Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2308 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HW84-C76J-H87P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-14 18:31 – Updated: 2026-04-08 18:33
VLAI
Details
The WP Compress – Image Optimizer [All-In-One] plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the several functions in versions up to, and including, 6.20.01. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions and above, to edit plugin settings, including storing cross-site scripting, in multisite environments.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-4445"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-14T16:17:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WP Compress \u2013 Image Optimizer [All-In-One] plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to unauthorized modification of data due to a missing capability check on the several functions in versions up to, and including, 6.20.01. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level permissions and above, to edit plugin settings, including storing cross-site scripting, in multisite environments.",
"id": "GHSA-hw84-c76j-h87p",
"modified": "2026-04-08T18:33:12Z",
"published": "2024-05-14T18:31:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4445"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-compress-image-optimizer/trunk/classes/mu.class.php?rev=2946135"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3082085/#file655"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/830f53a4-da3b-4a95-99f1-c4a4c8e6944c?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HWQ7-CVP8-6HM3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 00:47 – Updated: 2023-08-03 21:30
VLAI
Summary
phpBB Open Redirect
Details
Open redirect vulnerability in phpBB before 3.0.14 and 3.1.x before 3.1.4 allows remote attackers to redirect users of Google Chrome to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "phpbb/phpbb"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "phpbb/phpbb"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.1.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-3880"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-08-03T21:30:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2017-09-19T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in phpBB before 3.0.14 and 3.1.x before 3.1.4 allows remote attackers to redirect users of Google Chrome to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-hwq7-cvp8-6hm3",
"modified": "2023-08-03T21:30:11Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T00:47:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-3880"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/phpbb/phpbb/commit/1a3350619f428d9d69d196c52128727e27ef2f04"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/phpbb/phpbb/commit/c1702b8e19a69c98ef049abb4e14157e3e208ed4"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/phpbb/phpbb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170520103544/http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/74592"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.phpbb.com/Release_Highlights/3.0.14"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.phpbb.com/Release_Highlights/3.1.4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.phpbb.com/community/viewtopic.php?f=14\u0026t=2313941"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2015/05/12/10"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "phpBB Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-HX6V-27F6-JGP7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-20 21:31 – Updated: 2023-11-27 18:31
VLAI
Details
The Seraphinite Accelerator WordPress plugin before 2.2.29 does not validate the URL to redirect any authenticated user to, leading to an arbitrary redirect
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-5610"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-20T19:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Seraphinite Accelerator WordPress plugin before 2.2.29 does not validate the URL to redirect any authenticated user to, leading to an arbitrary redirect",
"id": "GHSA-hx6v-27f6-jgp7",
"modified": "2023-11-27T18:31:13Z",
"published": "2023-11-20T21:31:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-5610"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/e880a9fb-b089-4f98-9781-7d946f22777e"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HXG2-5C8P-PPWM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:55 – Updated: 2024-10-30 17:57
VLAI
Summary
Drupal has open redirect vulnerability in the Overlay module
Details
Open redirect vulnerability in the Overlay module in Drupal 7.x before 7.24 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "drupal/drupal"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.24"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-6389"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-10-30T17:57:18Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2013-12-07T21:55:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in the Overlay module in Drupal 7.x before 7.24 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-hxg2-5c8p-ppwm",
"modified": "2024-10-30T17:57:19Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:55:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-6389"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/drupal/drupal/commit/782d1155c62c0a879bf587c7e40c3a13bcf6879c"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drupal.org/SA-CORE-2013-003"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/drupal/drupal"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2013/dsa-2804"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2013/11/22/4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Drupal has open redirect vulnerability in the Overlay module"
}
GHSA-HXJQ-34QW-CVQM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-03 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-11 00:01
VLAI
Details
Potential open redirection vulnerability when URL is crafted in specific format in NetIQ Access Manager prior to 5.0.2
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-26326"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-02T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Potential open redirection vulnerability when URL is crafted in specific format in NetIQ Access Manager prior to 5.0.2",
"id": "GHSA-hxjq-34qw-cvqm",
"modified": "2022-05-11T00:01:57Z",
"published": "2022-05-03T00:00:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-26326"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.microfocus.com/documentation/access-manager/5.0/accessmanager502-release-notes/accessmanager502-release-notes.html#t4f2msu33v8h"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HXM3-Q335-XQ6P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-31 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 06:27
VLAI
Details
Fuge CMS v1.0 contains an Open Redirect vulnerability via /front/ProcessAct.java.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-34916"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-31T16:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Fuge CMS v1.0 contains an Open Redirect vulnerability via /front/ProcessAct.java.",
"id": "GHSA-hxm3-q335-xq6p",
"modified": "2024-04-04T06:27:27Z",
"published": "2023-07-31T18:30:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-34916"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fuge/cms/issues/4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://payatu.com/advisory/unvalidated-open-redirection-fuge-cms-v1-0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HXMP-8F47-X9FC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:13 – Updated: 2024-01-17 15:37
VLAI
Summary
Moodle Open Redirect Via Error Messages
Details
The error-message functionality in Moodle 1.9.x before 1.9.13, 2.0.x before 2.0.4, and 2.1.x before 2.1.1 does not ensure that a continuation link refers to an http or https URL for the local Moodle instance, which might allow attackers to trick users into visiting arbitrary web sites via error message links that lead offsite.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.9.13"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.1"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2011-4294"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-17T15:37:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2012-07-16T10:28:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The error-message functionality in Moodle 1.9.x before 1.9.13, 2.0.x before 2.0.4, and 2.1.x before 2.1.1 does not ensure that a continuation link refers to an http or https URL for the local Moodle instance, which might allow attackers to trick users into visiting arbitrary web sites via error message links that lead offsite.",
"id": "GHSA-hxmp-8f47-x9fc",
"modified": "2024-01-17T15:37:50Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:13:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-4294"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle/commit/18c2fcf8f19e00f0e89421d8fd8b7486a6dc6f79"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle/commit/417fdfab6bbdcfc3f5b64704ec06912ae9cd1050"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle/commit/8f9f666c902cb30ef6f519353f38c45a29fdf4a6"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://git.moodle.org/gw?p=moodle.git;a=commit;h=8f9f666c902cb30ef6f519353f38c45a29fdf4a6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://moodle.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=182737"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2011/11/14/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Moodle Open Redirect Via Error Messages"
}
GHSA-HXV7-G5HH-VF32
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-09 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-20 15:32
VLAI
Details
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms FreshDesk Plugin gf-freshdesk allows Phishing.This issue affects WP Gravity Forms FreshDesk Plugin: from n/a through <= 1.3.5.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-67587"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-09T16:18:36Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms FreshDesk Plugin gf-freshdesk allows Phishing.This issue affects WP Gravity Forms FreshDesk Plugin: from n/a through \u003c= 1.3.5.",
"id": "GHSA-hxv7-g5hh-vf32",
"modified": "2026-01-20T15:32:12Z",
"published": "2025-12-09T18:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67587"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/gf-freshdesk/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-gravity-forms-freshdesk-plugin-plugin-1-3-5-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vdp.patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/gf-freshdesk/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-gravity-forms-freshdesk-plugin-plugin-1-3-5-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J23P-PWM3-PW32
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-07 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35
VLAI
Details
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms Dynamics CRM allows Phishing. This issue affects WP Gravity Forms Dynamics CRM: from n/a through 1.1.4.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-47454"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-07T15:15:59Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in CRM Perks WP Gravity Forms Dynamics CRM allows Phishing. This issue affects WP Gravity Forms Dynamics CRM: from n/a through 1.1.4.",
"id": "GHSA-j23p-pwm3-pw32",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:01Z",
"published": "2025-05-07T15:31:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47454"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/gf-dynamics-crm/vulnerability/wordpress-wp-gravity-forms-dynamics-crm-1-1-4-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J279-CX9M-JV3W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:18 – Updated: 2022-12-12 16:57
VLAI
Summary
Jenkins Google Login Plugin Open Redirect vulnerability
Details
An open redirect vulnerability exists in Jenkins Google Login Plugin 1.3 and older in GoogleOAuth2SecurityRealm.java that allows attackers to redirect users to an arbitrary URL after successful login. Google Login Plugin 1.3.1 only performs redirects to relative URLs.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:google-login"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.3.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-1000174"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-12T16:57:45Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2018-05-08T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability exists in Jenkins Google Login Plugin 1.3 and older in GoogleOAuth2SecurityRealm.java that allows attackers to redirect users to an arbitrary URL after successful login. Google Login Plugin 1.3.1 only performs redirects to relative URLs.",
"id": "GHSA-j279-cx9m-jv3w",
"modified": "2022-12-12T16:57:45Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:18:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-1000174"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/google-login-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2018-04-16"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/104211"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Jenkins Google Login Plugin Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.