CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5397 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-M3C4-PRHW-MRX6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-16 15:49 – Updated: 2026-01-16 15:49Summary
A prior patch aimed to block spawning Windows batch/shell files by returning an error when a spawned path’s extension matched .bat or .cmd. That check performs a case-sensitive comparison against lowercase literals and therefore can be bypassed when the extension uses alternate casing (for example .BAT, .Bat, etc.).
POC
const command = new Deno.Command('./test.BAT', {
args: ['&calc.exe'],
});
const child = command.spawn();
This causes calc.exe to be launched; see the attached screenshot for evidence.
Patched in CVE-2025-61787 — prevents execution of .bat and .cmd files:
Bypass of the patched vulnerability:
Impact
The script launches calc.exe on Windows, demonstrating that passing user-controlled arguments to a spawned batch script can result in command-line injection.
Mitigation
Users should update to Deno v2.5.6 or newer.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "deno"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.5.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-22864"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-16T15:49:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-15T23:15:51Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\nA prior patch aimed to block spawning Windows batch/shell files by returning an error when a spawned path\u2019s extension matched `.bat` or `.cmd`. That check performs a case-sensitive comparison against lowercase literals and therefore can be bypassed when the extension uses alternate casing (for example `.BAT, .Bat`, etc.).\n\n### POC\n```javascript\nconst command = new Deno.Command(\u0027./test.BAT\u0027, {\n args: [\u0027\u0026calc.exe\u0027],\n});\nconst child = command.spawn();\n```\nThis causes `calc.exe` to be launched; see the attached screenshot for evidence.\n\n**Patched in `CVE-2025-61787` \u2014 prevents execution of `.bat` and `.cmd` files:**\n\n\n**Bypass of the patched vulnerability:**\n\n\n\n### Impact\nThe script launches calc.exe on Windows, demonstrating that passing user-controlled arguments to a spawned batch script can result in command-line injection.\n\n### Mitigation\n\nUsers should update to Deno v2.5.6 or newer.",
"id": "GHSA-m3c4-prhw-mrx6",
"modified": "2026-01-16T15:49:38Z",
"published": "2026-01-16T15:49:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/denoland/deno/security/advisories/GHSA-m3c4-prhw-mrx6"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-22864"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/denoland/deno"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/denoland/deno/releases/tag/v2.5.6"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Deno has an incomplete fix for command-injection prevention on Windows \u2014 case-insensitive extension bypass"
}
GHSA-M3FM-4744-QMHG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-06 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-30 21:30An OS command injection vulnerability has been reported to affect HBS 3 Hybrid Backup Sync. If exploited, the vulnerability could allow remote attackers to execute commands.
We have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version: HBS 3 Hybrid Backup Sync 25.1.1.673 and later
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-50388"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-12-06T17:15:09Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An OS command injection vulnerability has been reported to affect HBS 3 Hybrid Backup Sync. If exploited, the vulnerability could allow remote attackers to execute commands.\n\nWe have already fixed the vulnerability in the following version:\nHBS 3 Hybrid Backup Sync 25.1.1.673 and later",
"id": "GHSA-m3fm-4744-qmhg",
"modified": "2026-01-30T21:30:18Z",
"published": "2024-12-06T18:30:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-50388"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.qnap.com/en/security-advisory/qsa-24-41"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M3HW-QCRG-C646
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-04-28 18:30 – Updated: 2026-07-09 15:31A vulnerability was found in Ubiquiti EdgeRouter X up to 2.0.9-hotfix.6. It has been declared as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the component Web Management Interface. The manipulation of the argument name leads to command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-227653 was assigned to this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-2377"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-04-28T16:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Ubiquiti EdgeRouter X up to 2.0.9-hotfix.6. It has been declared as critical. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the component Web Management Interface. The manipulation of the argument name leads to command injection. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-227653 was assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-m3hw-qcrg-c646",
"modified": "2026-07-09T15:31:51Z",
"published": "2023-04-28T18:30:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-2377"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/leetsun/IoT/tree/main/EdgeRouterX/CI/9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.227653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.227653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2023-2377"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/114081"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/227653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/227653/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M3M4-WGH9-W3H5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-12 00:30 – Updated: 2024-12-24 06:30Sublime Text 4 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the New Build System module.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-25255"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-11T23:15:05Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Sublime Text 4 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the New Build System module.",
"id": "GHSA-m3m4-wgh9-w3h5",
"modified": "2024-12-24T06:30:42Z",
"published": "2024-11-12T00:30:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-25255"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exploitart.ist/exploit/2023/09/17/sublime-text-os-command-injection.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://forum.sublimetext.com/t/cve-2024-25255-critical/74906/3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sublimetext.com/docs/build_systems.html#exec-target-options"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sublimetext.com/docs/build_systems.html#shell_cmd."
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M3R3-6H88-6H6J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-01 09:30 – Updated: 2023-03-04 06:30Authenticated command injection vulnerabilities exist in the ArubaOS command line interface. Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities result in the ability to execute arbitrary commands as a privileged user on the underlying operating system.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-22762"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-01T08:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Authenticated command injection vulnerabilities exist in the ArubaOS command line interface. Successful exploitation of these vulnerabilities result in the ability to execute arbitrary commands as a privileged user on the underlying operating system.",
"id": "GHSA-m3r3-6h88-6h6j",
"modified": "2023-03-04T06:30:22Z",
"published": "2023-03-01T09:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-22762"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2023-002.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M3VC-G23P-W9P4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-21 15:32 – Updated: 2025-02-21 15:32A vulnerability was found in Raisecom Multi-Service Intelligent Gateway up to 20250208. It has been declared as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /vpn/vpn_template_style.php of the component Request Parameter Handler. The manipulation of the argument stylenum leads to os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1536"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-21T15:15:12Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Raisecom Multi-Service Intelligent Gateway up to 20250208. It has been declared as critical. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /vpn/vpn_template_style.php of the component Request Parameter Handler. The manipulation of the argument stylenum leads to os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-m3vc-g23p-w9p4",
"modified": "2025-02-21T15:32:03Z",
"published": "2025-02-21T15:32:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1536"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/koishi0x01/CVE/blob/main/CVE_1.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.296476"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.296476"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.497021"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-M42H-MH85-4QGC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-03-13 17:28 – Updated: 2023-07-05 20:28Possible Remote Code Execution Exploit in Rails Development Mode
Impact
With some knowledge of a target application it is possible for an attacker to guess the automatically generated development mode secret token. This secret token can be used in combination with other Rails internals to escalate to a remote code execution exploit.
All users running an affected release should either upgrade or use one of the workarounds immediately.
Releases
The 6.0.0.beta3 and 5.2.2.1 releases are available at the normal locations.
Workarounds
This issue can be mitigated by specifying a secret key in development mode. In "config/environments/development.rb" add this:
config.secret_key_base = SecureRandom.hex(64)
Please note that only the 5.2.x, 5.1.x, 5.0.x, and 4.2.x series are supported at present. Users of earlier unsupported releases are advised to upgrade as soon as possible as we cannot guarantee the continued availability of security fixes for unsupported releases.
Credits
Thanks to ooooooo_q
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.2.2.0"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "RubyGems",
"name": "railties"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.2.2.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-5420"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-330",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T21:44:46Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-03-27T14:29:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "# Possible Remote Code Execution Exploit in Rails Development Mode\n\nImpact \n------ \nWith some knowledge of a target application it is possible for an attacker to guess the automatically generated development mode secret token. This secret token can be used in combination with other Rails internals to escalate to a remote code execution exploit. \n\nAll users running an affected release should either upgrade or use one of the workarounds immediately. \n\nReleases \n-------- \nThe 6.0.0.beta3 and 5.2.2.1 releases are available at the normal locations. \n\nWorkarounds \n----------- \nThis issue can be mitigated by specifying a secret key in development mode. \nIn \"config/environments/development.rb\" add this: \n\n```\n config.secret_key_base = SecureRandom.hex(64) \n```\n\nPlease note that only the 5.2.x, 5.1.x, 5.0.x, and 4.2.x series are supported at present. Users of earlier unsupported releases are advised to upgrade as soon as possible as we cannot guarantee the continued availability of security fixes for unsupported releases. \n\nCredits \n------- \nThanks to ooooooo_q \n",
"id": "GHSA-m42h-mh85-4qgc",
"modified": "2023-07-05T20:28:26Z",
"published": "2019-03-13T17:28:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-5420"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/railties/CVE-2019-5420.yml"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/rubyonrails-security/IsQKvDqZdKw"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/Y43636TH4D6T46IC6N2RQVJTRFJAAYGA"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2019/3/13/Rails-4-2-5-1-5-1-6-2-have-been-released"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/46785"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/152704/Ruby-On-Rails-DoubleTap-Development-Mode-secret_key_base-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Use of Insufficiently Random Values in Railties Allows Remote Code Execution"
}
GHSA-M46C-2XGF-GFRV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-05 18:32 – Updated: 2025-05-05 18:32Tenda AC9 v15.03.05.14 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the Telnet function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-45042"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-05T16:15:51Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "Tenda AC9 v15.03.05.14 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the Telnet function.",
"id": "GHSA-m46c-2xgf-gfrv",
"modified": "2025-05-05T18:32:52Z",
"published": "2025-05-05T18:32:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-45042"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Ghostsuzhijian/Iot-/blob/main/ac9_telnetd/rx3_telnetd.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-M47C-JF7W-67W3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-27 00:01 – Updated: 2022-01-05 00:01Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects RBK752 before 3.2.16.6, RBR750 before 3.2.16.6, RBS750 before 3.2.16.6, RBK852 before 3.2.16.6, RBR850 before 3.2.16.6, and RBS850 before 3.2.16.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-45577"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-26T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by command injection by an authenticated user. This affects RBK752 before 3.2.16.6, RBR750 before 3.2.16.6, RBS750 before 3.2.16.6, RBK852 before 3.2.16.6, RBR850 before 3.2.16.6, and RBS850 before 3.2.16.6.",
"id": "GHSA-m47c-jf7w-67w3",
"modified": "2022-01-05T00:01:24Z",
"published": "2021-12-27T00:01:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-45577"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000064099/Security-Advisory-for-Post-Authentication-Command-Injection-on-Some-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0085"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-M4CP-QJ9V-7WPC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-15 00:32 – Updated: 2026-02-23 15:31Implementation of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) operating on the Brocade 6547 (FC5022) embedded switch blade, makes internal script calls to system.sh from within the SNMP binary. An authenticated attacker could perform command or parameter injection on SNMP operations that are only enabled on the Brocade 6547 (FC5022) embedded switch. This injection could allow the authenticated attacker to issue commands as Root.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-5461"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-15T00:15:13Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Implementation of the Simple Network \nManagement Protocol (SNMP) operating on the Brocade 6547 (FC5022) \nembedded switch blade, makes internal script calls to system.sh from \nwithin the SNMP binary. An authenticated attacker could perform command \nor parameter injection on SNMP operations that are only enabled on the \nBrocade 6547 (FC5022) embedded switch. This injection could allow the \nauthenticated attacker to issue commands as Root.",
"id": "GHSA-m4cp-qj9v-7wpc",
"modified": "2026-02-23T15:31:13Z",
"published": "2025-02-15T00:32:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-5461"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.broadcom.com/web/ecx/support-content-notification/-/external/content/SecurityAdvisories/0/24411"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.