CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2307 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-PGG5-QQ33-FX32
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:14 – Updated: 2023-10-06 06:30SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP Business Server Pages Test Application IT00, versions 700, 701, 702, 730, 731, 740, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, allows an attacker to redirect users to a malicious site due to insufficient URL validation and steal credentials of the victim, leading to URL Redirection vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-6215"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-04-14T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SAP NetWeaver AS ABAP Business Server Pages Test Application IT00, versions 700, 701, 702, 730, 731, 740, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, allows an attacker to redirect users to a malicious site due to insufficient URL validation and steal credentials of the victim, leading to URL Redirection vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-pgg5-qq33-fx32",
"modified": "2023-10-06T06:30:16Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:14:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-6215"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/2872782"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.scn.sap.com/wiki/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=544214202"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/174985/SAP-Application-Server-ABAP-Open-Redirection.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2023/Oct/13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PGGH-6F57-MFX9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-01 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-17 00:04An issue was discovered in the web application in Cherwell Service Management (CSM) 10.2.3. Injection of a malicious payload within the RelayState= parameter of the HTTP request body results in the hijacking of the form action. Form-action hijacking vulnerabilities arise when an application places user-supplied input into the action URL of an HTML form. An attacker can use this vulnerability to construct a URL that, if visited by another application user, will modify the action URL of a form to point to the attacker's server.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-26156"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-28T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in the web application in Cherwell Service Management (CSM) 10.2.3. Injection of a malicious payload within the RelayState= parameter of the HTTP request body results in the hijacking of the form action. Form-action hijacking vulnerabilities arise when an application places user-supplied input into the action URL of an HTML form. An attacker can use this vulnerability to construct a URL that, if visited by another application user, will modify the action URL of a form to point to the attacker\u0027s server.",
"id": "GHSA-pggh-6f57-mfx9",
"modified": "2022-03-17T00:04:46Z",
"published": "2022-03-01T00:00:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-26156"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/l00neyhacker/CVE-2022-26156"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://help.cherwell.com/bundle/release_notes_10_4_help_only/page/content/release_notes/10_4_0_fix_list.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PGH6-M65R-2RHQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-10-12 16:04 – Updated: 2021-10-21 14:57Impact
A redirect vulnerability in the fastify-static module allows remote attackers to redirect Mozilla Firefox users to arbitrary websites via a double slash // followed by a domain: http://localhost:3000//a//youtube.com/%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e.
A DOS vulnerability is possible if the URL contains invalid characters curl --path-as-is "http://localhost:3000//^/.."
The issue shows up on all the fastify-static applications that set redirect: true option. By default, it is false.
Patches
The issue has been patched in fastify-static@4.4.1
Workarounds
If updating is not an option, you can sanitize the input URLs using the rewriteUrl server option.
References
- Bug founder: drstrnegth
- hackerone Report
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in fastify-static * Contact the security team
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "fastify-static"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.2.4"
},
{
"fixed": "4.4.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-22964"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-248",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-10-11T18:38:24Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-10-14T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nA redirect vulnerability in the `fastify-static` module allows remote attackers to redirect Mozilla Firefox users to arbitrary websites via a double slash `//` followed by a domain: `http://localhost:3000//a//youtube.com/%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e`.\n\nA DOS vulnerability is possible if the URL contains invalid characters `curl --path-as-is \"http://localhost:3000//^/..\"`\n\nThe issue shows up on all the `fastify-static` applications that set `redirect: true` option. By default, it is `false`.\n\n### Patches\nThe issue has been patched in `fastify-static@4.4.1`\n\n### Workarounds\nIf updating is not an option, you can sanitize the input URLs using the [`rewriteUrl`](https://www.fastify.io/docs/latest/Server/#rewriteurl) server option.\n\n### References\n\n+ Bug founder: drstrnegth\n+ [hackerone Report](https://hackerone.com/reports/1361804)\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in [fastify-static](https://github.com/fastify/fastify-static)\n* Contact the [security team](https://github.com/fastify/fastify/blob/main/SECURITY.md#the-fastify-security-team)\n",
"id": "GHSA-pgh6-m65r-2rhq",
"modified": "2021-10-21T14:57:14Z",
"published": "2021-10-12T16:04:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fastify/fastify-static/security/advisories/GHSA-pgh6-m65r-2rhq"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22964"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fastify/fastify-static/commit/c31f17d107cb19a0e96733c80a9abf16c56166d4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1361804"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/fastify/fastify-static"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "DOS and Open Redirect with user input"
}
GHSA-PH8W-V57G-J3G7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-08 15:30 – Updated: 2025-04-17 18:31Lack of "current" GET parameter validation during the action of changing a language leads to an open redirect vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-6552"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-08T13:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Lack of \"current\" GET parameter validation during the action of changing a language leads to an open redirect vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-ph8w-v57g-j3g7",
"modified": "2025-04-17T18:31:03Z",
"published": "2024-01-08T15:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-6552"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TasmoAdmin/TasmoAdmin/pull/1039"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.pl/en/posts/2024/01/CVE-2023-6552"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cert.pl/posts/2024/01/CVE-2023-6552"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHCQ-JXJ6-JPJQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-07 00:30 – Updated: 2025-11-07 00:30A flaw was found in Red Hat Single Sign-On. This issue is an Open Redirect vulnerability that occurs during the logout process. The redirect_uri parameter associated with the openid-connect logout protocol does not properly validate the provided URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-12789"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-07T00:15:53Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in Red Hat Single Sign-On. This issue is an Open Redirect vulnerability that occurs during the logout process. The redirect_uri parameter associated with the openid-connect logout protocol does not properly validate the provided URL.",
"id": "GHSA-phcq-jxj6-jpjq",
"modified": "2025-11-07T00:30:32Z",
"published": "2025-11-07T00:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-12789"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2025-12789"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2413001"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHFX-X4Q3-W99V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-22 00:30 – Updated: 2023-11-22 00:30An issue was discovered in ownCloud owncloud/oauth2 before 0.6.1, when Allow Subdomains is enabled. An attacker is able to pass in a crafted redirect-url that bypasses validation, and consequently allows an attacker to redirect callbacks to a Top Level Domain controlled by the attacker.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-49104"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-21T22:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in ownCloud owncloud/oauth2 before 0.6.1, when Allow Subdomains is enabled. An attacker is able to pass in a crafted redirect-url that bypasses validation, and consequently allows an attacker to redirect callbacks to a Top Level Domain controlled by the attacker.",
"id": "GHSA-phfx-x4q3-w99v",
"modified": "2023-11-22T00:30:21Z",
"published": "2023-11-22T00:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49104"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://owncloud.com/security-advisories/subdomain-validation-bypass"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://owncloud.org/security"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHJ7-PHJC-R9WG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-10 21:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:32URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in EventPrime Events EventPrime.This issue affects EventPrime: from n/a through 4.0.4.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-47648"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-10T19:15:17Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in EventPrime Events EventPrime.This issue affects EventPrime: from n/a through 4.0.4.5.",
"id": "GHSA-phj7-phjc-r9wg",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:32:01Z",
"published": "2024-10-10T21:30:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-47648"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/eventprime-event-calendar-management/vulnerability/wordpress-eventprime-plugin-4-0-4-5-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/vulnerability/eventprime-event-calendar-management/wordpress-eventprime-plugin-4-0-4-5-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHQ8-W785-CHH2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:42 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:42An issue was discovered in BTITeam XBTIT 2.5.4. The "returnto" parameter of account_change.php is vulnerable to an open redirect, a different vulnerability than CVE-2018-15683.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-17870"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-10-01T23:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in BTITeam XBTIT 2.5.4. The \"returnto\" parameter of account_change.php is vulnerable to an open redirect, a different vulnerability than CVE-2018-15683.",
"id": "GHSA-phq8-w785-chh2",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:42:28Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:42:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-17870"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/btiteam/xbtit/pull/59"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-PHQM-82J2-RC5X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-20 03:30 – Updated: 2025-07-20 03:30A vulnerability was found in thinkgem JeeSite up to 5.12.0 and classified as problematic. Affected by this issue is the function redirectUrl of the file src/main/java/com/jeesite/common/web/http/ServletUtils.java. The manipulation of the argument url leads to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. The name of the patch is 3d06b8d009d0267f0255acc87ea19d29d07cedc3. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-7863"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-20T03:15:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in thinkgem JeeSite up to 5.12.0 and classified as problematic. Affected by this issue is the function redirectUrl of the file src/main/java/com/jeesite/common/web/http/ServletUtils.java. The manipulation of the argument url leads to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. The name of the patch is 3d06b8d009d0267f0255acc87ea19d29d07cedc3. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-phqm-82j2-rc5x",
"modified": "2025-07-20T03:30:19Z",
"published": "2025-07-20T03:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7863"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/thinkgem/jeesite5/issues/30"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/thinkgem/jeesite5/issues/30#issuecomment-3045861920"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/thinkgem/jeesite5/commit/3d06b8d009d0267f0255acc87ea19d29d07cedc3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.316976"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.316976"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.618188"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-PJC4-3W99-J7V4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-06-15 15:56 – Updated: 2024-09-20 20:01This affects the package Flask-Unchained before 0.9.0. When using the the _validate_redirect_url function, it is possible to bypass URL validation and redirect a user to an arbitrary URL by providing multiple back slashes such as \\evil.com/path. This vulnerability is only exploitable if an alternative WSGI server other than Werkzeug is used, or the default behaviour of Werkzeug is modified using 'autocorrect_location_header=False.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "Flask-Unchained"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.9.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-23393"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-06-14T19:36:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "This affects the package Flask-Unchained before 0.9.0. When using the the _validate_redirect_url function, it is possible to bypass URL validation and redirect a user to an arbitrary URL by providing multiple back slashes such as \\\\\\evil.com/path. This vulnerability is only exploitable if an alternative WSGI server other than Werkzeug is used, or the default behaviour of Werkzeug is modified using \u0027autocorrect_location_header=False.",
"id": "GHSA-pjc4-3w99-j7v4",
"modified": "2024-09-20T20:01:50Z",
"published": "2021-06-15T15:56:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-23393"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/briancappello/flask-unchained/commit/2bfeedf1bc31df851cab8c66df0c432b10406aad"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/briancappello/flask-unchained/commit/71e36b28166f9ffbe0a991f51127f0984f7e6a40"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-pjc4-3w99-j7v4"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/flask-unchained/PYSEC-2021-96.yaml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-PYTHON-FLASKUNCHAINED-1293189"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect in Flask-Unchained"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.