CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5381 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-WXM8-FMQV-9X7Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-08 18:30 – Updated: 2026-01-08 18:30A command injection vulnerability exists in the GL-iNet GL-AXT1800 router firmware v4.6.8. The vulnerability is present in the plugins.install_package RPC method, which fails to properly sanitize user input in package names. Authenticated attackers can exploit this to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-67089"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-08T16:15:45Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A command injection vulnerability exists in the GL-iNet GL-AXT1800 router firmware v4.6.8. The vulnerability is present in the `plugins.install_package` RPC method, which fails to properly sanitize user input in package names. Authenticated attackers can exploit this to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges",
"id": "GHSA-wxm8-fmqv-9x7q",
"modified": "2026-01-08T18:30:49Z",
"published": "2026-01-08T18:30:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-67089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://aleksazatezalo.medium.com/critical-command-injection-vulnerability-in-gl-inet-gl-axt1800-router-firmware-e6d67d81ee51?postPublishedType=repub"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.gl-inet.com/security-updates"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WXMP-JJXP-G7GP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-05 21:30 – Updated: 2025-06-05 21:30A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in FLIR AX8 up to 1.46.16. This affects the function subscribe_to_spot/subscribe_to_delta/subscribe_to_alarm of the file /usr/www/application/models/subscriptions.php of the component Backend. The manipulation leads to command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.55.16 is able to address this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-5695"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-05T21:15:22Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability classified as critical has been found in FLIR AX8 up to 1.46.16. This affects the function subscribe_to_spot/subscribe_to_delta/subscribe_to_alarm of the file /usr/www/application/models/subscriptions.php of the component Backend. The manipulation leads to command injection. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.55.16 is able to address this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component.",
"id": "GHSA-wxmp-jjxp-g7gp",
"modified": "2025-06-05T21:30:57Z",
"published": "2025-06-05T21:30:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-5695"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://flir.custhelp.com/app/account/fl_download_software"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/YZS17/CVE/blob/main/Command%20injection%20vulnerability%20in%20subscribe_to_delta()%20in%20FLIR%20AX8.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/YZS17/CVE/blob/main/Command%20injection%20vulnerability%20in%20subscribe_to_spot()%20in%20FLIR%20AX8.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.311211"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.311211"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.584532"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.585715"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.585716"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-WXQ3-C3WP-JM5Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-27 21:32 – Updated: 2024-06-27 21:32This Advisory describes an issue that impacts Arista Wireless Access Points. Any entity with the ability to authenticate via SSH to an affected AP as the “config” user is able to cause a privilege escalation via spawning a bash shell. The SSH CLI session does not require high permissions to exploit this vulnerability, but the config password is required to establish the session. The spawned shell is able to obtain root privileges.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-4578"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-06-27T19:15:15Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "This Advisory describes an issue that impacts Arista Wireless Access Points. Any entity with the ability to authenticate via SSH to an affected AP as the \u201cconfig\u201d user is able to cause a privilege escalation via spawning a bash shell. The SSH CLI session does not require high permissions to exploit this vulnerability, but the config password is required to establish the session. The spawned shell is able to obtain root privileges.",
"id": "GHSA-wxq3-c3wp-jm5q",
"modified": "2024-06-27T21:32:08Z",
"published": "2024-06-27T21:32:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-4578"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arista.com/en/support/advisories-notices/security-advisory/19844-security-advisory-0098"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WXRH-VJJP-RF4V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-04-11 00:00 – Updated: 2022-04-19 00:01InHand Networks InRouter 900 Industrial 4G Router before v1.0.0.r11700 was discovered to contain a remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability via the component ipsec_secrets. This vulnerability is triggered via a crafted packet.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-27270"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-04-10T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "InHand Networks InRouter 900 Industrial 4G Router before v1.0.0.r11700 was discovered to contain a remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability via the component ipsec_secrets. This vulnerability is triggered via a crafted packet.",
"id": "GHSA-wxrh-vjjp-rf4v",
"modified": "2022-04-19T00:01:27Z",
"published": "2022-04-11T00:00:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-27270"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1zJ2dGrKar-WTlYz13v1f0BIsoIm3aU0l?usp=sharing"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wu610777031/IoT_Hunter/blob/main/Inhand%20InRouter%20900%20Industrial%204G%20Router%20%20Vulnerabilities(RCE).pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WXRX-PC44-RCGC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-27 06:30 – Updated: 2025-01-14 15:52All versions of the package keep-module-latest are vulnerable to Command Injection due to missing input sanitization or other checks and sandboxes being employed to the installModule function.
Note:
To execute the code snippet and potentially exploit the vulnerability, the attacker needs to have the ability to run Node.js code within the target environment. This typically requires some level of access to the system or application hosting the Node.js environment.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "keep-module-latest"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-26128"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-05-30T20:07:35Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-27T05:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "All versions of the package keep-module-latest are vulnerable to Command Injection due to missing input sanitization or other checks and sandboxes being employed to the installModule function.\n\n**Note:**\n\nTo execute the code snippet and potentially exploit the vulnerability, the attacker needs to have the ability to run Node.js code within the target environment. This typically requires some level of access to the system or application hosting the Node.js environment.",
"id": "GHSA-wxrx-pc44-rcgc",
"modified": "2025-01-14T15:52:06Z",
"published": "2023-05-27T06:30:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-26128"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/liujunyang/keep-module-latest"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/liujunyang/keep-module-latest/blob/master/index.js%23L50"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-KEEPMODULELATEST-3157165"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "keep-module-latest vulnerable to Command Injection due to missing input sanitization "
}
GHSA-WXVM-H7P9-98QP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-09 18:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 03:55An issue was discovered on GL.iNet devices running firmware before 3.216. There is an arbitrary file write in which an empty file can be created almost anywhere on the filesystem, as long as the filename and path is no more than 6 characters (the working directory is /www).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-31476"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-09T16:15:14Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered on GL.iNet devices running firmware before 3.216. There is an arbitrary file write in which an empty file can be created almost anywhere on the filesystem, as long as the filename and path is no more than 6 characters (the working directory is /www).",
"id": "GHSA-wxvm-h7p9-98qp",
"modified": "2024-04-04T03:55:55Z",
"published": "2023-05-09T18:30:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-31476"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gl-inet/CVE-issues/blob/main/3.215/GL-MV1000_Arbitrary_File_Creation.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.gl-inet.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WXW2-RWMH-VR8F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-16 21:24 – Updated: 2026-05-11 13:30Impact
What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?
Command Injection vulnerabilities in electerm:
A command injection vulnerability exists in github.com/elcterm/electerm/npm/install.js:150. The runMac() function appends attacker-controlled remote releaseInfo.name directly into an exec("open ...") command without validation.
Who is impacted: Users who run npm install -g electerm in Mac OS. An attacker who can control the remote release metadata (version string or release name) served by the project's update server could execute arbitrary system commands, tamper local files, and escalate compromise of development/runtime assets.
Patches
Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?
Fixed in 59708b38c8a52f5db59d7d4eff98e31d573128ee, user no need to upgrade, the new version already published in npm
Workarounds
Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?
no
References
Are there any links users can visit to find out more?
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "electerm"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.3.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-41500"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-16T21:24:22Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-08T04:16:17Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Impact\n_What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?_\n\n**Command Injection vulnerabilities in electerm:**\n\nA command injection vulnerability exists in `github.com/elcterm/electerm/npm/install.js:150`. The `runMac()` function appends attacker-controlled remote `releaseInfo.name` directly into an `exec(\"open ...\")` command without validation.\n\n**Who is impacted:** Users who run `npm install -g electerm` in Mac OS. An attacker who can control the remote release metadata (version string or release name) served by the project\u0027s update server could execute arbitrary system commands, tamper local files, and escalate compromise of development/runtime assets.\n\n---\n\n### Patches\n_Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?_\n\nFixed in [59708b38c8a52f5db59d7d4eff98e31d573128ee](https://github.com/electerm/electerm/commit/59708b38c8a52f5db59d7d4eff98e31d573128ee), user no need to upgrade, the new version already published in npm\n\n---\n\n### Workarounds\n_Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?_\n\nno\n\n---\n\n### References\n_Are there any links users can visit to find out more?_\n\n[59708b38c8a52f5db59d7d4eff98e31d573128ee](https://github.com/electerm/electerm/commit/59708b38c8a52f5db59d7d4eff98e31d573128ee)",
"id": "GHSA-wxw2-rwmh-vr8f",
"modified": "2026-05-11T13:30:10Z",
"published": "2026-04-16T21:24:22Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/electerm/electerm/security/advisories/GHSA-wxw2-rwmh-vr8f"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41500"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/electerm/electerm/commit/59708b38c8a52f5db59d7d4eff98e31d573128ee"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/electerm/electerm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/electerm/electerm/releases/tag/v3.3.8"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "electerm: electerm_install_script_CommandInjection Vulnerability Report"
}
GHSA-WXWQ-V4JC-6X96
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-15 18:31 – Updated: 2024-08-16 15:31An issue in the handler function in /goform/telnet of Tenda FH1201 v1.2.0.14 (408) allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted HTTP request.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-42947"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-08-15T17:15:19Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue in the handler function in /goform/telnet of Tenda FH1201 v1.2.0.14 (408) allows attackers to execute arbitrary commands via a crafted HTTP request.",
"id": "GHSA-wxwq-v4jc-6x96",
"modified": "2024-08-16T15:31:41Z",
"published": "2024-08-15T18:31:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-42947"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TTTJJJWWW/AHU-IoT-vulnerable/blob/main/Tenda/FH1201/telnet.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-WXXP-2PWP-2VHG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-25 06:34 – Updated: 2024-11-25 06:34A vulnerability was found in EnGenius ENH1350EXT, ENS500-AC and ENS620EXT up to 20241118. It has been rated as critical. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /admin/network/diag_traceroute. The manipulation of the argument diag_traceroute leads to command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11653"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-25T04:15:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in EnGenius ENH1350EXT, ENS500-AC and ENS620EXT up to 20241118. It has been rated as critical. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file /admin/network/diag_traceroute. The manipulation of the argument diag_traceroute leads to command injection. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-wxxp-2pwp-2vhg",
"modified": "2024-11-25T06:34:57Z",
"published": "2024-11-25T06:34:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11653"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://k9u7kv33ub.feishu.cn/wiki/AHPnwdCaoiaQ3fkrdeUcqPfLnEd"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.285974"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.285974"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.446633"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-X23W-F7CC-JGHM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-14 18:32 – Updated: 2026-07-14 18:32Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command ('command injection') in Windows Admin Center allows an authorized attacker to execute code over a network.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-56197"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-14T18:18:30Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Improper neutralization of special elements used in a command (\u0027command injection\u0027) in Windows Admin Center allows an authorized attacker to execute code over a network.",
"id": "GHSA-x23w-f7cc-jghm",
"modified": "2026-07-14T18:32:38Z",
"published": "2026-07-14T18:32:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-56197"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2026-56197"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.