CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2308 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-P34F-6XG6-MCRP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-03 15:30 – Updated: 2024-09-06 18:31If a site had been granted the permission to open popup windows, it could cause Select elements to appear on top of another site to perform a spoofing attack. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 130 and Firefox ESR < 128.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8386"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-290",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-03T13:15:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "If a site had been granted the permission to open popup windows, it could cause Select elements to appear on top of another site to perform a spoofing attack. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 130 and Firefox ESR \u003c 128.2.",
"id": "GHSA-p34f-6xg6-mcrp",
"modified": "2024-09-06T18:31:28Z",
"published": "2024-09-03T15:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8386"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1907032"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1909163"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1909529"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-39"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-40"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-43"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P359-3M6V-H795
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:32 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:32IBM InfoSphere Information Governance Catalog 11.3, 11.5, and 11.7 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 151639.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-1875"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-05T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM InfoSphere Information Governance Catalog 11.3, 11.5, and 11.7 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 151639.",
"id": "GHSA-p359-3m6v-h795",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:32:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:32:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-1875"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/151639"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ibm10738911"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P3Q2-74HC-43V3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-01 18:31 – Updated: 2025-08-01 18:31IBM Operational Decision Manager 8.11.0.1, 8.11.1.0, 8.12.0.1, 9.0.0.1, and 9.5.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-2824"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-01T18:15:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "IBM Operational Decision Manager 8.11.0.1, 8.11.1.0, 8.12.0.1, 9.0.0.1, and 9.5.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim.",
"id": "GHSA-p3q2-74hc-43v3",
"modified": "2025-08-01T18:31:18Z",
"published": "2025-08-01T18:31:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-2824"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7241286"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P3Q7-769X-QQ9Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:28 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:28An open redirect in the Ninja Forms plugin before 3.3.19.1 for WordPress allows Remote Attackers to redirect a user via the lib/StepProcessing/step-processing.php (aka submissions download page) redirect parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-19796"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-12-03T06:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect in the Ninja Forms plugin before 3.3.19.1 for WordPress allows Remote Attackers to redirect a user via the lib/StepProcessing/step-processing.php (aka submissions download page) redirect parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-p3q7-769x-qq9q",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:28:01Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:28:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-19796"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/1982808/ninja-forms/trunk/lib/StepProcessing/step-processing.php"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/ninja-forms/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpvulndb.com/vulnerabilities/9154"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P44J-XRQG-4XRR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-03-08 21:06 – Updated: 2024-10-21 19:59Impact
What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?
Open redirect vulnerability - a maliciously crafted link to the login form and login functionality could redirect the browser to a different website.
Patches
Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?
The problem has been fixed in version 2.6.1. Depending on how you have installed Products.PluggableAuthService, you should change the buildout version pin to 2.6.1 and re-run the buildout, or if you used pip simply do pip install "Products.PluggableAuthService>=2.6.1"
Workarounds
Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?
There is no workaround. Users are encouraged to upgrade.
References
Are there any links users can visit to find out more?
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in the Products.PluggableAuthService issue tracker * Email us at security@plone.org
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Products.PluggableAuthService"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.6.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21337"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-03-08T21:06:09Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-03-08T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n_What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?_\n\nOpen redirect vulnerability - a maliciously crafted link to the login form and login functionality could redirect the browser to a different website.\n\n### Patches\n_Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?_\n\nThe problem has been fixed in version 2.6.1. Depending on how you have installed Products.PluggableAuthService, you should change the buildout version pin to `2.6.1` and re-run the buildout, or if you used `pip` simply do `pip install \"Products.PluggableAuthService\u003e=2.6.1\"`\n\n### Workarounds\n_Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?_\n\nThere is no workaround. Users are encouraged to upgrade.\n\n### References\n_Are there any links users can visit to find out more?_\n\n- [GHSA-p44j-xrqg-4xrr](https://github.com/zopefoundation/Products.PluggableAuthService/security/advisories/GHSA-p44j-xrqg-4xrr)\n- [Products.PluggableAuthService on PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/Products.PluggableAuthService/)\n- [OWASP page on open redirects](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Unvalidated_Redirects_and_Forwards_Cheat_Sheet.html)\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in the [Products.PluggableAuthService issue tracker](https://github.com/zopefoundation/Products.PluggableAuthService/issues)\n* Email us at [security@plone.org](mailto:security@plone.org)",
"id": "GHSA-p44j-xrqg-4xrr",
"modified": "2024-10-21T19:59:54Z",
"published": "2021-03-08T21:06:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zopefoundation/Products.PluggableAuthService/security/advisories/GHSA-p44j-xrqg-4xrr"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21337"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/zopefoundation/Products.PluggableAuthService/commit/7eead067898852ebd3e0f143bc51295928528dfa"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/products-pluggableauthservice/PYSEC-2021-45.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/zopefoundation/Products.PluggableAuthService"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pypi.org/project/Products.PluggableAuthService"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/162911/Products.PluggableAuthService-2.6.0-Open-Redirect.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) in Products.PluggableAuthService"
}
GHSA-P47R-G523-CX3R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-15 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-21 00:00Best Practical Request Tracker (RT) before 5.0.3 has an Open Redirect via a ticket search.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-25803"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-14T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Best Practical Request Tracker (RT) before 5.0.3 has an Open Redirect via a ticket search.",
"id": "GHSA-p47r-g523-cx3r",
"modified": "2022-07-21T00:00:35Z",
"published": "2022-07-15T00:00:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25803"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.bestpractical.com/release-notes/rt/5.0.3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.bestpractical.com/release-notes/rt/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P4HM-HCQJ-M7G5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-23 18:33 – Updated: 2024-08-23 18:33URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in OpenText™ Network Node Manager i (NNMi) allows URL Redirector Abuse.This issue affects Network Node Manager i (NNMi): 2022.11, 2023.05, 23.4, 24.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-7428"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-23T17:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in OpenText\u2122 Network Node Manager i (NNMi) allows URL Redirector Abuse.This issue affects Network Node Manager i (NNMi): 2022.11, 2023.05, 23.4, 24.2.",
"id": "GHSA-p4hm-hcqj-m7g5",
"modified": "2024-08-23T18:33:03Z",
"published": "2024-08-23T18:33:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7428"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.microfocus.com/s/article/KM000033015?language=en_US"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:N/AU:N/R:A/V:C/RE:L/U:Red",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-P4JG-PM94-8PXC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-19 18:32 – Updated: 2024-08-19 18:32URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Salon Booking System Salon booking system.This issue affects Salon booking system: from n/a through 10.8.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-43280"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-19T18:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Salon Booking System Salon booking system.This issue affects Salon booking system: from n/a through 10.8.1.",
"id": "GHSA-p4jg-pm94-8pxc",
"modified": "2024-08-19T18:32:08Z",
"published": "2024-08-19T18:32:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43280"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/salon-booking-system/wordpress-salon-booking-system-plugin-10-8-1-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P532-R78R-7WW3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-15 18:30 – Updated: 2024-01-15 18:30Open Redirect vulnerability in FireEye HXTool affecting version 4.6, the exploitation of which could allow an attacker to redirect a legitimate user to a malicious page by changing the 'redirect_uri' parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0319"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-15T17:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open Redirect vulnerability in FireEye HXTool affecting version 4.6, the exploitation of which could allow an attacker to redirect a legitimate user to a malicious page by changing the \u0027redirect_uri\u0027 parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-p532-r78r-7ww3",
"modified": "2024-01-15T18:30:18Z",
"published": "2024-01-15T18:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0319"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/multiple-vulnerabilities-fireeye-products"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P546-7WHM-CXPM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-18 21:31 – Updated: 2026-02-20 00:31An URL redirection vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed attacker-controlled redirects to leak sensitive authorization tokens. The repository_pages API insecurely followed HTTP redirects when fetching artifact URLs, preserving the authorization header containing a privileged JWT. An authenticated user could redirect these requests to an attacker-controlled domain, exfiltrate the Actions.ManageOrgs JWT, and leverage it for potential remote code execution. Attackers would require access to the target GitHub Enterprise Server instance and the ability to exploit a legacy redirect to an attacker-controlled domain. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.19 and was fixed in versions 3.19.2, 3.18.4, 3.17.10, 3.16.13, 3.15.17, and 3.14.22. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-0573"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-18T21:16:22Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An URL redirection vulnerability was identified in GitHub Enterprise Server that allowed attacker-controlled redirects to leak sensitive authorization tokens. The repository_pages API insecurely followed HTTP redirects when fetching artifact URLs, preserving the authorization header containing a privileged JWT. An authenticated user could redirect these requests to an attacker-controlled domain, exfiltrate the Actions.ManageOrgs JWT, and leverage it for potential remote code execution. Attackers would require access to the target GitHub Enterprise Server instance and the ability to exploit a legacy redirect to an attacker-controlled domain. This vulnerability affected all versions of GitHub Enterprise Server prior to 3.19 and was fixed in versions 3.19.2, 3.18.4, 3.17.10, 3.16.13, 3.15.17, and 3.14.22. This vulnerability was reported via the GitHub Bug Bounty program.",
"id": "GHSA-p546-7whm-cxpm",
"modified": "2026-02-20T00:31:52Z",
"published": "2026-02-18T21:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-0573"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.14/admin/release-notes#3.14.22"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.15/admin/release-notes#3.15.17"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.16/admin/release-notes#3.16.13"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.17/admin/release-notes#3.17.10"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.18/admin/release-notes#3.18.4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise-server@3.19/admin/release-notes#3.19.2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.