CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5381 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-C439-XXV3-PCX2
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-09 00:01 – Updated: 2022-07-13 00:01Multiple improper neutralization of special elements used in a command vulnerabilities [CWE-77] in FortiWeb management interface 6.4.1 and below, 6.3.15 and below, 6.2.5 and below may allow an authenticated attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via crafted parameters of HTTP requests.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-36180"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-08T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Multiple improper neutralization of special elements used in a command vulnerabilities [CWE-77] in FortiWeb management interface 6.4.1 and below, 6.3.15 and below, 6.2.5 and below may allow an authenticated attacker to execute unauthorized code or commands via crafted parameters of HTTP requests.",
"id": "GHSA-c439-xxv3-pcx2",
"modified": "2022-07-13T00:01:30Z",
"published": "2021-12-09T00:01:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-36180"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://fortiguard.com/advisory/FG-IR-21-120"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C43G-P8P7-6GMR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-19 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-26 00:00Tenda AC9 v15.03.2.21 was discovered to contain a buffer overflow via the time parameter in the saveparentcontrolinfo function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-25429"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-18T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Tenda AC9 v15.03.2.21 was discovered to contain a buffer overflow via the time parameter in the saveparentcontrolinfo function.",
"id": "GHSA-c43g-p8p7-6gmr",
"modified": "2022-03-26T00:00:42Z",
"published": "2022-03-19T00:00:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-25429"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/EPhaha/IOT_vuln/tree/main/Tenda/AC9/1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C45F-33WQ-X2QC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-30 00:31 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:33getresetstatus in dns/views.py and ftp/views.py in CyberPanel (aka Cyber Panel) before 1c0c6cb allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and execute arbitrary commands via /dns/getresetstatus or /ftp/getresetstatus by bypassing secMiddleware (which is only for a POST request) and using shell metacharacters in the statusfile property, as exploited in the wild in October 2024 by PSAUX. Versions through 2.3.6 and (unpatched) 2.3.7 are affected.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-51378"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-276",
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-29T23:15:04Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "getresetstatus in dns/views.py and ftp/views.py in CyberPanel (aka Cyber Panel) before 1c0c6cb allows remote attackers to bypass authentication and execute arbitrary commands via /dns/getresetstatus or /ftp/getresetstatus by bypassing secMiddleware (which is only for a POST request) and using shell metacharacters in the statusfile property, as exploited in the wild in October 2024 by PSAUX. Versions through 2.3.6 and (unpatched) 2.3.7 are affected.",
"id": "GHSA-c45f-33wq-x2qc",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:33:11Z",
"published": "2024-10-30T00:31:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-51378"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/usmannasir/cyberpanel/commit/1c0c6cbcf71abe573da0b5fddfb9603e7477f683"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/420.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/78.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cyberpanel.net/KnowledgeBase/home/change-logs"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cyberpanel.net/blog/detials-and-fix-of-recent-security-issue-and-patch-of-cyberpanel"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://refr4g.github.io/posts/cyberpanel-command-injection-vulnerability"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/massive-psaux-ransomware-attack-targets-22-000-cyberpanel-instances"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2024-51378"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C45V-Q3W8-JQPQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-24 18:30 – Updated: 2024-08-24 18:30A vulnerability was found in D-Link DNS-120, DNR-202L, DNS-315L, DNS-320, DNS-320L, DNS-320LW, DNS-321, DNR-322L, DNS-323, DNS-325, DNS-326, DNS-327L, DNR-326, DNS-340L, DNS-343, DNS-345, DNS-726-4, DNS-1100-4, DNS-1200-05 and DNS-1550-04 up to 20240814 and classified as critical. Affected by this issue is the function module_enable_disable of the file /cgi-bin/apkg_mgr.cgi of the component HTTP POST Request Handler. The manipulation of the argument f_module_name leads to command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. NOTE: Vendor was contacted early and confirmed that the product is end-of-life. It should be retired and replaced.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8131"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-24T18:15:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in D-Link DNS-120, DNR-202L, DNS-315L, DNS-320, DNS-320L, DNS-320LW, DNS-321, DNR-322L, DNS-323, DNS-325, DNS-326, DNS-327L, DNR-326, DNS-340L, DNS-343, DNS-345, DNS-726-4, DNS-1100-4, DNS-1200-05 and DNS-1550-04 up to 20240814 and classified as critical. Affected by this issue is the function module_enable_disable of the file /cgi-bin/apkg_mgr.cgi of the component HTTP POST Request Handler. The manipulation of the argument f_module_name leads to command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer. NOTE: Vendor was contacted early and confirmed that the product is end-of-life. It should be retired and replaced.",
"id": "GHSA-c45v-q3w8-jqpq",
"modified": "2024-08-24T18:30:46Z",
"published": "2024-08-24T18:30:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8131"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/BuaaIOTTeam/Iot_Dlink_NAS/blob/main/DNS_module_enable_disable.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://supportannouncement.us.dlink.com/security/publication.aspx?name=SAP10383"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.275702"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.275702"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.396292"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-C4FJ-3WQQ-G9C9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 00:55 – Updated: 2023-08-02 21:13The escape_command function in include/Administration/corePerformance/getStats.php in Centreon (formerly Merethis Centreon) 2.5.4 and earlier (offending file deleted in Centreon 19.10.0) uses an incorrect regular expression, which allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the ns_id parameter.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "centreon/centreon"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.8.28"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-1561"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-08-02T21:07:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2015-07-14T16:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The `escape_command` function in `include/Administration/corePerformance/getStats.php` in Centreon (formerly Merethis Centreon) 2.5.4 and earlier (offending file deleted in Centreon 19.10.0) uses an incorrect regular expression, which allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the `ns_id` parameter.\n\n",
"id": "GHSA-c4fj-3wqq-g9c9",
"modified": "2023-08-02T21:13:03Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T00:55:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-1561"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/centreon/centreon-archived/pull/7083"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/centreon/centreon-archived/pull/7271"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/centreon/centreon-archived/commit/387dffdd051dbc7a234e1138a9d06f3089bb55bb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/centreon/centreon-archived/commit/a78c60aad6fd5af9b51a6d5de5d65560ea37a98a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://forge.centreon.com/projects/centreon/repository/revisions/387dffdd051dbc7a234e1138a9d06f3089bb55bb"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/centreon/centreon-archived"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201125112637/http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/535961/100/0/threaded"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/132607/Merethis-Centreon-2.5.4-SQL-Injection-Remote-Command-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Centreon Command Injection"
}
GHSA-C4H7-MP9W-G2WR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-13 18:31 – Updated: 2025-11-13 21:31A command injection vulnerability exists in the D-Link DIR-882 Router firmware DIR882A1_FW102B02 within the prog.cgi and rc binaries. The sub_432F60 function in prog.cgi stores user-supplied SetSysLogSettings/IPAddress values in NVRAM via nvram_safe_set("SysLogRemote_IPAddress", ...). These values are later retrieved in the sub_448DCC function of rc using nvram_safe_get and concatenated into a shell command executed via twsystem() without any sanitization. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary commands on the device through specially crafted HTTP requests to the router's web interface.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-60698"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-13T18:15:53Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability exists in the D-Link DIR-882 Router firmware DIR882A1_FW102B02 within the `prog.cgi` and `rc` binaries. The `sub_432F60` function in `prog.cgi` stores user-supplied `SetSysLogSettings/IPAddress` values in NVRAM via `nvram_safe_set(\"SysLogRemote_IPAddress\", ...)`. These values are later retrieved in the `sub_448DCC` function of `rc` using `nvram_safe_get` and concatenated into a shell command executed via `twsystem()` without any sanitization. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exploit this vulnerability to execute arbitrary commands on the device through specially crafted HTTP requests to the router\u0027s web interface.",
"id": "GHSA-c4h7-mp9w-g2wr",
"modified": "2025-11-13T21:31:19Z",
"published": "2025-11-13T18:31:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-60698"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/yifan20020708/SGTaint-0-day/blob/main/DLink/DLink-DIR-882/2.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/yifan20020708/SGTaint-0-day/blob/main/DLink/DLink-DIR-882/CVE-2025-60698.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C4MW-PXCP-988M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-12-03 15:30 – Updated: 2025-12-03 18:30AVTECH SECURITY Corporation DGM1104 FullImg-1015-1004-1006-1003 was discovered to contain an authenticated command injection vulnerability in the test_mail function. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted input.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-57200"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-12-03T15:15:52Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "AVTECH SECURITY Corporation DGM1104 FullImg-1015-1004-1006-1003 was discovered to contain an authenticated command injection vulnerability in the test_mail function. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted input.",
"id": "GHSA-c4mw-pxcp-988m",
"modified": "2025-12-03T18:30:24Z",
"published": "2025-12-03T15:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-57200"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xchg-rax-rax/vulnerability-research/tree/main/CVE-2025-57200"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://avtech.com"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://dgm1104.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C4P6-9XVF-X54W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-05-14 18:30 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:40TOTOLINK outdoor CPE CP450 v4.1.0cu.747_B20191224 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the setWebWlanIdx function via the webWlanIdx parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-34206"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-05-14T15:38:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "TOTOLINK outdoor CPE CP450 v4.1.0cu.747_B20191224 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability in the setWebWlanIdx function via the webWlanIdx parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-c4p6-9xvf-x54w",
"modified": "2024-07-03T18:40:55Z",
"published": "2024-05-14T18:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-34206"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/n0wstr/IOTVuln/tree/main/CP450/setWebWlanIdx"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C4WX-89J8-9HMM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:59 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:59Command inject in transfer from another server in extplorer 2.1.9 and prior allows attacker to inject command via the userfile[0] parameter.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-12756"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-08-09T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Command inject in transfer from another server in extplorer 2.1.9 and prior allows attacker to inject command via the userfile[0] parameter.",
"id": "GHSA-c4wx-89j8-9hmm",
"modified": "2022-05-17T01:59:05Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T01:59:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12756"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://extplorer.net/news/21"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-C524-Q7R6-H3VJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-03 19:00 – Updated: 2025-05-05 15:30D-Link DIR-823G v1.0.2 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the function SetNetworkTomographySettings. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted packet.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-43109"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-11-03T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "D-Link DIR-823G v1.0.2 was found to contain a command injection vulnerability in the function SetNetworkTomographySettings. This vulnerability allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted packet.",
"id": "GHSA-c524-q7r6-h3vj",
"modified": "2025-05-05T15:30:39Z",
"published": "2022-11-03T19:00:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-43109"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/ppcrab/IOT_FIRMWARE/blob/main/%E5%8F%8B%E8%AE%AF/dir-823g/cve_v1.0.2.pdf"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dlink.com/en/security-bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.