CWE-862
Allowed-with-ReviewMissing Authorization
Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete
The product does not perform an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.
14700 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-Q89H-HM2X-P735
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-07 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:37The Quick Page/Post Redirect Plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass due to missing capability checks on the qppr_save_quick_redirect_ajax and qppr_delete_quick_redirect functions in versions up to, and including, 5.1.9. This makes it possible for low-privileged attackers to interact with the plugin settings and to create a redirect link that would forward all traffic to an external malicious website.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36699"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-07T02:15:11Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Quick Page/Post Redirect Plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to authorization bypass due to missing capability checks on the qppr_save_quick_redirect_ajax and qppr_delete_quick_redirect functions in versions up to, and including, 5.1.9. This makes it possible for low-privileged attackers to interact with the plugin settings and to create a redirect link that would forward all traffic to an external malicious website.",
"id": "GHSA-q89h-hm2x-p735",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:37:17Z",
"published": "2023-06-07T03:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36699"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://blog.nintechnet.com/authenticated-settings-change-vulnerability-in-wordpress-quick-page-post-redirect-plugin-unpatched"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/10198"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/wordpress-plugin-quick-page-post-redirect-security-bypass-5-1-9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/11c4b855-8589-4ad2-b414-566ac8eb4632?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q8FH-47JF-998W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-07 15:31 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in pewilliams Ovation Elements allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Ovation Elements: from n/a through 1.1.2.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-47528"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-07T15:16:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in pewilliams Ovation Elements allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Ovation Elements: from n/a through 1.1.2.",
"id": "GHSA-q8fh-47jf-998w",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:03Z",
"published": "2025-05-07T15:31:45Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-47528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/ovation-elements/vulnerability/wordpress-ovation-elements-1-1-2-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q8FP-VCCX-9W2H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-21 00:31 – Updated: 2026-02-21 00:31GFI Archiver MArc.Store Missing Authorization Authentication Bypass Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to bypass authentication on affected installations of GFI Archiver. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability.
The specific flaw exists within the configuration of the MArc.Store.Remoting.exe process, which listens on port 8018. The issue results from the lack of authorization prior to allowing access to functionality. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-28597.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2039"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-20T23:16:03Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "GFI Archiver MArc.Store Missing Authorization Authentication Bypass Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to bypass authentication on affected installations of GFI Archiver. Authentication is not required to exploit this vulnerability.\n\nThe specific flaw exists within the configuration of the MArc.Store.Remoting.exe process, which listens on port 8018. The issue results from the lack of authorization prior to allowing access to functionality. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-28597.",
"id": "GHSA-q8fp-vccx-9w2h",
"modified": "2026-02-21T00:31:43Z",
"published": "2026-02-21T00:31:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2039"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zerodayinitiative.com/advisories/ZDI-26-077"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q8J3-7HR2-PXHC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-12 18:30 – Updated: 2026-05-12 18:30Missing Authorization vulnerability in WPMU DEV Hustle allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.
This issue affects Hustle: through 7.8.10.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-25431"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T17:16:20Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in WPMU DEV Hustle allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.\n\nThis issue affects Hustle: through 7.8.10.1.",
"id": "GHSA-q8j3-7hr2-pxhc",
"modified": "2026-05-12T18:30:40Z",
"published": "2026-05-12T18:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25431"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/wordpress-popup/vulnerability/wordpress-hustle-plugin-7-8-10-1-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q8J3-Q2QQ-PPJM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-10-08 06:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 08:24In SoundRecorder service, there is a possible missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-40640"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-10-08T04:15:56Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In SoundRecorder service, there is a possible missing permission check. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges",
"id": "GHSA-q8j3-q2qq-ppjm",
"modified": "2024-04-04T08:24:39Z",
"published": "2023-10-08T06:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-40640"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1707266966118531074"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q8JF-PHHG-2R45
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-23 15:31 – Updated: 2026-01-26 21:30Missing Authorization vulnerability in briarinc Anything Order by Terms anything-order-by-terms allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Anything Order by Terms: from n/a through <= 1.4.0.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-24567"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-23T15:16:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in briarinc Anything Order by Terms anything-order-by-terms allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels.This issue affects Anything Order by Terms: from n/a through \u003c= 1.4.0.",
"id": "GHSA-q8jf-phhg-2r45",
"modified": "2026-01-26T21:30:35Z",
"published": "2026-01-23T15:31:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-24567"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/Wordpress/Plugin/anything-order-by-terms/vulnerability/wordpress-anything-order-by-terms-plugin-1-4-0-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q8M4-XHHV-38MG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-20 20:48 – Updated: 2026-03-27 20:48Impact
What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?
Multiple vulnerabilities allow unauthorized users to bypass authentication or authorization checks and call certain etcd functions in clusters that expose the gRPC API to untrusted or partially trusted clients.
In unpatched etcd clusters with etcd auth enabled, unauthorized users are able to:
- call MemberList and learn cluster topology, including member IDs and advertised endpoints
- call Alarm, which can be abused for operational disruption or denial of service
- use Lease APIs, interfering with TTL-based keys and lease ownership
- trigger compaction, permanently removing historical revisions and disrupting watch, audit, and recovery workflows
Kubernetes does not rely on etcd’s built-in authentication and authorization. Instead, the API server handles authentication and authorization itself, so typical Kubernetes deployments are not affected.
Patches
Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?
These vulnerabilities are patched in the following versions:
- etcd 3.6.9
- etcd 3.5.28
- etcd 3.4.42
Workarounds
Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?
If upgrading is not immediately possible, reduce exposure by treating the affected RPCs as unauthenticated in practice.
- restrict network access to etcd server ports so only trusted components can connect
- require strong client identity at the transport layer, such as mTLS with tightly scoped client certificate distribution
Reporters
Community efforts help keep etcd secure
The etcd community thanks Isaac David, bugbunny.ai, Asim Viladi Oglu Manizada, Alex Schapiro & Ahmed Allam from Strix security, Luke Francis, and @OLU-DEVX for reporting these vulnerabilities.
Dependency Between Reported Issues
These issues all originate from the same underlying flaw in the gRPC API layer.
They affect the same API surface and share a common root cause. In practice, the fix is implemented as a single, unified change at the API layer, which resolves all issues together.
Given this, we believe these issues are best treated as a single vulnerability and should be assigned a single CVE.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.6.8"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "go.etcd.io/etcd/v3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.6.0-alpha.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.6.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.5.27"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "go.etcd.io/etcd/v3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.5.0-alpha.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.5.28"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.4.41"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "go.etcd.io/etcd/v3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.4.42"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "go.etcd.io/etcd"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "3.3.27"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-33413"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-20T20:48:14Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-26T14:16:13Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Impact\n_What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?_\n\nMultiple vulnerabilities allow unauthorized users to bypass authentication or authorization checks and call certain etcd functions in clusters that expose the gRPC API to untrusted or partially trusted clients.\n\nIn unpatched etcd clusters with etcd auth enabled, unauthorized users are able to:\n\n - call MemberList and learn cluster topology, including member IDs and advertised endpoints\n - call Alarm, which can be abused for operational disruption or denial of service\n - use Lease APIs, interfering with TTL-based keys and lease ownership\n - trigger compaction, permanently removing historical revisions and disrupting watch, audit, and recovery workflows\n\nKubernetes does not rely on etcd\u2019s built-in authentication and authorization. Instead, the API server handles authentication and authorization itself, so typical Kubernetes deployments are not affected.\n\n### Patches\n_Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?_\n\nThese vulnerabilities are patched in the following versions:\n\n* etcd 3.6.9\n* etcd 3.5.28\n* etcd 3.4.42\n\n### Workarounds\n_Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?_\n\nIf upgrading is not immediately possible, reduce exposure by treating the affected \nRPCs as unauthenticated in practice.\n\n- restrict network access to etcd server ports so only trusted components can connect\n- require strong client identity at the transport layer, such as mTLS with tightly scoped client certificate\n distribution\n\n### Reporters\n_Community efforts help keep etcd secure_\n\nThe etcd community thanks Isaac David, bugbunny.ai, Asim Viladi Oglu Manizada, Alex Schapiro \u0026 Ahmed Allam from Strix security, Luke Francis, and @OLU-DEVX for reporting these vulnerabilities.\n\n### Dependency Between Reported Issues\n\nThese issues all originate from the same underlying flaw in the gRPC API layer.\n\nThey affect the same API surface and share a common root cause. In practice, the fix is implemented as a single, unified change at the API layer, which resolves all issues together.\n\nGiven this, we believe these issues are best treated as a single vulnerability and should be assigned a single CVE.",
"id": "GHSA-q8m4-xhhv-38mg",
"modified": "2026-03-27T20:48:46Z",
"published": "2026-03-20T20:48:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/security/advisories/GHSA-q8m4-xhhv-38mg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33413"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "etcd: Authorization bypasses in multiple APIs"
}
GHSA-Q8PC-Q7MJ-47X6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:44 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:49net/netfilter/nfnetlink_cthelper.c in the Linux kernel through 4.14.4 does not require the CAP_NET_ADMIN capability for new, get, and del operations, which allows local users to bypass intended access restrictions because the nfnl_cthelper_list data structure is shared across all net namespaces.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-17448"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-12-07T00:29:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "net/netfilter/nfnetlink_cthelper.c in the Linux kernel through 4.14.4 does not require the CAP_NET_ADMIN capability for new, get, and del operations, which allows local users to bypass intended access restrictions because the nfnl_cthelper_list data structure is shared across all net namespaces.",
"id": "GHSA-q8pc-q7mj-47x6",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:49:34Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:44:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-17448"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:0654"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:0676"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:1062"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/10089373"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3617-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3617-2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3617-3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3619-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3619-2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3620-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3620-2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3632-1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2017/dsa-4073"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4082"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/102117"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q8PJ-J655-JVGV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-20 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:35Missing Authorization vulnerability in themifyme Themify Builder allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Themify Builder: from n/a through 7.6.7.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-49396"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-20T08:15:35Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Missing Authorization vulnerability in themifyme Themify Builder allows Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels. This issue affects Themify Builder: from n/a through 7.6.7.",
"id": "GHSA-q8pj-j655-jvgv",
"modified": "2026-04-01T18:35:54Z",
"published": "2025-08-20T09:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-49396"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/themify-builder/vulnerability/wordpress-themify-builder-plugin-7-6-7-broken-access-control-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-Q8Q4-5P9G-WQ3C
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-04 03:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:24In vowifiservice, there is a possible missing permission check.This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-38464"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-09-04T02:15:09Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In vowifiservice, there is a possible missing permission check.This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges",
"id": "GHSA-q8q4-5p9g-wq3c",
"modified": "2024-04-04T07:24:06Z",
"published": "2023-09-04T03:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-38464"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/https://www.unisoc.com/en_us/secy/announcementDetail/1698296481653522434"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
- Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) [REF-229] to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
- Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.
Mitigation
Ensure that access control checks are performed related to the business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that are applied to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor [REF-7].
Mitigation MIT-4.4
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].
Mitigation
- For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
- One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.
Mitigation
Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.