative/network-path reference).
In Jenkins 2.499 and earlier, LTS 2.492.1 and earlier, redirects starting with backslash (\) characters are considered safe.
This allows attackers to perform phishing attacks by having users go to a Jenkins URL that will forward them to a different site, because browsers interpret these characters as part of scheme-relative redirects.
Jenkins 2.500, LTS 2.492.2 considers redirects to URLs starting with backslash (\) characters to be unsafe, rejecting such redirects.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.main:jenkins-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.492.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.main:jenkins-core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.493"
},
{
"fixed": "2.500"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-27625"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-03-06T19:23:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-05T23:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Various features in Jenkins redirect users to partially user-controlled URLs inside Jenkins. To prevent open redirect vulnerabilities, Jenkins limits redirections to safe URLs (neither absolute nor scheme-relative/network-path reference).\n\nIn Jenkins 2.499 and earlier, LTS 2.492.1 and earlier, redirects starting with backslash (`\\`) characters are considered safe.\n\nThis allows attackers to perform phishing attacks by having users go to a Jenkins URL that will forward them to a different site, because browsers interpret these characters as part of scheme-relative redirects.\n\nJenkins 2.500, LTS 2.492.2 considers redirects to URLs starting with backslash (`\\`) characters to be unsafe, rejecting such redirects.",
"id": "GHSA-8hmv-92wm-39ch",
"modified": "2025-03-06T19:23:53Z",
"published": "2025-03-06T00:31:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27625"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins/commit/4a9a3ecd08fc00d2f1c1125be789d8be24f02c9e"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2025-03-05/#SECURITY-3501"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Jenkins Open Redirect vulnerability "
}
GHSA-8HP3-RMR7-XH88
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-17 06:30 – Updated: 2026-03-04 01:57All versions of the package github.com/greenpau/caddy-security are vulnerable to Open Redirect via the redirect_url parameter. An attacker could perform a phishing attack and trick users into visiting a malicious website by crafting a convincing URL with this parameter. To exploit this vulnerability, the user must take an action, such as clicking on a portal button or using the browser’s back button, to trigger the redirection.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/greenpau/caddy-security"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.1.23"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-21497"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-20T23:47:36Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-17T05:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "All versions of the package github.com/greenpau/caddy-security are vulnerable to Open Redirect via the redirect_url parameter. An attacker could perform a phishing attack and trick users into visiting a malicious website by crafting a convincing URL with this parameter. To exploit this vulnerability, the user must take an action, such as clicking on a portal button or using the browser\u2019s back button, to trigger the redirection.",
"id": "GHSA-8hp3-rmr7-xh88",
"modified": "2026-03-04T01:57:19Z",
"published": "2024-02-17T06:30:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21497"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/greenpau/caddy-security/issues/268"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.trailofbits.com/2023/09/18/security-flaws-in-an-sso-plugin-for-caddy"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-GOLANG-GITHUBCOMGREENPAUCADDYSECURITY-6249861"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "github.com/greenpau/caddy-security"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in github.com/greenpau/caddy-security"
}
GHSA-8JHW-6PJJ-8723
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-30 16:49 – Updated: 2024-12-30 18:45Summary
An open redirect vulnerability has been identified in the verify email endpoint of Better Auth, potentially allowing attackers to redirect users to malicious websites. This issue affects users relying on email verification links generated by the library.
Affected Versions
- All versions prior to v1.1.6.
Impact
Attackers could craft malicious email verification links that exploit the redirect functionality to send users to untrusted domains. This can result in:
- Phishing attacks – Users may unknowingly enter sensitive information on fake login pages.
- Reputation damage – Trust issues for applications using Better Auth.
Vulnerability Details
The verify email callback endpoint accepts a callbackURL parameter. Unlike other verification methods, email verification only uses JWT to verify and redirect without proper validation of the target domain. The origin checker is bypassed in this scenario because it only checks for POST requests. An attacker can manipulate this parameter to redirect users to arbitrary URLs controlled by the attacker.
Example Exploit:
https://example.com/auth/verify-email?token=abcd1234&callbackURL=https://malicious-site.com
Patches
Upgrade to Better Auth v1.1.6 or later. This version enforces domain validation for callbackURL for /verify-email path and for all other GET endpoints.
Workarounds
You can also use hooks to pre-check URLs in your auth instance to prevent this without upgrading:
const auth = betterAuth({
hooks: {
before: (ctx) => {
if (ctx.path === "/verify-email") {
const callbackURL = ctx.query.callbackURL; // Check if this is a trusted callback URL or not
}
}
}
})
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "better-auth"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.1.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-56734"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-12-30T16:49:12Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-30T17:15:10Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "## Summary\nAn **open redirect vulnerability** has been identified in the **verify email endpoint** of Better Auth, potentially allowing attackers to redirect users to malicious websites. This issue affects users relying on email verification links generated by the library.\n\n## Affected Versions\n- All versions prior to **v1.1.6**.\n\n## Impact\nAttackers could craft malicious email verification links that exploit the redirect functionality to send users to untrusted domains. This can result in:\n\n- **Phishing attacks** \u2013 Users may unknowingly enter sensitive information on fake login pages.\n- **Reputation damage** \u2013 Trust issues for applications using Better Auth.\n\n## Vulnerability Details\nThe verify email callback endpoint accepts a `callbackURL` parameter. Unlike other verification methods, email verification only uses JWT to verify and redirect without proper validation of the target domain. The origin checker is bypassed in this scenario because it only checks for `POST` requests. An attacker can manipulate this parameter to redirect users to arbitrary URLs controlled by the attacker.\n\n**Example Exploit:**\n```\nhttps://example.com/auth/verify-email?token=abcd1234\u0026callbackURL=https://malicious-site.com\n```\n\n## Patches\nUpgrade to Better Auth **v1.1.6** or later. This version enforces domain validation for `callbackURL` for `/verify-email` path and for all other `GET` endpoints.\n\n## Workarounds\nYou can also use hooks to pre-check URLs in your auth instance to prevent this without upgrading:\n\n```ts\nconst auth = betterAuth({\n hooks: {\n before: (ctx) =\u003e {\n if (ctx.path === \"/verify-email\") {\n const callbackURL = ctx.query.callbackURL; // Check if this is a trusted callback URL or not\n }\n }\n }\n})\n```",
"id": "GHSA-8jhw-6pjj-8723",
"modified": "2024-12-30T18:45:17Z",
"published": "2024-12-30T16:49:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth/security/advisories/GHSA-8jhw-6pjj-8723"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-56734"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth/commit/deb3d73aea90d0468d92723f4511542b593e522f"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/better-auth/better-auth"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Better Auth has an Open Redirect Vulnerability in Verify Email Endpoint"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.